Mono-Alu language

Last updated
Mono
Mono-Alu
Region Solomon Islands
Native speakers
(2,900 cited 1999) [1]
Dialects
  • Mono
  • Alu
  • Fauro
Language codes
ISO 639-3 mte
Glottolog mono1273
ELP Mono (Solomon Islands)

Mono, or Alu, is an Oceanic language of Solomon Islands reported to be spoken by 660 people on Treasury Island (Mono proper), 2,270 on Shortland Island (Alu dialect), and 14 on Fauro Island in 1999. [1]

Contents

Phonology

Mono-Alu language has been studied extensively by Joel L. Fagan, [2] a researcher for the Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University. His publication, "A Grammatical Analysis of Mono-Alu (Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands)," [3] is one of the first and only translations and analyses of Mono-Alu language.

Fagan identified the Mono-Alu language as having twenty-eight phonemes. They are made up of nine diphthongs, five vowels and fourteen consonants that make up the alphabet.

The Alu alphabet

  1. The Alu alphabet has 19 letters: A B D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V.
  2. Of these letters, D was seldom used instead of R for euphony's sake, but is used now in new foreign words or names introduced in the language. H can sometimes be replaced by F.

Pronunciation

Pronunciation of vowels
  • 'a' is usually pronounced as in flat
    • 'a' is sometimes pronounced as in fast
  • 'e' is always pronounced as in ten
  • 'i' is always pronounced as in tin
  • 'o' is always pronounced as in not
  • 'u' is always pronounced as in put
Pronunciation of diphthongs
  • ai is pronounced "aye" - e.g. Galeai.
    • sometimes the letters are pronounced separately
  • ei has no equivalent sound in English.
  • oi is pronounced "oy" - e.g. ba-oi ('shark').
    • sometimes the letters are pronounced separately. - e.g. o-i-sa ('echo').
  • ui used as a diphthong - e.g. sui-o ('swallow')
Pronunciation of consonants
  • g is always pronounced as in glass, giddy. Q is not used as is done elsewhere.[ clarification needed ] Here also, the words are written as they are pronounced – e.g. ang (instead of ag), ing, ong, ung. When, exceptionally, the n is after g as in gnora, owing to the nasal pronunciation, the accentuated n can be used as in Choiseul.
  • ng is pronounced as in English with the exception of uhg, the sound of u always being that of Latin.
    • ang is pronounced as in gang
    • ing is pronounced as in 'ring'
    • eng is pronounced as in 'length'
    • ong is pronounced as in 'wrong'

The other consonants have the same sounds as in English.

Labial Coronal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t k g ʔ
Fricative s h
Tap ɾ
Approximant ( w ) l ( j )
  • /b/ can also be heard as fricatives [β, v] under certain conditions.
  • /ɡ/ can be heard as [ɣ] in free variation,
  • /ɾ/ can also be heard as [d] in free variation within word-initial position, or as [dɾ] when following a nasal.
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Low ɐ
  • /u, i/ are heard as glides [w, j] within vowel environments. [4] [3]

Numerals

The number system of Mono-Alu is very similar to other Austronesian languages. [5] For example, Mono-Alu shares the numbers 'two' (elua) and 'five' (lima) with the Hawaiian language. A number for 'zero' was available in the language, but it was under the same use as the word 'nothing.' Fagan identified numbers from one to ten-thousand in Mono-Alu.

CardinalEnglish
Mennanothing
Kala (or elea)one
Eluatwo
Episathree
Ehatifour
Limafive
Onomosix
Hituseven
Alueight
Ulianine
Lafuluten
Lafulu rohona eleaeleven
Lafulu rohona eluatwelve
Lafulu rohona episathirteen
Lafulu rohona efatifourteen
Lafulu rohona limafifteen
Lafulu rohona onomosixteen
Lafulu rohona hituseventeen
Lafulu rohona alueighteen
Lafulu rohona ulianineteen
Elua lafulu (or Tanaoge)twenty
Episa lafulu (or Pisafulu)thirty
Efati lafulu (or Fatiafulu)forty
Lima lafulu (or limafulu)fifty
Onomo lafulusixty
Fitu lafuluseventy
Alu lafulueighty
Ulia lafulu (or Siafulu)ninety
Ea latuuone-hundred
Elua latuutwo-hundred
Ea kokoleione-thousand
Elua kokoleitwo-thousand
Lafulu kokoleiten-thousand

[3]

Mono-Alu also made[ clarification needed ] use of ordinal numbers. However, only 'first' (famma) is an actual word, where all other successive numbers are a grammatical construct.

