Leyte (province)

Last updated
Leyte
Province
Leyte Provincial Capitol.jpg
San Pablo Bay, Tacloban-Cancabato (Leyte; 04-28-2023).jpg
Lake Danao.jpg
San Juanico Bridge.2024.jpg
Kalanggaman Island.jpg
Calubian Leyte Philippines Hilltop View.jpg
(from top: left to right) Leyte Provincial Capitol, San Pablo Bay, Lake Danao, San Juanico Bridge, Kalanggaman Island and Calubian.
Leyte Flag.png
Flag
Leyte Province seal.svg
Seal
Ph locator leyte.svg
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Leyte (province)
Coordinates: 11°00′N124°51′E / 11°N 124.85°E / 11; 124.85
Country Philippines
Region Eastern Visayas
Founded 1735 [1]
Capital
and largest city		 Tacloban
Government
 •  Governor Carlos Jericho L. Petilla (NPC)
 •  Vice Governor Leonardo M. Javier Jr. (NPC)
 •  Legislature Leyte Provincial Board
Area
[2]
 • Total
6,313.33 km2 (2,437.59 sq mi)
 • Rank13th out of 81
 (excludes Tacloban City)
Highest elevation
(Alto Peak)
1,332 m (4,370 ft)
Population
 (2020 census) [3]
 • Total
1,776,847
 • Rank14th out of 81
 • Density280/km2 (730/sq mi)
  • Rank34th out of 81
 (excludes Tacloban City)
Demonym(s) Leytehanon
Leyteño (Spanish)
Divisions
 •  Independent cities
2
 •  Component cities
1
 •  Municipalities
40
 •  Barangays
 •  Districts Legislative districts of Leyte (shared with Ormoc and Tacloban cities)
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
ZIP Code
6500–6542
IDD  :  area code  +63 (0)53
ISO 3166 code PH-LEY
Spoken languages
Website http://leyteprovince.gov.ph/

Leyte (also Northern Leyte; Waray : Norte san/Amihanan nga Leyte/Probinsya han Leyte; Cebuano: Amihanang Leyte; Tagalog : Hilagang Leyte), officially the Province of Leyte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region occupying the northern three-quarters of Leyte Island (with the remaining portion being the province of Southern Leyte). Its capital (and largest city) is the city of Tacloban, administered independently from the province, as well as the regional center of Eastern Visayas. Leyte is thus north of Southern Leyte, south of Biliran, and west of Samar Island. To the west across the Camotes Sea is the province of Cebu.

Contents

The historical name of the Philippines, "Las Islas Felipenas", named by Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos in honor of Prince Philip of Spain, used to refer to the islands of Leyte and Samar only, until it was adopted to refer to the entire archipelago. [4]

The island of Leyte is known as Tandaya during the 16th century. [5]

Leyte is also known as the site of the largest naval battle in modern history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, which took place during the Second World War.

Leyte is especially prone to typhoons because it geographically faces toward the Pacific Ocean. On 8 November 2013, the province was severely affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan). The typhoon, known internationally as Haiyan, and domestically referred to as Yolanda, killed thousands of people and garnered significant international media attention. Leyte suffered similar destruction and loss of life in 1991 from Tropical Storm Thelma.

History

Leyte province in 1918, before its division into three provinces, namely Leyte, Southern Leyte and Biliran Leyte province 1918 map.JPG
Leyte province in 1918, before its division into three provinces, namely Leyte, Southern Leyte and Biliran

Early history

The island of Leyte was once the location of Mairete, meaning land of Ete, a historic community which was ruled by Datu Ete centered in present-day municipality of Leyte and nearby towns. It was the oldest city-state in the entire Eastern Visayas region. Before being colonized by Spain, the island was once home to indigenous animist Warays to the East and other indigenous Hindu-Buddhist Visayan groups to the west.

Spanish colonial era

The Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, first came to the island in 1543 and named it Las Islas Felipinas. When the Spanish government established government in Cebu, Leyte and Samar became part of the province of Cebu. In 1595, the religious Jesuits established mission in Carigara which preceded the mission established in Palo in 1596 and Ormoc and Alangalang missions in 1597. In 1735, Leyte and Samar were separated from Cebu to be established as a single provincial government with Carigara as the first provincial capital. Leyte had jurisdiction over Samar. In 1768, Leyte and Samar were split into two separate provinces.

American colonial era

On March 27, 1923, Act No 3117 was proposed to divide Leyte into Occidental Leyte and Oriental Leyte but was not proclaimed by the Governor-General of the Philippines.

Japanese occupation

During the World War II era, the Leyte Provincial Capitol briefly became the seat of the Philippine Commonwealth Government.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

When Americans stormed ashore at Leyte, it fulfilled the promise to return made by Gen. Douglas MacArthur in the days following the fall of the Philippines to the Japanese in 1942. Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg
When Americans stormed ashore at Leyte, it fulfilled the promise to return made by Gen. Douglas MacArthur in the days following the fall of the Philippines to the Japanese in 1942.

