Taglish

Last updated

Taglish
Englog
Native to Philippines
Ethnicity Filipinos
mixed Tagalog–English
  • Taglish
Official status
Official language in
Not official, de facto Philippines
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
A short interview with Manilan singer and actress Sarah Geronimo in Taglish

Taglish or Englog is code-switching and/or code-mixing in the use of Tagalog and English, the most common languages of the Philippines. The words Taglish and Englog are portmanteaus of the words Tagalog and English. The earliest use of the word Taglish dates back to 1973, while the less common form Tanglish is recorded from 1999. [1]

Contents

Taglish is widely used in the Philippines, but is also used by Filipinos in overseas communities. It also has several variants, including Coño English, Jejemon and Swardspeak.

Description

Taglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de facto lingua franca among the urbanized and/or educated middle class. It is largely considered the "normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing" in informal settings. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English. [2] [3] [4]

According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, there are two contrasting types of code-switching in the Philippines: deficiency-driven and proficiency-driven. Deficiency-driven code-switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar. That is common among younger children, as in the example below given by Bautista: [2] [4] 

(English is in italic; Tagalog is in boldface.)  Mother:   Francis, why don't you play the piano for your grandmother?Francis:   Mommy, I don't want to. It's sohirap eh. ([in Tagalog] "Because it's so difficult.")

Proficiency-driven code-switching, on the other hand, occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily. That is the main type of code-switching in the islands. This example is given by Bautista, taken from an interview with the television journalist Jessica Soho: [4] 

Sa GMA ’yungobjectivity has become partnaof the culture ([in Tagalog] "At GMA, objectivity has already become part of the culture.") I can tell you with a straight facena wala kaming age-agenda ([in Tagalog] "...that we have nothing like an agenda") – you know, make this person look good and that person look bad. It's really plain and simple journalism.Kung mayroon kang binira, kunin mo ’yung kabilangside ([in Tagalog] "If you attacked somebody, then get the other side") so that both sides are fairly presented.

Proficiency-driven code-switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language (ML) between Tagalog and English, demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages. There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g. Nagse-sweatako = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (like enclitics, conjunctions, etc.) within long stretches of ML content; and even the inversion of the verb–subject–object word order of Tagalog into the subject-verb-object order of English. [4]

According to Bautista, the reason for this type of code-switching is what she termed "communicative efficiency" in which a speaker can "convey meaning using the most accurate, expressive, or succinct lexical items available to them." [2] [4] The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code-switching. They are: "for precision, for transition, for comic effect, for atmosphere, to bridge or create social distance, for snob appeal, and for secrecy." [3]

Characteristics

Taglish was originally a manner of speaking in Metro Manila involving the mixing of Tagalog/Filipino and English together. [5] [6] [7] However, this practice has spread to other areas where both English and Tagalog/Filipino are spoken, including in areas where Tagalog is not the native language. It is characteristically a form of Tagalog/Filipino that mixes in English words, where Tagalog/Filipino is the substratum and English is the superstratum. Next to code-switching between sentences, clauses, and phrases in "pure" Tagalog and English, Taglish speech also code-mixes especially with sentences that follow the rules of Tagalog grammar with Tagalog syntax and morphology, but that occasionally employs English nouns and verbs in place of their Tagalog counterparts. Examples:

EnglishTagalogTaglish
Could you explain it to me?Maaaring ipaunawà mo sa akin.Maaaring i-explain mo sa akin.
Could you shed light on it for me?Pakipaliwanag mo sa akin.Paki-explain mo sa akin.
Have you finished your homework?Natapos mo na ba ang iyong takdáng-aralín?Finished/Natapos na ba 'yung homework mo?
Please call the driver.Pakitawag ang tsuper.Pakitawag ang driver.

English verbs and even some nouns can be employed as Tagalog verb roots. This is done by the addition of one or more prefixes or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the noun or verb, consistent with Tagalog morphology but usually retaining English spelling for the roots.

The English verb drive can be changed to the Tagalog word magda-drive meaning will drive (used in place of the Tagalog word magmamaneho). The English noun Internet can also be changed to the Tagalog word nag-Internet meaning have used the Internet.

