Yapese language

Yapese
Thin nu Waqaab
Native to	Federated States of Micronesia
Region	Island of Yap
Ethnicity	Yapese
Native speakers	5,130 (2005) [1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Admiralty Islands? Yapese
Dialects	Nguluwan
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2	yap
ISO 639-3	yap
Glottolog	yape1248
Yapese
Coordinates: 9°34′N138°07′E / 9.56°N 138.12°E / 9.56; 138.12

Yapese is an Austronesian language in the Oceanic branch spoken on the island of Yap, in the Federated States of Micronesia. It has been difficult to classify the language further, but Yapese may prove to be one of the Admiralty Islands languages. ^[2] The Yapese language refers to the language spoken specifically on the Yap Main Islands, and does not include the Chuukic languages spoken in the Yap Neighboring Islands: Ulithian, Woleaian, and Satawalese (and to an extent, Nguluwan).

Orthography

The branches of the Oceanic languages. Orange is the Admiralties languages and Yapese, yellow-orange is St. Matthias, green is Western Oceanic, violet is Temotu, and the rest are Central-Eastern: dark red Southeast Solomons, blue Southern Oceanic, pink Micronesian, and ocher Central Pacific linkage.

Yapese version of the Book of Mormon

Written Yapese uses the Latin script. In Yapese spelling as practiced until the 1970s, the glottal stop was not written with an explicit character. A word-final glottal stop was represented by doubling the final vowel letter. Glottalization of consonants was represented with an apostrophe. In the 1970s an orthography was created which uses double vowel letters to represent long vowels; and because of the ambiguity that would occur if the glottal stop was not written, the glottal stop was written with the letter q. This new orthography using the letter q is not in universal use, but many works and maps about Yap write place names using the new q-orthography.

For example: before the introduction of the new 1970s orthography, the indigenous name of the Yap Main Islands was (and still is) spelled Waab, where the glottal stop is assumed to be between the double vowel letters. After the 1970s orthography, the name was then officially changed to Waqaab to differentiate between the two a vowels (first one being a short vowel and the second one being a long vowel) before and after the q glottal stop.

The newer orthography was then taught in the public education system at the elementary levels; however, due to the differing preferences of spelling by the older and newer generations, it became hard to standardize Yapese spelling. Contemporarily, Waqaab is still spelled in the older spelling, as well as some other forms to compromise for the generational differences, e.g. Waqab and Waʼab.

A general rule developed organically over time especially when it came to the introduction of the more-widely accepted apostrophe ʼ as a glottal stop. If the glottal stop is between vowels or at the ending (or start) of a word with a vowel, then a q will be used; if the glottal stop is next to or between consonants, then an apostrophe may be used.

Phonology

Apart from a couple grammatical forms which are V, syllables are CV or CVC.

Consonants

Yapese is one of the relatively few languages in the world with ejective fricatives. ^[3] The Yapese ejective consonants are /pʼtʼkʼfʼθʼ/. There are also glottalized nasals /mˀnˀŋˀ/ and approximants /jˀwˀlˀ/. ^{[4] : 30, 34–35}

In the table below, each phoneme is listed to the left of the grapheme that represents it in Yapese orthography.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩			ŋ ⟨ng⟩
	glottalized	mˀ ⟨mʼ⟩		nˀ ⟨nʼ⟩			ŋˀ ⟨ngʼ⟩
Plosive	plain	p ⟨p⟩		t ⟨t⟩			k ⟨k⟩	ʔ ⟨q/ʼ⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩		tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩			kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	θ ⟨th⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨ch⟩		x ⟨g⟩	( h ) ⟨h⟩
	voiced	β ⟨b⟩	ð ⟨d⟩
	ejective	fʼ ⟨fʼ⟩ [5]	θʼ ⟨thʼ⟩
Approximant	plain			l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨y/j⟩	w ⟨w⟩
	glottalized			lˀ ⟨lʼ⟩		jˀ ⟨yʼ⟩	wˀ ⟨wʼ⟩
Trill	plain			r ⟨r⟩

/h/⟨h⟩ and /j/⟨j⟩ only occur in English and Japanese loans (/j/⟨y⟩ does occur in native words, however).

Vowels

In the table below, each phoneme is listed to the left of the grapheme that represents it in Yapese orthography.

	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	ɪ ⟨i⟩	iː ⟨ii⟩					ʊ ⟨u⟩	ʊː ⟨uu⟩
Mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩	eː ⟨ee⟩	œ ⟨ö⟩	œː ⟨oe⟩	ʌ ⟨a⟩		ɔ ⟨o⟩	ɔː ⟨oo⟩
Near-open	æ ⟨ë⟩	æː ⟨ea⟩
Open	a ⟨ä⟩	aː ⟨ae⟩				ɑː ⟨aa⟩

Grammar

Morphology

Reduplication

Yapese makes use of reduplication for several morphological functions, including deriving stative adjectives from inchoative adjectives, as in (1a–b), as well as to make diminutives of verbs, as in (2a-b): ^{[4] : 112-114}

(1) roow become.red roow become.red 'to become red'		roow~roow STAT~red roow~roow STAT~red 'to be red'
(2) toey chop toey chop 'to chop'		si-toey~toey DIM-DIM~chop si-toey~toey DIM-DIM~chop 'to chop a little'

Pronouns

Yapese distinguishes between three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and three persons (first, second, and third), as well as clusivity in its personal pronouns. ^{[4] : 134}

Independent personal pronouns

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.EXCL	gaeg	gamow	gamaed
1.INCL		gadow	gadaed
2	guur	gimeew	gimeed
3	qiir	yow	yaed

A Yapese Talking Dictionary was produced by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.

References

1. "Yapese". Ethnologue. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
2. Lynch, John; Malcolm Ross; Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN   978-0-7007-1128-4. OCLC   48929366.
3. Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 178. ISBN   0-631-19815-6.
4. Jensen, John Thayer (1977). Yapese Reference Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. ISBN   978-0-8248-0476-3. OCLC   929721939.
5. p32, Ballantyne, Keira Gebbie. 2005. Textual Structure and Discourse Prominence in Yapese Narrative. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaiʻi.

Bibliography

• Jensen, John Thayer. 1977. Yapese–English Dictionary. (PALI Language Texts: Micronesia.) Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

External links

• Yapese Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Jensen Yapese Dictionary On-Line at www.trussel2.com
• Yapese Talking Dictionary
• Chepin yuu Waqab ('Events on Yap'). Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Yaat nu Waqab ('Tales of Yap'). A Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Thaaboeg (this title is a man's name). A Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Written materials about Yapese plants and animals archived with Kaipuleohone
• Index cards of plant and animal names, labeled 'Carolines [animals].' and index cards of plant and animal names, labeled 'Carolines [plants].'
• Paradisec has two collections of Arthur Capell's materials (AC1, AC2), which include Yapese language materials
• Paradisec has an open access collection of Yapese texts and a dictionary from John Jensen