The Battle of Leyte Gulf took place in the seas surrounding this island from October 23 to 26, 1944. It was the largest naval battle in modern history, when at least 212 Allied ships clashed with the remnants of the Imperial Japanese Navy, some 60 ships, including the super battleships Yamato and Musashi.

The First Battle of Leyte occurred on October 20, 1944. A successful Allied invasion of the island was the crucial element to the eventual Filipino and American victory in the Philippines.

Contemporary

On April 8, 1959, Biliran became a sub-province of Leyte by virtue of Republic Act No. 2141. [6] On May 22, 1959, Republic Act No. 2227 was passed into law that separated the third Congressional District of Leyte, then comprising the southern portion of the namesake island, into a separate province of Southern Leyte. [7]

On May 11, 1992, Biliran was separated from Leyte to become an independent province, by virtue of Republic Act No. 7160. [8]

Proposed creation of Western Leyte

In November 2024, 4th District Representative Richard Gomez filed House Bill No. 11077, seeking to create Western Leyte, which would cover two cities (Ormoc and Baybay) and 16 municipalities (Albuera, Bato, Calubian, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Isabel, Kananga, Leyte, Matag-ob, Matalom, Merida, Palompon, San Isidro, Tabango, and Villaba) where Cebuano is predominantly spoken. The remaining areas of Leyte, where Waray is predominantly spoken, would remain intact. However, the proposal was met by opposition from Leyte Governor Carlos Jericho Petilla, 41 of 42 mayors in Leyte, and the Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) of Palompon. [9] [10]

Geography

Political map of Leyte Ph fil leyte.png
Political map of Leyte

Leyte covers a total area of 6,313.33 square kilometres (2,437.59 sq mi) [11] , occupying the northern and central sections of Leyte Island in the Eastern Visayas region. The province is situated west of Samar Island, north of Southern Leyte, south of Biliran, and east of the Camotes Sea.

Administrative divisions

Leyte comprises 40 municipalities and three cities, all clustered into 6 congressional districts.

Ormoc is an independent component city, while the capital Tacloban was declared a highly urbanized city in 2008. Both cities govern themselves independently of the province and their residents do not vote for elective provincial officials.

Baybay attained cityhood in 2007 but reverted to its municipal status when the Supreme Court declared its city charter unconstitutional in 2008. It regained its city status following the reversal of the Supreme Court decision dated December 22, 2009. [12] In August 2010, however, a resolution had been passed reverting 16 cities, one of which was Baybay, to municipal status. It was on February 15, 2011, that the Supreme Court reversed its decision once again, allowing Baybay, along with the other 16 cities, to retain their cityhood status.

  •  † Provincial capital and highly urbanized city
  •  ^ Independent component city
  •  ∗ Component city
  •  Municipality

Demographics

Leyte Sports Development Center Leyte Sports Development Center.jpg
Leyte Sports Development Center
Population census of Leyte (province)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 294,892—    
1918 440,328+2.71%
1939 688,934+2.15%
1948 751,649+0.97%
1960 876,079+1.28%
1970 1,020,128+1.53%
1975 1,099,848+1.52%
1980 1,191,227+1.61%
1990 1,367,816+1.39%
1995 1,511,251+1.89%
2000 1,592,336+1.13%
2007 1,724,240+1.10%
2010 1,567,984−3.40%
2015 1,724,679+1.83%
2020 1,776,847+0.59%
(excluding Tacloban City)
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [13] [14] [14]

The population of Leyte in the 2020 census was 1,776,847 people, [3] with a density of 280 inhabitants per square kilometre or 730 inhabitants per square mile. When Tacloban is included for geographical purposes, the population comes to 1,966,768 people, with a density of

The people of Leyte province are subdivided into two closely related Visayan ethnolinguistic groups. In the northern, central and eastern parts are the Warays and in the western part are the Cebuanos.

Tacloban-Waray dialect is considered as the standard form of Waray language and is used as the de facto lingua franca in both Leyte and Samar Islands. Aside from Cebuano and Waray, most Leyteños can also speak and understand Filipino and English. Some students who have studied the Spanish language and a few descendants of Spanish colonists can also speak and understand Spanish.

Leyte is predominantly a Roman Catholic Christian province. The 2000 census stated that 97% of Leyte's population adhered to Roman Catholicism, one of the highest percentages in the Visayas.[ citation needed ] The remaining 3% were adherents of other different Christian denominations and sects, such as the indigenous Iglesia ni Cristo, the Kingdom of Jesus Christ and Members Church of God International, popularly known as Ang Dating Daan, and many other foreign religious groups like the Mormons, Born Again Christians, Baptists, Pentecostals, Seventh-Day Adventists (Sabadistas), and many more.

