Regions of the Philippines

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Regions of the Philippines
Ph regions and provinces.svg
Administrative map of the Philippines
Category Region
LocationPhilippines
Number18 (as of 2024)
Possible status
PopulationsSmallest: 1,791,121 (CAR)
Largest: 16,139,770 (Calabarzon)
AreasSmallest: 619.57 km2 (239.22 sq mi) (NCR)
Largest: 29,620.90 km2 (11,436.69 sq mi) (Mimaropa)
Government
  • Regional development council
    Metropolitan development authority
    Autonomous regional government
Subdivisions

In the Philippines, regions (Filipino : rehiyon; ISO 3166-2:PH) are administrative divisions that primarily serve to coordinate planning and organize national government services across multiple local government units (LGUs). Most national government offices provide services through their regional branches instead of having direct provincial or city offices. Regional offices are usually but not necessarily located in the city designated as the regional center.

Contents

As of 2024, the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Seventeen of these are mere administrative groupings, each provided by the president of the Philippines with a regional development council (RDC) – in the case of the National Capital Region (Metro Manila), an additional metropolitan development authority serves as the coordinating and policy-making body. Only one, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, has an elected government and parliament to which the Congress of the Philippines has delegated certain powers and responsibilities.

History

Regions first came to existence on September 24, 1972, when the provinces of the Philippines were organized into eleven regions under Presidential Decree No. 1 as part of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of President Ferdinand Marcos. [1] Since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another.

Timeline

List of regions

As of June 30,2024, the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. [33] The traditional island groups of Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao are composed of eight (Regions I, II, III, IV-A, and V, and CAR, NCR, and Mimaropa), four (VI, VII, VIII, and NIR), and six (IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, and BARMM) regions, respectively. The names of Calabarzon, Mimaropa, and Soccsksargen are acronyms signifying their component provinces and cities; and are usually capitalized in official government documents.

Types of regions

Administrative region

An administrative region is a grouping of geographically adjacent LGUs that may be established, disestablished, and modified by the president of the Philippines based on the need to formulate coherent economic development policies, more efficiently provide national government services, and coordinate activities beneficial to the development of larger area beyond the province level. No plebiscites have been conducted so far to democratically confirm the creation, abolition or alteration of the boundaries of regular administrative regions, as the Constitution does not mandate it. [34]

An administrative region is not a local government unit (LGU), but rather a group of LGUs to which the president [35] has provided an unelected policy-making and coordinating structure, called the Regional Development Council (RDC). [36] Metro Manila is recognized in law as a "special development and administrative region", and was thus given the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA); [37] the Metro Manila Council within the MMDA serves as the National Capital Region's RDC. [36]

Autonomous region

The 1987 Constitution allows for the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordillera Central of Luzon and the Muslim-majority areas of Mindanao. [34] However, only the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and its predecessor, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, have been approved by voters in plebiscites held in 1989, 2001, and 2019. Voters in the Cordilleras rejected autonomy in 1990 and 1998; hence the Cordillera Administrative Region remains as a regular administrative region with no delegated powers or responsibilities.

The Supreme Court has ruled that an autonomous region established by statute must be composed of more than one province, thereby invalidating the proposed establishment of the Autonomous Region of Ifugao following the results of the original 1990 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite, which saw only Ifugao's voters casting a majority 'yes' vote towards autonomy. [38]

