| Hatam | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Papua |
| Region | Eastern Bird's Head |
Native speakers | (16,000 cited 1993) [1] |
West Papuan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | had |
| Glottolog | hata1243 |
| ELP | Hatam |
  Hatam  Hatam  Hatam | |
| Coordinates: 1°08′S134°02′E / 1.14°S 134.04°E | |
Hatam (also spelled Hattam, Atam) is a divergent language spoken on the island of New Guinea, specifically in the Indonesian province of West Papua.
Apart from Mansim (Borai), formerly listed as a dialect, Hatam is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) tentatively assigned it to the West Papuan languages, based on similarities in pronouns, Ethnologue and Glottolog list it as a language isolate [1] or small independent family. [2]
Hatam is spoken on the island of New Guinea in the following regencies in the Indonesian province of West Papua: [3]
The phonology of the Hatam language is listed below. In free form, both consonant and vowel phonemes can range to different sounds. [4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| geminated | pː | tː | kː | |||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| geminated | mː | nː | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Liquid | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /p/ | [p, pʰ, pɸ, ɸ] |
| /t/ | [t, tʰ] |
| /c/ | [c, cʰ] |
| /k/ | [k, kʰ, kx] |
| /ɡ/ | [ɡ, k, ɡː] |
| /ɟ/ | [ɟ, ɟː] |
| /d/ | [d, t] |
| /b/ | [b, p, bː] |
| /ɾ/ | [ɾ, l, lː] |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i, ɪ, ə] |
| /ɛ/ | [ɛ, e] |
| /a/ | [ä, a, ɐ] |
| /ɔ/ | [ɔ, o] |
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan peoples as distinct from Austronesian-speaking Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892.
The East Papuan languages is a defunct proposal for a family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands to the east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. There is no evidence that these languages are related to each other, and the Santa Cruz languages are no longer recognized as Papuan.
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Abun, also known as Yimbun, Anden, Manif, or Karon, is a Papuan language spoken along the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula in Abun District, Tambrauw Regency. It is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) assigned it to the West Papuan family, based on similarities in pronouns, Palmer (2018), Ethnologue, and Glottolog list it as a language isolate.
Sumuri or Sumeri is a language spoken in Sumuri District, Teluk Bintuni Regency on the Bomberai Peninsula by about a thousand people.
Kamula is a Trans–New Guinea language that is unclassified within that family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005). Noting insufficient evidence, Pawley and Hammarström (2018) leave it as unclassified.
Massep is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in the single village of Masep in West Pantai District, Sarmi Regency, Papua. Despite the small number of speakers, however, language use is vigorous. It is surrounded by the Kwerba languages Airoran and Samarokena.
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Hatam–Mansim is a small language family of New Guinea, consisting of two languages: