Ivatan language

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Ivatan
Ibatan
Chirin nu Ibatan
Native to Philippines
Region Batanes Islands
Ethnicity Ivatan
Native speakers
(33,000 cited 1996–2007) [1]
Dialects
  • Ivasay
  • Isamurung
  • Babuyan
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
ivv   Ivatan
ivb   Ibatan (Babuyan)
Glottolog ivat1242   Ivatan
ibat1238   Ibatan
The Batanic languages.png
The location of the Ivatan language within the Batanic languages

The Ivatan language, also known as Chirin nu Ivatan ("language of the Ivatan people"), is an Austronesian language spoken in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.

Contents

Although the islands are closer to Taiwan than to Luzon, it is not one of the Formosan languages. Ivatan is one of the Batanic languages, which are perhaps a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian family of Austronesian languages.

The language of Babuyan Island (Ibatan) is sometimes classified as a dialect of the Ivatan language. Most of the Babuyan population moved to Batan Island and to Luzon mainland during the Spanish colonial period. The island became repopulated at the end of the 19th century with families from Batan, most of them speakers of one of the Ivatan dialects. [2]

Ivatan speakers are found outside their homeland, many of them settled in mainland Luzon particularly in nearby Cagayan Valley, Ilocandia, Cordillera Administrative Region, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Palawan and also settled as far as Mindanao. In Mindanao, a significant Ivatan-speaking minority exist mainly in Bukidnon, Lanao and Cotabato where they settled since the 1950s in search of economic opportunities settled down in government homesteads in these areas. Nowadays, however, their language has becoming endangered among Ivatan settlers' descendants especially newer generations born in Mindanao, due to being accustomed into a society of Cebuano-speaking majority. Like elsewhere, intermarriage between Ivatans and Mindanaoans of various ethnicities are not uncommon. Most of these Ivatans in Mindanao today speak the majority language of Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog and other Mindanao indigenous languages more than their ancestors' native language in varying fluency or none at all. [3] [4] [5] [6]

Introduction

Ivatan is especially characterized by its words, which mostly have the letter v, as in vakul, Ivatan, and valuga. While related to the Northern Philippine group of languages, Ivatan, having been isolated, is most close to the two other members of the Bashiic sub-group of languages, Yami (Tao) and Itbayat, neither of which is indigenous to Luzon. Ibatan dialect, spoken on the nearby Babuyan group of islands, is so similar to Ivatan that it is not entirely clear whether it should be classified as a dialect of Ivatan or a separate language, though each does receive its own code in ISO taxonomy.

Ivatan has two dialects; Basco Ivatan, more commonly known as Ivasay, spoken on the main island of Batan, and Southern Ivatan or Isamurung, spoken on the southern half of Batan and on the most southern island, Sabtang. [2]

Variations in language

In the capital of Basco and the surrounding northern half of Batan, the area encompassed by Ivasayen, t is prominent, whereas in the Isamurongen zone to the south (Mahatao, Ivana, Uyugan and Sabtang) that phoneme becomes a ch.

Examples of the more visible variations of the Ivasayen and Isamurongen words and pronunciations are:

Itbayaten is sometimes also considered a dialect. 2% of the total vocabulary does not occur in Ivatan dialects. Examples of different Ivasayen, Isamurongen and Itbayaten words that have the same English translation:

Ivatan and Filipino words are sometimes combined, as in the Ivatan word mapatak. It is derived from marunong (Filipino) and chapatak (Ivatan), literally 'someone who knows', which were then compounded to form the word mapatak. This is the result of the influence of non-Ivatans who tend to speak the language and were then eventually adopted.[ citation needed ]

Examples of metathesis in Ivatan include iskarayla for iskalayra ('stairs') and tumaraya for tumayara ('going up').

Ivatan slang includes examples such as tanchew, coined from mirwa ta anchiyaw – literally 'we’ll meet again later', and nganmu, coined from jinu ngayan mu, literally 'where are you going'. These are results of shortening Ivatan phrases or sentences into one or two words, depending on usage.

Common Ivatan expressions have various origins such as:[ clarification needed ]

Phonology

Vowels of Ivatan [7]
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid o
Open a

/u/ can also be lowered to [ ʊ ]. Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish, Ilocano, and Tagalog.

Consonants of Ivatan [7]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative v s ɣ h
Approximant l j w
Tap ɾ

/h/ can also be heard as a velar fricative [ x ]. Ivatan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony.

