Arta | |
---|---|
Native to | Philippines |
Region | northern Luzon |
Ethnicity | 150 (no date) [1] |
Native speakers | 11 (2013) [2] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | atz |
Glottolog | arta1239 |
ELP | Arta |
Arta is a highly endangered Negrito language of the northern Philippines.
Lawrence Reid's 1990 fieldwork revealed only 12 speakers in Villa Santiago, Aglipay, Quirino Province, [3] and in 1992 it was spoken by only three families. It is not closely related to other languages.
There are still small groups of Arta speakers in Maddela and Nagtipunan towns of Quirino Province (Lobel 2013:88). [4] Kimoto (2017) [5] reports that Arta has 10 native speakers and 35–45 second-language speakers living primarily in Pulang Lupa, Kalbo, and in Disimungal, Nagtipunan.
The Arta are found in the following places within Nagtipunan Municipality. [6]
Arta is in contact with Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Yogad, Ilokano, and Tagalog. [5]
Arta is notable for having vowel length distinction, an unusual typological feature in the Philippines. [5]
Kimoto (2017: 56–67) [5] lists the following sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) to Arta. Long vowels in Arta are derived from PMP diphthongs.
PMP | Arta |
---|---|
*p | p |
*t | t |
*k | Ø ~ k |
*q | Ø |
*b | b |
*d/*j/*z | d |
*g | g |
*s | s |
*h | Ø |
*R | r |
*l | l |
*m | m |
*n | n |
*ŋ | ŋ |
*w | w |
*y | y |
*a | a |
*i | i |
*u | u |
*ə | ə |
*ai | eː |
*au | oː |
Kimoto (2017: 4) [5] lists the following Arta lexical innovations (highlighted in bold). Lexical innovations in Casiguran Agta are also highlighted in bold.
Gloss | Arta | Casiguran Agta | Ilokano | Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|---|
excrement | sirit | attay | takki | taʔi |
laugh | əla | ŋihit | katawa | tawa |
banana | bagat | biget | saba | sagiŋ |
back (body) | sapaŋ | adəg, səpaŋ | likod | likod |
hair | pulug | buk | buok | buhok |
body | abiː | bəgi | bagi | katawan |
water | wagət | dinom | danum | tubig |
house | bunbun | bilɛ | balay | bahay |
male | giləŋan | ləlake | lalaki | lalaki |
female | bukagan | bəbe | babae | babae |
Reid (1994) [7] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements found exclusively in Arta. Forms from Kimoto (2018) [8] have also been included. Note the use of orthographic è [ə] and ng [ŋ].
Gloss | Pre-Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Kimoto 2018) |
---|---|---|---|
afternoon | (ma-)*lutəp | malutəp | malu:tèp |
arrive | *digdig | dumigdig | digdig |
bone | *sagnit | sagnit | sikrit 'small thin bones' |
butterfly | *pippun | peppun | - |
drink | *tim | mattim | ti:m |
ear | *ibəŋ | ibəŋ | ibeng |
lime | *ŋusu | ŋusú | nusu |
man, male | *gilaŋ(-an) | gilaŋán | gilèngan |
mosquito | *buŋur | buŋúr | bungor |
old (man) | *dupu | dupú | dupu: |
one | *sipaŋ | sípaŋ | si:pang |
rain | *punəd | púnəd | pu:nèd |
run | *gurugud | maggurugúd | gurugud |
say, tell | *bud | ibud | bud |
sleep | *idəm | médəm | idèm |
two | *təlip | tallip | tallip |
Reid (1994) [7] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements found in both Arta and "North Agta" (i.e., various Northeastern Luzon languages spoken mostly in Cagayan Province). Forms from Kimoto (2018) [8] have also been included.
Gloss | Reconstructed form (Reid 1994) | Arta (Reid 1994) | Arta (Kimoto 2018) |
---|---|---|---|
pity, kindness | *Rəbi | pagarbián | arbi |
thirst | *pələk | meɁipla | iplèk |
hunt | *purab | mamurab ‘hunt with bow and arrow’ | purab |
deer, buck | *b[ia]dut | bidut | bidut |
fingernail | *[l]usip | lusip | lusip |
penis | *g[ia]ləŋ | giləŋ | gilèng |
wall | *gəsəd | gisə́d | gisèd |
dog, puppy | *lapul | lappul | lappul |
fire | *dukut | dut | dut |
hair, feather | *pulug | pológ | pulug |
The forms *səlub 'fragrant' and *Rəbi 'pity, kindness' are found in both Arta and Alta. [7]
Remontado, also known in literature as Sinauna, Kabalat, Remontado Dumagat, and more commonly by the autonym Hatang Kayi, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Tanay, Rizal, General Nakar, Quezon, Rodriguez, Rizal and Antipolo, in the Philippines. It is one of the Philippine Negrito languages. It is a moribund language.