Taglish also uses sentences of mixed English or Tagalog words and phrases. The conjunctions used to connect them can come from any of the two. Some examples include:

EnglishTagalogTaglish
I willshop at the mall later.Bibilí ako sa pámilihan mámayâ.Magsya-shopping ako sa mall mámayâ.
Have you printed the report?Nailathala/Naiimprenta mo na ba ang ulat?Na-print mo na ba ang report?
Please turn on the aircon.Pakibuksán iyong érkon.Paki-on 'yung aircon.
Take the LRT to school.Mag-tren ka papuntáng paaralán/eskuwela.Mag-LRT ka papuntáng school.
I cannot understand the topic of his lecture.Hindi kó maíntindihán ang paksâ ng pagtuturò niya.Hindi kó ma-understand ang topic ng lecture niya. [8]
Could you fax your estimate tomorrow.Pakipadalá na lang ng tantiyá mo sa akin bukas.Paki-fax na lang ng estimate mo sa akin bukas. [8]
Eat now or else, you will not get fat.Kumain ka na ngayon, kundi, Hindi ka tátabâ.Eat now or else, hindi ka tátabâ. [9]

Because of its informal nature, prescriptivists of English and Tagalog discourage its use. [10] [11] [12] [13]

There are examples of modern books in Taglish: the adventure novel Bullet With A Name (2018) by Kirsten Nimwey, [14] the love novel Aeternum Dream (2018) by Harkin Deximire, [15] [16] and more.

Forms

Swardspeak

Swardspeak is a kind of Taglish/Englog LGBT slang used by the LGBT demographic of the Philippines. It is a form of slang that uses words and terms primarily from Philippine English, Tagalog/Filipino, and/or Cebuano and Hiligaynon, and occasionally as well as Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Sanskrit, or other languages. Names of celebrities, fictional characters, and trademarks are also often used. [17] [18]

Coño English

Coño English ( Tagalog : Konyo) or Colegiala English (Spanish: [koleˈxjala] ) is a sociolect of Taglish that originated from the younger generations of affluent families in Manila. [19] The word coño or Tagalog : konyo, itself came from Spanish : coño, lit.  ' cunt '. It is a form of Philippine English that mixes Tagalog/Filipino words, where opposite to Taglish, English is the substratum and Tagalog/Filipino is the superstratum.

The most common aspect of Coño English is the building of verbs by using the English word "make" with the root word of a Tagalog verb:

EnglishTagalogCoño English
Let's skewer the fishballs.Tusukin natin ang mga pishbol.Let's tusok-tusok the fishballs. [8]
Tell me the story of what happened...Ikuwento mo sa akin kung ano ang nangyari...Make kuwento to me what happened...

And adding the English conjunctions "like so" before using a Tagalog adjective to finish the sentence. Examples:

EnglishTagalogCoño English
He stinks!Ang baho niya!He's like so mabaho!
We were all annoyed with him.Kinaiinisan namin siya.We're like so inis sa kaniya!

Sometimes, Tagalog interjections such as ano, naman, pa, na (or nah), no (or noh), a (or ha), e (or eh), and o (or oh) are placed to add emphasis. Tagalog : 'No/Noh / A/Ah (contractions from Tagalog : Ano, lit.  'What') are used for questions and are added only to the end of a sentence. Tagalog : Ano, lit.  'What', is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end. It may also be used as an interjection, no?, (equal to the Spanish ¿no? and the German nicht?) and is pronounced as /no/ or /nɔ/, with a pure vowel instead of the English glide, which shows influence from Spanish in Filipino.

"E"/"Eh" (added to answers to questions) and "o"/"oh" (for statements) are used for exclamations and are added to the front only. Tagalog : pa, lit.  'yet' (not yet; not yet done; to continue; still) and Tagalog : na, lit.  'already; now' can be placed in the middle or end. Tagalog : naman (particle used to soften requests or put emphasis) is placed anywhere.

