Western Dani language

Last updated
Western Dani
Lani
Region Highland Papua, Indonesia
Ethnicity Lani
Native speakers
(180,000 cited 1993) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 dnw
Glottolog west2594
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Western Dani, or Lani, is a Nuclear-Trans-New Guinea language. It is the Papuan language with the most speakers in Indonesian New Guinea. It is spoken by the Lani people in the province of Highland Papua.

Contents

The Baliem Valley tribes are called Oeringoep and Timorini in literature from the 1920s, but those names are no longer used.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant phoneme inventory of Western Dani has been described as follows: [2]

Consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plainlab.
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ
Fricative β ɣ ɣʷ
Flap ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant w ɹ

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e ɒ ɒː
Low ɐ ɐː

Vowels /i, u, ɒ/ have allophones [ ɪ , ʊ , ɔ ].

Vowel length is contrastive in Western Dani, as illustrated by the minimal and near minimal pairs below:

QualityShortLong
/e/ vs. /eː// teʁe /

‘stick’

/ tʁe /

‘drive away’

/ɐ/ vs. /ɐː// ɐɣe /

‘tail’

/ ɐːɣe /

‘steam’

/ɒ/ vs. /ɒː// kɒɾɒk /

‘fill’

/ kɒːɾɒk /

‘near’

/u/ vs. /uː// jum /

‘net bag’

/ m /

‘shoulder’

Consonant allophones

Consonants

At the beginning of words, oral stops have aspirated allophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ]; intervocalically, voiceless /p t k / have voiced allophones [β d ~ ɾ ɣ ~ ʁ], for instance following the prefix no-/na- meaning "my".

Word-initialIntervocalicWord-final
/p/[ ɐɾum ]

‘corn’

[ nɔβɐɾum ]

‘my corn’

[ ɐːp ]

‘men’

/t/[ owe ]

‘bird’

[ nɐɾowe]

‘my bird’

[ ɐɾet ]

‘certainly’

/k/[ ɒm ]

‘taro’

[ nɐɣɒm ]

‘my taro’

[ lek ]

‘no’

An intervocalic /ɣ/ is pronounced as [ ʁ ], and a /ɹ/ before a high vowel becomes a fricative [ z ].

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References

  1. Western Dani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Barclay, Peter (2008). A Grammar of Western Dani.