Kagayanen language

Last updated
Kagayanen
Native to Philippines
Regioneastern Palawan
Native speakers
30,000 (2007) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 cgc
Glottolog kaga1256
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The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It belongs to the Manobo subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is the only member of this subgroup that is not spoken on Mindanao or nearby islands.

Contents

Distribution

Kagayanen is spoken in the following areas: [2]

Phonology

Kagayanen consonant phonemes [3]
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative s ( h )
Approximant
(Lateral)
ð̞ j w
l
Rhotic r

[h] occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have [h] in the cognates of neighboring languages. [4] Outside of loanwords, /d/ becomes [r] between vowels. [5]

Comparative and historical evidence suggests that /ð̞/ and /l/ were in complementary distribution before a split occurred likely with pressure from contact with English, Spanish, and Tagalog. [6]

Vowels of Kagayanen [7]
Front Central Back
Close iəu
Open a

/i/ ranges between [i] and [e], except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters) where it lowers to [ɪ] or [ɛ]. [8] Similarly, /u/ lowers to [ʊ] in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It is otherwise [u]. [9]

Grammar

Most roots in Kagayanen do not have a defined part of speech but can function in predication (like verbs), referring (like nouns), or modifying (like adjectives and adverbs). For example, kaan is a root often used to refer to "cooked rice", but when inflected as a verb, the same root can mean "eat". [10] Verbs are inflected for mood, volition, voice (transitive/intransitive in Pebley's terminology), and whether the absolutive argument is a typical affected patient (applicative marking). [11] As with other Austronesian languages, one argument of a verb is always treated specially by the syntax. Pebley refers to this unmarked noun phrase (which is often but not always in a patient role when another argument is present) simply as the "absolutive" argument. (Van Valin 2005) refers to this as the PSA, the "privileged syntactic argument", [12] but linguists use a variety of terms to refer to this type of argument.

Notes

  1. Kagayanen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Ethnologue
  3. Olson et al. (2010 :206)
  4. Olson et al. (2010 :206), citing MacGregor (1995 :365)
  5. Olson et al. (2010 :207)
  6. Olson et al. (2010 :207–209)
  7. Olson & Mielke (2007)
  8. Olson & Mielke (2007 :845)
  9. Olson & Mielke (2007 :847)
  10. Pebley, Carol J.; Payne, Thomas E. (2024). "A Grammar of Kagayanen". Language Science Press. p. 337. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  11. Pebley, Carol J.; Payne, Thomas E. (2024). "A Grammar of Kagayanen". Language Science Press. p. 273. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  12. Reisberg, Sonya (2021). "Predicting voice choice in symmetrical voice languages. All the things that do not work in Totoli" (PDF). Studies in Language. doi:10.1075/sl.20061.rie . Retrieved 23 July 2024.

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References