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Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, with over 270 million inhabitants—of which the majority speak Indonesian, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
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Uab Meto or Dawan is an Austronesian language spoken by Atoni people of West Timor. The language has a variant spoken in the East Timorese exclave of Oecussi-Ambeno, called Baikenu. Baikenu uses words derived from Portuguese, for example, obrigadu for 'thank you', instead of the Indonesian terima kasih.
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Waropen is an Austronesian language spoken at the Geelvink Bay of Indonesian Papua. It is fairly closely related to the Yapen languages. Dialects are Waropen Kai, Napan, and Ambumi.
Talaud is an Austronesian language spoken on the Talaud Islands north of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia and Indonesian which is the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. Bruneian Standard Malay and Malaysian Standard Malay follow the Johor-Riau Pronunciation, while Singaporean Standard Malay and Indonesian follow the Baku Pronunciation.
Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch.
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Parlilitan district of Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district of Central Tapanuli Regency, and Subulussalam and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Pontianak Malay is a Malayan language spoken in Pontianak, Indonesia and the surrounding area.
References
- ↑ Alune at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ E. Wattimury, Ny. A. Haulussy, and J. Pentury. Struktur Bahasa Alune. 1997. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- ↑ Taguchi, Yushin & Takako (1990). "A phonology of Alune". Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures 8. pp. 95–127.
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