Islam is also present in the province and concentrated in the metropolitan Tacloban area. It comprises 0.3% of Tacloban City's population, and its adherents are mainly the Maranao people and other Moro migrants from Mindanao who work mostly as traders.

Official provincial seal

Leyte Province seal.svg

The upper portion is a perspective of the national Freedom Park commemorating the landing of General Douglas MacArthur and the American Liberation Forces in Leyte during World War II. The white cross represents the 2nd phase of Leyte's development when Magellan stopped here on his way to Cebu. The alphabet on the cross argent is the ancient Visayan paleographic syllabary of the letter L which stands for Leyte. The stars around the inner circle symbolize the forty-one towns of Leyte and the everlasting flame symbolizes the soldiers who died during World War II.

Economy

Poverty incidence of Leyte

10
20
30
40
2006
38.42
2009
36.31
2012
39.24
2015
32.80
2018
28.22
2021
20.80

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

The economy of Leyte is a mixed agriculture, fishing, industrial, energy and mining. Rice is farmed in the lowland plains areas specifically those around Tacloban, while coconut farming, is the main cash crop in upland and mountainous areas. Sugarcane plantation is no. 1 produce in Ormoc City. Since Leyte is an island province, fishing is a major source of livelihood among coastal residents.

The province is the site of the largest geothermal power plant in Asia, making it one of the resource-rich provinces of the Philippines. Excess energy of the numerous powerplants in the geothermal valley that generate electricity is supplied to the national grid that adds to the energy demand in Luzon and Mindanao. Mining industry has started to pick up in the province with the exploration in MacArthur. The iron smelting in Isabel has been operational for more than 20 years since its inception.

Leyte ICT Park

The Leyte Information Communications Technology (ICT) Park is one of the economic zones approved by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA). [23] Located at Pawing, Palo, Leyte, the 6.8 facility hosts two business process outsourcing (BPO) companies, namely, the Expert Global Solutions (EGS) Company (formerly APAC Customer Services, Inc.) and ACUDATA, Inc. (a financial and data services BPO). However, EGS decided to fully close its operations after its facility was destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.

Leyte is emerging to be an ICT-BPO Hub for Eastern Visayas.

Transportation

Leyte is connected by air with its only commercial airport located in Tacloban City. Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport, which is one of the busiest airports in the Philippines, is served by three major airlines, Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific and AirAsia. Tacloban Airport primarily serves connecting flights from major Philippine cities (Manila and Cebu).

Philtranco, which has a bus stop in Tacloban and Ormoc, operates a route along Manila-Maharlika highway, passing through Allen, Northern Samar in Samar Island (via ferry boat) from Matnog, Sorsogon in Bicol region.

Commercial seaport is of vital importance. Major ports of the province are located at Ormoc City, in the south and Tacloban City, in the north. Small ports are also located in Palompon, San Isidro, Bato, Hilongos and Baybay.

Notable personalities

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Leyte</span> Province in Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Southern Leyte, officially the Province of Southern Leyte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Maasin. Southern Leyte comprised the third congressional district Leyte until it was made into an independent province in 1959. Southern Leyte includes Limasawa, an island to the south where the first Roman Catholic Mass in Philippine soil is believed to have taken place and thus considered to be the birthplace of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biliran</span> Province in the Philippines

Biliran, officially the Province of Biliran, is an island province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Biliran is one of the country's smallest and newest provinces. Formerly a sub-province of Leyte, it became an independent province in 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Samar</span> Province in Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Northern Samar, officially the Province of Northern Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Catarman, the most populous town in the province and is located at the northern portion of the island of Samar. Bordering the province to the south are the provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar. To the northwest, across the San Bernardino Strait is Sorsogon; to the east is the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean and to the west is Samar Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Samar</span> Province in Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Eastern Samar, officially the Province of Eastern Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Borongan, which is the most populous. Eastern Samar occupies the eastern portion of the island of Samar. Bordering the province to the north is the province of Northern Samar and to the west is Samar province. To the east lies the Philippine Sea, part of the vast Pacific Ocean, while to the south lies Leyte Gulf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samar (province)</span> Province in Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Samar, officially the Province of Samar, or also known named as Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Catbalogan while Calbayog is the most populous city in the province. It is bordered by Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and includes several islands in the Samar Sea. Samar is connected to the island of Leyte via the San Juanico Bridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ormoc</span> Independent component city in Leyte, Philippines

Ormoc, officially the City of Ormoc, is a independent component city in the Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 230,998 inhabitants, making it the second most-populous city in the province of Leyte after the provincial capital of Tacloban. Ormoc is the economic, cultural, commercial and transportation hub of western Leyte.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacloban</span> Highly-urbanized city and capital of Leyte, Philippines

