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The Bisayan languages or the Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region, islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.
The Murutic languages are a family of half a dozen closely related Austronesian languages, spoken in the northern inland regions of Borneo by the Murut and Tidung.
The Subanen language is an Austronesian language belonging to the Greater Central Philippine languages. It is typically considered by linguists as a dialect cluster more than a monolithic language. Subanon is spoken in various areas of Zamboanga Peninsula namely the provinces of Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur, and in Misamis Occidental of Northern Mindanao. There is also a sizeable Subanon community in Misamis Oriental. Most go by the name of Subanen, Subanon or Subanun, while those who adhere to Islam refer to themselves as Kalibugan.
The Paitanic languages are a group of languages spoken in Sabah (Borneo) and, in the case of Yakan, Basilan Island in the Philippines. Several go by the name Lobu.
The Mamanwa language is a Central Philippine language spoken by the Mamanwa people. It is spoken in the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Norte in the Lake Mainit area of Mindanao, Philippines. It had about 5,000 speakers in 1990.
Arta is a highly endangered Negrito language of the northern Philippines.
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other, and are listed here merely as an aid to identification.
Magahat is a Central Philippine language of the mountains of Negros in the Philippines that has been strongly influenced by Cebuano and Hiligaynon. It is similar to Karolanos, but otherwise of uncertain affiliation. Lobel (2013) suggests that it is a Bisayan language.
Ata is a nearly extinct Philippine Negrito language spoken in Negros Island in the Visayas region of the Philippines.
Inagta Partido is a nearly extinct Bikol language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Agta (Negrito) people of the Philippines. It is found on Mount Isarog east of Naga City.
Mount Iraya Agta is a Bikol language spoken by a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Agta (Negrito) people of the Philippines, east of Lake Buhi in Luzon. It is mutually intelligible with Mount Iriga Agta on the other side of the lake.
Casiguran Dumagat Agta, also known as Dumagat Agta or Casiguran Agta, is an Aeta language of the northern Philippines. It is spoken by around 610 speakers, most of whom live in the San Ildefonso Peninsula, across the bay from Casiguran, Aurora.
Kasiguranin (Casiguranin) is the language of Casiguran town in the northern Philippines. It is descended from an early Tagalog dialect that had borrowed heavily from Northeastern Luzon Agta languages.
Umiray Dumaget Agta is an Aeta language spoken in southern Luzon Island.
Gana’ is an Austronesian language of Sabah, Malaysia.
Dumpas is a Dusunic language of Malaysia.
The Northeastern Luzon languages is a primary subgrouping of the Northern Luzon languages, proposed by Robinson & Lobel (2013) based on historical phonology, functors, and lexicon.
Nagtipunan Agta is a Northeastern Luzon language. It is one of the Aeta languages. The language was discovered by Jason Lobel and Laura Robinson in Nagtipunan, Quirino. Nagtipunan Agta is most closely related to Casiguran Dumagat Agta.
The Cagayan Valley languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. They are:
The Northern Luzon languages are one of the few established large groups within Philippine languages. These are mostly located in and around the Cordillera Central of northern Luzon in the Philippines. Among its major languages are Ilokano, Pangasinan and Ibanag
References
- Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
- Robinson, Laura C. and Jason William Lobel (2013). "The Northeastern Luzon Subgroup of Philippine Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 52.1 (2013): 125-168.
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