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The Polynesian languages form a genealogical group of languages, itself part of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family.
Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian. The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.
Madurese is a language of the Madurese people of Madura Island and Eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken on the neighbouring small Kangean Islands and Sapudi Islands, as well as by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java, the Masalembu Islands and even some on Kalimantan. The Kangean dialect may be a separate language. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 8–13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean, a variant of Madurese, is also spoken by Baweanese descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.
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References
- ↑ Ontong Java at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 3 "Ontong Java". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- 1 2 3 Salmond, Anne (1974). A Generative Syntax of Luangiua: A Polynesian Language . The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton & Co. NV. pp. 256.
- 1 2 Lanyon-Orgill, Peter A. (1944). A Study of the Leuangiua Language. The Hague, Netherlands: Luzac & Co. p. 24.
- ↑ Krupa, Viktor (1973). Polynesian Languages: A Survey of Research . The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton & Co. NV. pp. 108.
- ↑ Tomlin, Russell S. (2014-02-03). Basic Word Order (RLE Linguistics B: Grammar): Functional Principles. Routledge. ISBN 9781317933793.
- Mugler, France; Lynch, John (1996). Pacific Languages in Education. editorips@usp.ac.fj. ISBN 9789820201231.