Table of regions

LocationRegion
(regional designation)		PSGC [39] Island
group		Regional
center		 Component local
government units 		Area [lower-alpha 1] Population
(2020) [43] 		Density
Metro Manila in Philippines.svg National Capital Region
(NCR)		13Luzon Manila 619.57 km2
(239.22 sq mi)		13,484,462
(12.41%)
Cordillera Administrative Region in Philippines.svg Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR)		14Luzon Baguio 19,422.03 km2
(7,498.89 sq mi)		1,791,121
(1.65%)
Ilocos Region in Philippines.svg Ilocos Region
(Region I)		01Luzon San Fernando 13,012.60 km2
(5,024.19 sq mi)		5,292,297
(4.87%)
Cagayan Valley in Philippines.svg Cagayan Valley
(Region II)		02Luzon Tuguegarao 28,228.83 km2
(10,899.21 sq mi)		3,679,748
(3.39%)
Central Luzon in Philippines.svg Central Luzon
(Region III)		03Luzon San Fernando 22,014.63 km2
(8,499.90 sq mi)		12,387,811
(11.40%)
CALABARZON in Philippines.svg Calabarzon
(Region IV-A)		04Luzon Calamba 16,873.31 km2
(6,514.82 sq mi)		16,139,770
(14.85%)
MIMAROPA in Philippines.svg Southwestern Tagalog Region
(Mimaropa) [lower-alpha 4] 		17Luzon Calapan 29,620.90 km2
(11,436.69 sq mi)		3,212,287
(2.96%)
Bicol Region in Philippines.svg Bicol Region
(Region V)		05Luzon Legazpi 18,155.82 km2
(7,010.00 sq mi)		6,067,290
(5.58%)
Western Visayas in Philippines.svg Western Visayas
(Region VI)		06Visayas Iloilo City 12,750.63 km2
(4,923.05 sq mi)		4,730,771
(4.35%)
Negros Island Region in Philippines.svg Negros Island Region
(NIR)		18Visayas Bacolod and Dumaguete
(interim/de facto)		13,525.56 km2
(5,222.25 sq mi)		4,760,340
(4.38%)
Central Visayas in Philippines.svg Central Visayas
(Region VII)		07Visayas Cebu City 10,114.52 km2
(3,905.24 sq mi)		6,545,603
(6.02%)
Eastern Visayas in Philippines.svg Eastern Visayas
(Region VIII)		08Visayas Tacloban 23,251.10 km2
(8,977.30 sq mi)		4,531,512
(4.17%)
Zamboanga Peninsula in Philippines.svg Zamboanga Peninsula
(Region IX)		09Mindanao Pagadian 17,056.73 km2
(6,585.64 sq mi)		3,862,588
(3.55%)
Northern Mindanao in Philippines.svg Northern Mindanao
(Region X)		10Mindanao Cagayan de Oro 20,496.02 km2
(7,913.56 sq mi)		5,007,798
(4.61%)
Davao Region in Philippines.svg Davao Region
(Region XI)		11Mindanao Davao City 20,357.42 km2
(7,860.04 sq mi)		5,223,802
(4.81%)
SOCCSKSARGEN in Philippines.svg Soccsksargen
(Region XII)		12Mindanao Koronadal 22,513.30 km2
(8,692.43 sq mi)		4,351,773
(4.0%)
Caraga Region in Philippines.svg Caraga
(Region XIII)		16Mindanao Butuan 21,478.35 km2
(8,292.84 sq mi)		2,795,340
(2.57%)
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in Philippines.svg Bangsamoro
(BARMM) [lower-alpha 7] 		19Mindanao Cotabato City 12,535.79 km2
(4,840.10 sq mi)		4,938,539
(4.54%)
Notes
  1. ↑ Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces and independent cities, derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board (Philippine Statistics Authority) official website. For the BARMM, land area is derived from the Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report. [40] [41] [42]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 A highly urbanized city, independent from any province.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 An independent component city, not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.
  4. ↑ Formerly designated as Region IV-B until 2016.
  5. ↑ A component city, part of the province of Basilan, but whose regional services are provided by the offices of Region IX.
  6. 1 2 The province of Cotabato, which is part of the Soccsksargen region, has 63 of its barangays included in the BARMM.
  7. ↑ Following the Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite and the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was superseded by the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in February 2019, which transferred the provinces and cities already in the ARMM, as well as surrounding communities that voted for inclusion.

Judicial regions

As far as the judiciary is concerned, specifically the first and second level courts, the country is divided into judicial regions as provided by Batas Pambansa Bilang 129. The coverage of these judicial regions generally coincides with that of the administrative regions in 1980, with some exceptions.