The Greater Central Philippine languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family, defined by the change of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R to *g. They are spoken in the central and southern parts of the Philippines, and in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. This subgroup was first proposed by Robert Blust (1991) based on lexical and phonological evidence, and is accepted by most specialists in the field.
The Mamanwa language is a Central Philippine language spoken by the Mamanwa people. It is spoken in the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Norte in the Lake Mainit area of Mindanao, Philippines. It had about 5,000 speakers in 1990.
Dupaningan Agta, or Eastern Cagayan Agta, is a language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Negrito people of Cagayan and Isabela provinces in northern Luzon, Philippines. Its Yaga dialect is only partially intelligible.
Manide is a Philippine language spoken near the province of Camarines Norte in Bicol region and Quezon in Southern Tagalog of southern Luzon in the Philippines. Manide is spoken by nearly 4,000 Negrito people, most of whom reside in the towns of Labo, Jose Panganiban, and Paracale.
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other, and are listed here merely as an aid to identification.
Atta is an Austronesian dialect cluster spoken by the Aeta (Agta) Negritos of the northern Philippines.
Inagta Rinconada is a Bikol language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Agta (Negrito) people of the Philippines. It is spoken to the east of Iriga City up to the shores of Lake Buhi. The language is largely intelligible with Mount Iraya Agta on the other side of the lake.
Inagta Partido or alternatively Katubung is a nearly extinct Bikol language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Agta (Negrito) people of the Philippines. It is found on Mount Isarog east of Naga City particularly in the town of Ocampo where the most recent survey of the language was conducted.
Mount Iraya Agta is a Bikol language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Agta (Negrito) people of the Philippines, east of Lake Buhi in Luzon. It is mutually intelligible with Mount Iriga Agta on the other side of the lake.
Southern Alta, is a distinctive Aeta language of the mountains of northern Philippines. Southern Alta is one of many endangered languages that risks being lost if it is not passed on by current speakers. Most speakers of Southern Alta also speak Tagalog.
Northern Alta is a distinctive Aeta language of the mountains of the Sierra Madre in Aurora province, Northern Philippines. Linguist Lawrence Reid reports two different Alta languages, Northern and Southern Alta, which form one of the high nodes of the Northern Luzon languages, together with the South-Central Cordilleran subgroup. Although the Alta languages are genetically related, they have a low level of mutual intelligibility.
Casiguran Dumagat Agta, also known as Casiguran Agta, is a Northeastern Luzon language spoken in the northern Philippines. It is spoken by around 610 speakers, most of whom live in the San Ildefonso Peninsula, across the bay from Casiguran, Aurora.
Central Cagayan Agta, also known as Labin Agta, is an Aeta language of northern Cagayan Province, Philippines. It is spoken by the Aeta Negritos in inland areas located to the east and northeast of Baggao (Ethnologue).
Umiray Dumaget Agta is an Aeta language spoken in southern Luzon Island, Philippines.
Inagta Alabat is a Philippine Negrito language spoken in central Alabat Island, Philippines.
Nagtipunan Agta is a Northeastern Luzon language. It is one of the Aeta languages. The language was discovered by Jason Lobel and Laura Robinson in Nagtipunan, Quirino. Nagtipunan Agta is most closely related to Casiguran Dumagat Agta.
The Bikol languages or Bicolano languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken mostly in the Bicol Peninsula in the island of Luzon, the neighboring island province of Catanduanes and the island of Burias in Masbate.
Ati (Inati), or Binisaya nga Inati, is an Austronesian language of the island of Panay in the Philippines. The variety spoken in northern Panay is also called Sogodnin. The Ati people also speak Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon.
The Northern Luzon languages are one of the few established large groups within Philippine languages. These are mostly located in and around the Cordillera Central of northern Luzon in the Philippines. Among its major languages are Ilocano, Pangasinan and Ibanag.