EnglishTagalogCoño English
I feel so hot already; please fan me now.Naiinitan na ako; paypayan mo naman ako.I'm so init na; please paypay me naman.
You wait here while I fetch my friend, all right?Hintayin mo ako habang sinusundo ko ang kaibigan ko, a?You make hintay here while I make sundo my friend, a?
What, you will still eat that apple after it already fell on the floor?Ano, kakainin mo pa ang mansanas na'yan matapos mahulog na iyan sa sahig?Ano, you will make kain pa that apple after it made hulog na on the sahig?

English adjectives are often replaced with Tagalog verbs. The language also occasionally uses Spanish words or Spanish loanwords from Filipino/Tagalog, like baño/banyo ("bathroom"), tostado ("toasted") and jamón ("ham").

EnglishTagalogCoño English
They're so competent!Magaling sila!They're so galing!
Where's the bathroom?Nasaan ang palikuran/banyo?Where's the baño?
Keep my ham on the grill.Itago mo lang ang hamon ko sa ihawan.Make tago my jamón on the grill.
I want my ham toasted.Gusto kong tostado ang hamon ko.I want my jamón tostado.

The perceived feminine sound of Coño English makes male speakers sometimes overuse the Tagalog : pare, lit.  'dude; pal; bro; buddy' to make it sound more masculine. Sometimes Tagalog : tsong, lit.  'dude; pal; bro; buddy' is used instead of pare or along with it:

EnglishTagalogCoño English
Dude, he's so unreliable.Pare, ang labo niya.Pare, he's so malabo, pare.
Dude, he's so unreliable.Tsong, ang labo niya.Tsong, he's so malabo, tsong.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tagalog language</span> Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages, alongside English.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code-switching</span> Changing between languages during a single conversation

In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. These alternations are generally intended to influence the relationship between the speakers, for example, suggesting that they may share identities based on similar linguistic histories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filipino language</span> The national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines

Filipino is a language under the Austronesian language family. It is the national language of the Philippines, lingua franca, and one of the two official languages of the country, with English. It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog, spoken and written in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cebuano language</span> Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Cebuano is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is natively, though informally, called by its generic term Bisayâ or Binisayâ and sometimes referred to in English sources as Cebuan. It is spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte, and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and the eastern part of Zamboanga del Norte due to Spanish settlements during the 18th century. In modern times, it has also spread to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the lowland regions of Caraga, often displacing native languages in those areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangasinan language</span> Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups and most Sambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of the Philippines</span>

There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the national language and an official language along with English. Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kapampangan language</span> Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan.

Philippine English is a variety of English native to the Philippines, including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries. English is taught in schools as one of the two official languages of the country, the other being Filipino, a standardized form of Tagalog. Due to the influx of Philippine English teachers overseas, Philippine English is also becoming the prevalent variety of English being learned in the Far East as taught by Filipino teachers in various Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and Thailand among others. Due to the highly multilingual and bilingual nature of the Philippines, code-switching such as Taglish and Bislish is prevalent across domains from casual settings to formal situations.

Tagalog grammar are the rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Tagalog language, one of the languages in the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itawis language</span> Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Itawis is a Northern Philippine language spoken by the Itawis people, closely related to the Gaddang speech found in Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya. It also has many similarities to the neighboring Ibanag tongue, while remaining quite different from the prevalent Ilocano spoken in the region and the Tagalog-based Filipino national language.

Bisalog, also Tagbis, is a portmanteau of the words "Bisaya" and "Tagalog", referring to either a Visayan language or Tagalog being infused with words or expressions from the other. It can also be an informal term for Visayan languages spoken in Mimaropa, or Tagalog dialects infused with words from Visayan languages spoken there, such as in Marinduque.

Swardspeak is an argot or cant slang derived from Taglish and used by a number of LGBT people in the Philippines.

Tboli, also Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil, is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, mainly in the province of South Cotabato but also in the neighboring provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani. According to the Philippine Census from 2000, close to 100,000 Filipinos identified T'boli or Tagabili as their native language.