Legislative districts

Representation for the Interim Batasang Pambansa was mostly through parliamentary districts based on how regions were organized in 1978. Metro Manila was "Region IV", while Southern Tagalog was "Region IV-A". This was the only time the national legislature was represented via regions; in a 1984 plebiscite, voters approved a constitutional amendment that reverted to representation per province and city.

Proposed regions

Defunct regions

The following are regions that no longer exist, listed along with their current status:

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimaropa</span> Administrative region of the Philippines

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soccsksargen</span> Administrative region of the Philippines

Soccsksargen, formerly known as Central Mindanao, is an administrative region of the Philippines, designated as Region XII. Located in south-central Mindanao, its name is an acronym that stands for the region's four provinces and one highly urbanized city. The regional center is in Koronadal, located in the province of South Cotabato, and the center of commerce and industry is General Santos, which is the most populous city in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</span> 1989–2019 autonomous region of the Philippines

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cordillera Administrative Region</span> Administrative region of the Philippines

The Cordillera Administrative Region, also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera, is an administrative region in the Philippines, situated within the island of Luzon. It is the only landlocked region in the insular country, bordered by the Ilocos Region to the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast. It is the least populous region in the Philippines, with a population less than that of the city of Manila. Baguio is the regional center and largest city.

ISO 3166-2:PH is the entry for the Philippines in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of the Philippines</span> National government of the Philippines

The government of the Philippines has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system.

The Philippines is divided into four levels of administrative divisions, with the lower three being defined in the Local Government Code of 1991 as local government units (LGUs). They are, from the highest to the lowest:

  1. Regions are mostly used to organize national services. Of the 17 regions, only one—the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao—has an elected government to which the central government has devolved competencies.
  2. Provinces, independent cities, and one independent municipality (Pateros)
  3. Component cities and municipalities within a province
  4. Barangays within a city or municipality

The super regions of the Philippines are an informal and de facto defunct grouping of parts of regions and provinces of the Philippines based on their economic strengths. According to Executive Order No. 561, which establishes these regions,

"[These] groupings neither supersede current political boundaries nor alter the regional development councils as established by existing laws and issuances."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Economic and Development Authority</span> Philippine government agency

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In the Philippines, local government is divided into three levels: provinces and independent cities, component cities and municipalities, and barangays, all of which are collectively known as local government units (LGUs). In some areas, above provinces and independent chartered cities are autonomous regions, such as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Some towns and cities remit their revenue to national government and is returned through the national government through a process called internal revenue allotment. Below barangays in some cities and municipalities are sitios and puroks. All of these, with the exception of sitios and puroks, elect their own executives and legislatures. Sitios and puroks are often but not necessarily led by an elected barangay councilor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous regions of the Philippines</span> First-level administrative divisions

An autonomous region of the Philippines is a first-level administrative division that has the authority to control a region's culture and economy. The Constitution of the Philippines allows for two autonomous regions: in the Cordilleras and in Muslim Mindanao. Currently, Bangsamoro, which largely consists of the Muslim-majority areas of Mindanao, is the only autonomous region in the country.

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The Cordillera autonomy movement in the Philippines refers to the campaign for greater autonomy for the Cordilleras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite</span> 1990 referendum

A plebiscite for the ratification of the organic act creating the Cordillera Autonomous Region was held on January 30, 1990, to ask if the voters in the Cordillera Administrative Region wanted to be an autonomous region under Republic Act No. 6766. The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) consists of the provinces of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province, and the city of Baguio. Only Ifugao voted in favor of autonomy, and a Supreme Court case later disallowed the creation of an autonomous region with just one province.

Regional Development Councils (RDCs) are the highest policy-making body governing the administrative regions of the Philippines. They serve as the subnational counterpart of the National Economic and Development Authority. All but two of the Philippines 17 regions has a Regional Development Council although Metro Manila has a metropolitan body which serves the same function as an RDC. Bangsamoro, an autonomous region, also has its own equivalent to a RDC.

