Tawbuid | |
---|---|
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Mindoro |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2000) [1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either: bnj – Eastern Tawbuid twb – Western Tawbuid |
Glottolog | bata1318 |
The Tawbuid language is a language spoken by Tawbuid Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid.
The Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans live in central Mindoro.
In Oriental Mindoro, Eastern Tawbuid (also known as Bangon) is spoken by 1,130 people in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria. [1]
In Occidental Mindoro, Western Tawbuid (also known as Batangan) is spoken by 6,810 people in the municipalities of Sablayan and Calintaan. [1]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |
voiced | b | d | g | ||
Fricative | f | s | |||
Liquid | lateral | l | |||
flap | ɾ | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of /k/ > /h/ > /Ø/. For example:
There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular, in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) 'I will arrive.'
There are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/, in Tawbuid.
The glottal stop [ʔ] may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example:
Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern. Vowels following /i/ and /u/ offer different interpretations as to whether a linking /y/ or /w/ is present. For example:
There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example:
/i/ close front spread
/e/ half close front spread
Established as a phoneme in contrast with /i/ by minimal pairs
Occurrence in similar environment:
Historically this was most likely /ay/. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for /ay/ to become /e/, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with may being pronounced /me/ in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this:
Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word.
/a/ open central unrounded
Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions.
/o/ half-open back rounded
Established as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs
As with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/. A similar process occurred in English and French.
/u/ close back rounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
/ɨ/ close central unrounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
In orthography, the letter v is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with /a/ or /ɨ/ in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.)
/b/ voiced bilabial plosive
Syllable-initial and final. For example:
/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final
Variants: [p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
[pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: word-final
/p/ is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following:
There is at least one minimal pair:
/p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/ under the following circumstances:
/d/ voiced alveolar plosive
Syllable-initial and final.
Realised as [t] before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an.
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final
Variants:
Environment: syllable-initial
Environment: word-final
/g/ voiced velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster.
Realised as [k] before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-.
/k/ voiceless velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final
[k] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
[kʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated plosive
Environment: word-final
There is a tendency for the initial /k/ to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example:
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on /p/ for contrastive features.
Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. /p/. For example:
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster /st/. The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants.
/m/ bilabial nasal
Can occur in all syllable positions.
/n/ dental nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
/ŋ/ velar nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
/l/ voiced alveolar palatalized lateral
Environment: syllable-initial and final
/R/ voiced alveolar flap
Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final
/w/ voiced bilabial approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
/y/ voiced palatal approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
Stress patterns
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below).
Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not.
Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables.
Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate.
But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably.
A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress.
In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress:
Secondary stress and tertiary stress
In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress.
Accent
Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke lag katanya 'don't do that':
A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout.
Syllable patterns
V
Monosyllabic words are: e, o, u
Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern.
V-CV
C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/
VC
CVC
CCV
CVC with semivowels
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