Matigsalug is a Manobo language of Mindanao in the Philippines. It belongs to the Austronesian language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibanag language</span> Language spoken in the Philippines

The Ibanag language is an Austronesian language spoken by up to 500,000 speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Camalaniugan, Lal-lo, Cabagan, Tumauini, San Pablo, Sto. Tomas, Sta. Maria, and Ilagan and other neighboring towns and villages around the Cagayan River and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom, and the United States. Most of the speakers can also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of northern Luzon island. The name Ibanag comes from the prefix I which means 'people of', and bannag, meaning 'river'. It is closely related to Gaddang, Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, Isneg, and Malaweg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hiligaynon language</span> Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines

Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hokaglish</span> Hokkien mixed language of the Philippines

Hokaglish, also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe, is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Philippine Hokkien Chinese, (2) Tagalog/Filipino and (3) Philippine English.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tagalog profanity</span> Profanity in the language of the Philippines

Tagalog profanity can refer to a wide range of offensive, blasphemous, and taboo words or expressions in the Tagalog language of the Philippines. Due to Filipino culture, expressions which may sound benign when translated back to English can cause great offense; while some expressions English speakers might take great offense to can sound benign to a Tagalog speaker. Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, is the standard register of Tagalog, so as such the terms Filipino profanity and Filipino swear words are sometimes also employed.

As a historical colony of the United States, the Philippine English lexicon shares most of its vocabulary from American English, but also has loanwords from native languages and Spanish, as well as some usages, coinages, and slang peculiar to the Philippines. Some Philippine English usages are borrowed from or shared with British English or Commonwealth English, for various reasons. Due to the influence of the Spanish language, Philippine English also contains Spanish-derived terms, including Anglicizations, some resulting in false friends, such as salvage and viand. Philippine English also borrows words from Philippine languages, especially native plant and animal names, and cultural concepts with no exact English equivalents such as kilig and bayanihan. Some borrowings from Philippine languages have entered mainstream English, such as abaca and ylang-ylang.

References

  1. ↑ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 31. DOI: 10.1075/eww.00001.lam.
  2. 1 2 3 Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). "Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" (PDF). Asia Pacific Education Review. 5 (2): 226–233. doi:10.1007/BF03024960. S2CID   145684166.
  3. 1 2 Goulet, Rosalina Morales (1971). "English, Spanish, and Tagalog; a study of grammatical, lexical, and cultural interference". Philippine Journal of Linguistics (Special Monograph Issue № 1).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Lesada, Joseph D. (2017). Taglish in Metro Manila: An Analysis of Tagalog-English Code-Switching (PDF) (BA). University of Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  5. ↑ "The Globalization of English". WebProNews. March 7, 2005. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
  6. ↑ Virgilio S. Almario. Wikang Taglish, Kamulatang Taglish. Archived November 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine .
  7. ↑ PAGASA VOWS : No more jargon, just plain 'Taglish,' in weather reports. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 23, 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 "Taglish is not the enemy". October 30, 2006, 12:00 AM. The Philippine Star.
  9. ↑ "Experts discourage use of 'Taglish'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Tagalog, English, or Taglish?". Manila Bulletin. March 20, 2005
  11. ↑ "Filipino English, not Taglish". Manila Bulletin. September 7, 2004.
  12. ↑ "Stop using 'Taglish,' teachers, students told". Manila Bulletin. June 1, 2006.
  13. ↑ "Manila Journal; Land of 100 Tongues, but Not a Single Language". The New York Times . Published: December 2, 1987.
  14. ↑ Nimwey, Kirsten (April 15, 2018). Bullet With A Name (in Tagalog). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 302. ISBN   9781982011222.
  15. ↑ Deximire, Harkin (July 12, 2018). Aeternum Dream (in Tagalog). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 372. ISBN   9781718940918.
  16. ↑ "Aeternum Dream (Second Book)". DeviantArt . July 18, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Gayspeak: Not for gays only". Philippine Online Chronicles. April 30, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  18. ↑ "GAY LANGUAGE: DEFYING THE STRUCTURAL LIMITS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES". Kritika Kultura, Issue 11. August 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  19. ↑ The Routledge concise history of Southeast Asian writing in English. Routledge. 2010. New York City.
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