The National Prosecution Service is the official prosecutorial agency of the Philippines. Although it is an official prosecutorial agency, it is not autonomous from the Department of Justice unlike its counterparts such as the Philippine National Police, National Bureau of Investigation, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, National Intelligence Coordinating Agency, Bureau of Customs, Bureau of Corrections, and the Bureau of Immigration.

The 1977 Southern Philippines autonomy plebiscite was a plebiscite to create an autonomous region held on April 17, 1977 in parts of Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines.

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Reorganization Plan: Reorganization of the Executive Branch of the National Government. Presidential Commission on Reorganization. 1972. pp. 12–13.
  2. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 224" . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 742; Restructuring the Regional Organization of Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi". The Lawphil Project. July 7, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 1618; Implementing the Organization of the Sangguniang Pampook and the Lupong Tagapagpaganap ng Pook in Region IX and Region XII and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. July 25, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  5. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 773; Amending Presidential Decree No. 742 Restructuring the Regional Organization of Mindanao and Dividing Region IX into Two Sub-regions". The Lawphil Project. August 21, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 824; Creating the Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. November 7, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 879 – Dividing Region No. 4 of the Administrative Field Organization of the Various Departments and Agencies of the Government Into Region No. 4 and 4-A". Supreme Court E-Library . President of the Philippines. January 23, 1976. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 1396, s. 1978; Creating the Department of Human Settlements and the Human Settlement Development Corporation, Appropriation Funds Therefor, and Accordingly Amending Certain Presidential Decrees". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. June 2, 1978. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 1555: Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 742 as amended by Presidential Decree No. 773 transferring the regional center of Region IX from Jolo to Zamboanga City". The LawPhil Project. June 11, 1978. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Executive Order No. 220; Creating a Cordillera Administrative Region, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. July 15, 1987. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Republic Act No. 6734; An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". The Lawphil Project. August 1, 1989. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Republic Act No. 6766; An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Cordillera Autonomous Region". The Lawphil Project. October 23, 1989. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Executive Order No. 429 s. 1990; Providing for the Reorganization of the Administrative Regions in Mindanao, and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. October 12, 1990. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Republic Act No. 7901; An Act Creating Region XIII to be Known as the Caraga Administrative Region, and for Other Purposes". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. February 23, 1995. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Republic Act No. 8438; An Act to Establish the Cordillera Autonomous Region". The Lawphil Project. December 22, 1997. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Republic Act No. 8744; An Act Repealing Section 3 of Republic Act No 7901 and to Return the Province of Sultan Kudarat to Region XII and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. December 18, 1998. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Republic Act No. 9054; An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, Entitled "An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao," as Amended". The Lawphil Project. March 31, 2001. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Executive Order No. 36; Providing for the Reorganization of the Administrative Regions in Mindanao and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. September 19, 2001. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Executive Order No. 103; Dividing Region IV into Region IV-A and Region IV-B, Transferring the Province of Aurora to Region III and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. May 17, 2002. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Executive Order No. 246, October 28, 2003; Designating Calamba City as Regional Center of Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". The Lawphil Project. October 28, 2003. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  21. ↑ Executive Order No. 304 (March 30, 2004), Designating Koronadal City as the Regional Center and Seat of Soccsksargen, The Lawphil Project, retrieved June 23, 2024.