Grammar

Pronouns

The following set of pronouns is found in the Ivatan language. [8]

NominativeGenitiveLocative
freeboundfreebound
1st personsingularyaken'akoniakenkodiaken
pluralexclusiveyamenkaminiamennamendiamen
inclusiveyatentaniatentadiaten
2nd personsingular'imo'kanimomodimo
plural'iniokamoninioniodinio
3rd personsingularsiasianianadia
pluralsira/sasira/saniradadira

Cultural terms of the Ivatan people

Phrases

Ivatan words

Etymology

Coined words are two words combined to form one new word.

SentenceCoined wordMeaningUsage
Mirwa taanchiyawTanchewWe'll meet again later.Street language
Jinu ngayanmuNganmuWhere are you going?Street language

Similarities with other Philippine languages

 PersonHouseDogCoconutDayNew
IvatanTawuVahayChituNiyuyArawVa-yu
Tagalog TaoBahayAsoNiyogArawBago
Bikol TawoHarongAyamNiyogAldawBa-go
Cebuano TawoBalayIroLubiAdlawBag-o
Tausug TauBayIru'NiyugAdlawBa-gu
Kinaray-a TahoBalayAyamNiyogAdlawBag-o
Kapampangan TauBaleAsuNgungutAldoBayu
Pangasinan TooAbongAsoNiyogAgewBalo
Ilocano TaoBalayAsoNiogAldawBaro
Gaddang TolayBalayAtuAyogAwBawu
Tboli TauGunuOhuLefoKdawLomi

Similarities with the Tao language

 DayHomeFriendEatDrink
IvatanArawVahayCayvanKumanMinom
Yami 雅美/達悟ArawVahayKagaganKumanMinum

Accommodation

RoomMailWaterTime
IvasayenCuartoTulasDanumOras
ItbayatenCuartoTurasRanumUras

Approval and disapproval

GoodOf courseOkPrettyYesNoNothingPerhaps
IvasayenMapiaSiyempreOkayMavidOonOmbaAravaSiguro
ItbayatenMap'piaSiyempriNa uhMavij / MavigUwenEnggaAralih / AralSiguru

Colors

BlackBlueBrownDarkGrayGreenLightRedWhiteYellow
IvasayenMavajengMaanilChocolatiMasariMavuavoBerdeMarialMavayaMaydacMañujama
ItbayatenMavawengUm'anianilUm'yutanaMasarihUm'avu-avoMarèmMarengangMavayahMahilakMayuxama / Umyuxama

Days of the week

SundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturday
IvasayenDomingoLunisMartisMiyirkolisJuibisBiyernisSabado
ItbayatenLuminguLunisMartisMirkulisJuybisBirnisSabalu

Direction

LeftRightStraight ahead
IvasayenHuliWananDiricho
ItbayatenGuriWananDiricho

Cardinal numbers

ZeroOneTwoThreeFourFiveSixSevenEightNineTen
IvayasenSiro, abuAsaDaduaTatduApatDadimaAnemPapitoWawajoSasyamSapujo
ItbayatenSiro, a'buA'saDaduhaAtluA'patLalimaA'nemPitoWaxoSasyamSapuxu

Writing system

Ivatan is written using the Latin alphabet. As Ivatan is primarily a spoken language and seldom used in written form, there is currently no consistent way of writing the language and different conventions may be used by different writers. An orthography devised for use in public schools by the Department of Education uses the full 26-letter Latin alphabet, with three extra letters, ch, ñ, and ng. [9]

The schwa sound, or uh, is normally represented by the letter e as in Dios Mamajes, 'di-yos-ma-ma-huhs', and palek 'pa-luhk'.[ citation needed ]

References

  1. Ivatan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Ibatan (Babuyan) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  3. Aringay, Marbeth (2023). "Islandness in the Province: The Language of a Migrated Ivatan". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.11798.32320 . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  4. "Ivatan People of the Philippines: History, Customs, Culture and Traditions [Batanes Islands]". yodisphere.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  5. Hooker, Betty (1972). "Cohesion in Ivatan" (PDF). Asian Studies. 10 (1): 33–43. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  6. "Ivatan Language of the Batanes Islands". iloko.tripod.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  7. 1 2 Cottle, Morris (1958). The significant sounds of Ivatan. University of Sydney.
  8. Reid, Lawrence Andrew (1966). An Ivatan Syntax. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1–160. JSTOR   20019114.
  9. Gabilo-Cariaso, Georgann (2015). Ortograpiya Ivatan. SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANES. Retrieved 7 June 2020.