Yapen languages (Austronesian)

Last updated
Yapen
Geographic
distribution
Yapen Island, Western New Guinea, Indonesia
Linguistic classification Austronesian
Proto-languageProto-Yapen
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottolog yape1249
Yapen-languages.png

The Yapen languages are the branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken on Yapen Island and the nearby isle of Cenderawasih Bay, both in Papua province of northeastern Indonesia.

Contents

They share Yapen Ιsland with the Papuan Yawa languages.

Historical morphology

Reconstructions of subject markers and inalienable possessive markers for Yapen proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation:

Proto-Yapen:

1sg.*y- (V), *ya- (C)1pl.*t- (incl.), *am- (excl.)
2sg.*bu- (V), *-u- (C)2pl.*m-
3sg.*dy- (V), *-i- (C)3pl.*si-
1sg.*-ku, *-ni1pl.*ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.)
2sg.*-mu2pl.*mi-...-mi
3sg.*-n-pai3pl.*si-...-mi

Proto-Western Yapen (Proto-Central–Western Yapen):

1sg.*y- (V), *ya- (C)1pl.*tat- (incl.), *amat- (excl.)
2sg.*bu- (V), *-u- (C)2pl.*met-
3sg.*dy- (V), *-i- (C)3pl.*set-
1sg.*-ku, *-ni1pl.*ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.)
2sg.*-mu2pl.*me-...-mi
3sg.*-n-pai, *-na-ni3pl.*se-...-mi

Proto-Central Yapen:

1sg.*y- (V), *ya- (C)1pl.*tat- (incl.), *amat- (excl.)
2sg.*w- (V), *-u- (C)2pl.*met-
3sg.*dy- (V), *-i- (C)3pl.*et-
1sg.*-u, *-ni1pl.*ta-...-mi (incl.), *ama-...-mi (excl.)
2sg.*-mu2pl.*me-...-mi
3sg.*-nempai, *-na-ni3pl.*se-...-mi

Proto-Eastern Yapen:

1sg.*ay- (V), *a- (C)1pl.*t- (incl.), *nam- (excl.)
2sg.*b- (V), *-u- (C)2pl.*mi-
3sg.*d- (V), *-i- (C)3pl.*si-
1sg.*ai-1pl.*ta- (incl.), *na- (excl.)
2sg.*me-2pl.*mi-
3sg.*ne-3pl.*si-

Languages

From Kamholz (2024):

Proto-Western Yapen

Proto-Western Yapen
Proto-Central-Western Yapen
Reconstruction ofWestern Yapen languages
RegionWestern Yapen Island
Eraaround 2000 years ago
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Western Yapen, also known as Proto-Central-Western Yapen, was reconstructed in 1983 by P.J. Silzer, with further amendments by Usher and Gasser (in preparation). [1]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close *i*u
Close-mid *e*o
Open *a
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stop * p , b * t , d * k
Nasal * m * n * ŋ (?)
Fricative * β * s , *S* x
Rhotic * r
Approximant * w * j
Unclear*P, *B*D

Lexical reconstructions mentioned in Gasser and Benesch (2025):

Proto-Western YapenGloss
*βəβo'above, top'
*inapa'beach, shore'
*kaBaru[r]'bean'
*man'bird'
*woinai'bowl/bucket'
*=nunum'to burn, cook'
*wa'canoe'
*aNtum[a]'child'
*arixaN'child'
*=tara'to chop or pound sago'
*sur'comb'
*=sur'to comb'
*təbura'conch shell/trumpet'
*tau[i]n'cooked/dried sago'
*ano'cross-cousin'
*mararu'type of cooking pot'
*ur[u]n'type of cooking pot'
*=unum'to drink'
*=an'to eat'
*iai'father'
*tama'father, father's brother'
*βaβin'female, woman'
*=mun'to fight'
*adia'fire'
*dian'fish'
*taraN'type of fish harpoon or spear'
*=pot'to fish with a line'
*jer'type of fish poison'
*ne una'fish scales'
*se'type of fish trap'
*maraiN'fishing line'
*sarəper'fishing line'
*buoN'fruit'
*pi mun-a'game, prey'
*Busa(r)'gray, white'
*ruai'grill, rack for roasting'
*[o/u]tin'hundred'
*sawan'husband'
*inoi'knife'
*=məri'to laugh'
*=rep'to lick, taste'
*kaβui'loincloth'
*sur'louse'
*muan'male, man'
*=[r]aut'to marry, be married'
*tawan'matoa (Pometia pinnata)'
*s[i/e]na'mother, mother's sister'
*diru'night'
*pəreN'nipa palm'
*maniN'oil'
*su'papeda/sago porridge'
*=mopar'to poison fish'
*=iSin'to prepare papeda/sago porridge'
*=ram[i/u][s]'to rinse/squeeze sago'
*anaN'sago'
*parari'sago frond'
*amau'sago pounder'
*aro'sago swamp'
*kawein[i]'shrimp'
*raruo'sibling'
*amai'sibling-in-law'
*morir'spinefoot fish (Siganus sp.)'
*=iSan'to stab'
*=osar'to stand (up), wake up'
*=as'to swim'
*ma-muta'to vomit'
*a-mun-a'war'
*pi ma-mun-a'weapon'

Further reading

References