  22. ↑ "Executive Order No. 429; Providing for the Reorganization of Administrative Region VI to Include the Province of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City". The Lawphil Project. May 23, 2005. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  23. ↑ Administrative Order No. 129 (August 19, 2005), Directing the Department of the Interior and Local Government to Hold in Abeyance the Implementation of Executive Order No. 429 (s. 2005) Pending Its Submission of an Implementation Plan and Its Subsequent Approval By the Office of the President, The Lawphil Project, retrieved June 23, 2024
  24. ↑ Executive Order No. 682 (November 22, 2007), Designating Calapan City as the Regional Center of Region IV-B Otherwise Referred to as the MIMAROPA Region (PDF), The Official Gazette , retrieved June 18, 2024
  25. ↑ "Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015; Creating a Negros Island Region and for Other Purposes". Official Gazette (Philippines). May 29, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  26. ↑ "An Act establishing the Southwestern Tagalog Region, to be known as the MIMAROPA Region". July 17, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Executive Order No. 38, August 07, 2017 - Revoking Executive Order No. 183 (s. 2015) Which Created A Negros Island Region And For Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. August 7, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  28. ↑ "Comelec ratifies Bangsamoro Organic Law". BusinessMirror. January 26, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  29. ↑ Depasupil, William; Reyes, Dempsey (January 23, 2019). "'Yes' vote prevails in 4 of 5 provinces". The Manila Times. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  30. ↑ Galvez, Daphne (January 22, 2019). "Zubiri: Overwhelming 'yes' vote for BOL shows Mindanao shedding its history of conflict". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  31. ↑ Republic Act No. 12000 (June 11, 2024), An Act Establishing the Negros Island Region (PDF), Official Gazette (Philippines) , retrieved June 19, 2024
  32. ↑ de Leon, Dwight (June 13, 2024). "Marcos signs law creating new Negros Island Region". Rappler. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  33. ↑ "Number of provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays, by region, as of 30 June 2024" (XLSX). PSGC. Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  34. 1 2 Republic of the Philippines (1987). "The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines – Article X, Local Government". The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  35. ↑ Fidel V. Ramos (April 12, 1996). "Executive Order No. 325, Series of 1996". The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  36. 1 2 "FAQs – The Regional Development Council" (PDF). National Economic and Development Authority . November 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  37. ↑ Congress of the Philippines (March 1, 1995). "Republic Act No. 7924 – An Act Creating Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Defining Its Powers And Function, Providing Funds Therefor And Other Purposes" (PDF). Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  38. ↑ "G.R. No. 93054. December 4, 1990. Cordillera Regional Assembly Member Alexander P. Ordillo, (Banaue), Ifugao Provincial Board Member Corazon Montinig, (Mayoyao), Former Vice Mayor Martin Udan (Banaue), Municipal Councilors Martin Gano, (Lagawe), and Teodoro Hewe, (Hingyon), Barangay Councilman Pedro W. Dulag (Lamut); Aguinaldo Residents Sandy B. Changiwan, and Donato Timago; Lamut Resident Rey Antonio; Kiangan Residents Orlando Puguon, and Reynand Duldulao; Lagawe Residents Tomas Kimayong, Gregorio Dango, George B. Baywong, and Vicente Lunag; Hingyon Residents Pablo M. Dulnuan and Constancio Gano; Mayoyao Residents Pedro M. Baoang, Leonardo Igadna, and Maximo Igadna; and Banaue Residents Puma-a Culhi, Latayon Buttig, Miguel Pumelban, Andres Ordillo, Federico Mariano, Sandy Binomnga, Gabriel Limmang, Romeo Tongali, Ruben Bahatan, Mhomdy Gabriel, and Nadres Ghamang, Petitioners, V. The Commission on Elections; the Franklin M. Drilon, Secretary of Justice; Catalino Macaraig, Executive Secretary; the Cabinet Officer for Regional Development; Guillermo Carague, Secretary of Budget and Management; and Rosalina S. Cajucom, OIC, National Treasurer, Respondents". ChanRobles Law Library. December 4, 1990. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  39. ↑ "Provincial Summary Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 30, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  40. ↑ "PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces". Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  41. ↑ "PSGC Interactive; List of Cities". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  42. ↑ For provinces in the ARMM: "Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report, Chapter 10" (PDF). Bangsamoro Development Agency. 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". Philippine Statistics Authority. May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  44. ↑ "Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy". National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. August 12, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Bishops call for separate Samar administrative region". GMA News. June 15, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Sulu Sultanate, Bangsa Sug push revision of BBL". Sun-Star. May 10, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  47. ↑ "Why is autonomy tied to peace talks?". Inquirer.net. August 18, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  48. ↑ "10,000 people to benefit from Bangsa Sug Iftar Caravan in Zamboanga City". Mindanao Examiner. May 23, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
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