OrdinalEnglish
fammafirst
Fa-elua-naangsecond
Fa-epis-naanathird
Fa-ehati-naanafourth
Fa-lima-naanafifth
Fa-onomo-naanasixth
Fa-hitu-naanaseventh
Fa-alu-naanaeighth
Fa-ulia-naananinth
Fa-lafulu-naanatenth

[3]

Grammar

Pronouns

Mono-Alu, like many other Austronesian languages, uses two separate pronouns for the first-person plural in order to express clusivity - that is, one first person plural pronoun is inclusive (including the listener), and the other is exclusive (not including the listener). Mono-Alu does not have third person pronouns. Fagan translated pronouns and their possessives.

[3]
PronounObjSuffixOther
1st
person
singularmafa-afa-gusagu
pluralexclusivemani-ami-mang, -masamang/sama
inclusivemaita-ita-rasara
2nd
person
singularmaito-o-ngsang
pluralmaang-ang-miasamia
3rd
person
singular----i, -ng-nasana
plural----ri, -iri-riasaria

Affixes

Mono-Alu is very specific regarding adverbs and other verb affixes. Verbs can be altered with a prefix, infix, and a suffix.

PrefixesInfixesSuffixes
angrelative prefix, alternate forms an, ai, a'ntafainfix denoting completionaithere, away
facausative prefix, fa becomes f before a, alternate form hafangone another (reciprocal infix), alternate form fanmahither, thither, alternate form ama
tainfix or prefix showing action or state.feroelsewhere, to somewhere else
isatogether, at the same time, alternate sa
maleagain (also occurs independently)
meamakes a plural
mekatill[ spelling? ] tired, for a very long time, alternate form meko

[3]

aplace where or whither,[ clarification needed ] alternate form ang occurs after a
ngadded to the first of two names gives the meaning 'and', alternate form m
uadenotes addition, 'and', 'with'
-a'of', especially before -ang, alternate forms an, ang, aan
afa-'what?'
-ataoften found after verbs and other words, alternate forms eta, ita, ota, uta
gaparticle, most often after the first word in a sentence, untranslatable; 'so, therefore' at the beginning of a sentence, also used with pronoun forms to emphasise them: gafa, gami, gai, gaina, gang, etc.
-nanaequivalent to copula, alternate form nina
-titistrengthens the idea of repetition or duration

Grammatical gender

There are two ways of indicating differences of grammatical gender:

  1. by different words: - e.g.
    • Tiong 'man' – Betafa 'woman'
    • Fanua 'men' – Talaiva 'women'
    • Lalaafa 'headman' – Mamaefa 'headwoman'
    • Tua-na 'his grandfather' – Tete-na 'his grandmother'
    • Kanega 'old man' (husband) – Magota 'old woman' (wife)
  2. by using an ord[ spelling? ] indicative of sex: – e.g.
    • Kui manuale 'baby' (male) – Kui batafa 'baby' (female)
    • Boo sule 'boar' – Boo tuaru 'sow' (sule and tuaru are used for animals only)

In other cases, there is no distinction between masculine, feminine and neuter.

Adverbs

Some exceptions within the rules of Mono-Alu have been discovered. [6]

Two adverbs of place, instead of being written with a double consonant, are written with one only accentuated.

Instead of the aspirate h, the letter f can be used:

  1. in verbs preceded by the causative ha (or fa)
    • e.g. fasoku (or hasoku) – 'let come'
  2. in verbs preceded by the prefix han (or fan) meaning reciprocity or duality
    • e.g. fanua (or hanua) - 'mon'[ spelling? ]
    • mafa (or maha) - 'I, no' [3]
Articles

There is no definite article in Alu. The number elea ('one') is used as an indefintied article. [3]

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References

  1. 1 2 Mono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. A Short grammar of the Alu language.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fagan, Joel (1986). A Grammatical Analysis of Mono-Alu (Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands) . Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B96. hdl:1885/145402. ISBN   0-85883-339-5.
  4. Meier, Sabrina C. (2020). Topics in the Grammar of Mono-Alu (Oceanic). University of Newcastle.
  5. Lincoln, Forster, Peter, Hilary (2001). Letters written in Mono-Alu language of Western District, Solomon Islands to Hilary Forster of N.Z.; Mono-Alu word list by Hilary Forster of N.Z. and a teacher from Shortland Islands, Solomon Islands. Shortlands, Solomon Islands.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. Stolz, Thomas (1996). Some Instruments Are Really Good Companions - Some Are Not. On Syncretism and the Typology of Instrumentals and Comitatives. pp. Theoretical Linguistics 23. 113–200.