Tacloban, officially the City of Tacloban, is a highly urbanized city on Leyte island in the Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, Tacloban has a population of 251,881, making it the most populous city in the Eastern Visayas. The city is located 360 miles (580 km) southeast of Manila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabucgayan</span> Municipality in Biliran, Philippines

Cabucgayan, officially the Municipality of Cabucgayan, is a municipality in the province of Biliran, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 21,542 people. The town's populace predominantly speaks Waray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biliran, Biliran</span> Municipality in Biliran, Philippines

Biliran, officially the Municipality of Biliran, is a municipality in the province of Biliran, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,662 people. The town's populace predominantly speaks Waray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawayan</span> Municipality in Biliran, Philippines

Kawayan, officially the Municipality of Kawayan, is a municipality in the province of Biliran, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 20,455 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval, Biliran</span> Capital of Biliran, Philippines

Naval, officially the Municipality of Naval, is a municipality and capital of the province of Biliran, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 58,187 people making it the most populous in the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baybay</span> Component city in Leyte, Philippines

Baybay, officially the City of Baybay, is a component city in the province of Leyte, Philippines. It has a population of 111,848 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carigara</span> Municipality in Leyte, Philippines

Carigara, officially the Municipality of Carigara, is a First Class municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 54,656 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hilongos</span> Municipality in Leyte, Philippines

Hilongos, officially the Municipality of Hilongos, is a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 64,514 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isabel, Leyte</span> Municipality in Leyte, Philippines

Isabel, officially the Municipality of Isabel, is a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 46,781 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kananga, Leyte</span> Municipality in Leyte, Philippines

Kananga, officially the Municipality of Kananga, is a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 59,696 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palompon</span> Municipality in Leyte, Philippines

Palompon, officially the Municipality of Palompon, is a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 58,313 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palo</span> Catholic Archdiocese in the Philippines

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palo is a large administrative diocese of the Catholic Church in the town of Palo in Leyte province, Philippines. It was formed as a diocese on the 28th of November, 1937, and became an archdiocese in 1982, with Calbayog, Borongan, Catarman and Naval Diocese serving as suffragan to it. The archdiocese encompasses 4,620 km2 (1,780 sq mi) and an overwhelmingly Catholic population of 1,165,565. The archdiocese has two districts, Eastern and Western, which are divided among the languages Waray and Cebuano. The Eastern District has seven vicariates of 34 parishes. 13 parishes are in the Western District, with one chaplaincy. The archdiocese contains two seminaries. The elder of these is the Sacred Heart Seminary, which was founded in 1944. Founded in 1988, the St. John Evangelist School of Theology serves additional dioceses. Jose S. Palma, a priest from the Archdiocese of Jaro and Bishop of the Diocese of Calbayog, Samar was the Archbishop of Palo until he was appointed as Archbishop of Cebu following the retirement of the late Archbishop Cardinal Ricardo Vidal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Visayas</span> Administrative region of the Philippines

Eastern Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region VIII. It consists of three main islands: Samar, Leyte, and Biliran. The region has six provinces: Biliran, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Eastern Samar, Southern Leyte, one independent city, Ormoc, and one highly urbanized city, Tacloban. The highly urbanized city of Tacloban is the sole regional center. These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of the Visayas group of islands, hence the region's name. Some historians believe that the oldest ancient kingdom in the Philippines is found in this region, the Lakanate of Lawan, which plays a significant role in the Polynesian and Austronesian intermigration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leyte's 1st congressional district</span> Legislative district of the Philippines

Leyte's 1st congressional district is one of the five congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Leyte. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1916 and earlier in the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916. The district consists of the provincial capital, Tacloban, and adjacent municipalities of Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Tanauan and Tolosa since 1987. It is currently represented in the 19th Congress by Martin Romualdez of the Lakas–CMD (Lakas), who has served as the House Speaker since July 2022.

References

  1. ↑ Archdiocese of Palo Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Accessed August 24, 2013
  2. ↑ "List of Provinces". Makati, Philippines. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Census of Population (2020). "Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  4. ↑ Lancion, Conrado M. Jr. (1995). "The Provinces; Leyte". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces. cartography by de Guzman, Rey (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines: Tahanan Books. p. 96. ISBN   971-630-037-9 . Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  5. ↑ "Leyte | island, Philippines". 20 June 2023.
  6. ↑ Republic Act No. 2141 (April 8, 1959), An Act Creating the Sub-Province of Biliran, Lawyerly, retrieved March 13, 2021
  7. ↑ Republic Act No. 2227 (22 May 1959), "Republic Act No. 2227 - An Act Creating the Province of Southern Leyte", The LawPhil Project, retrieved 16 April 2016
  8. ↑ Republic Act No. 7160 (October 10, 1991), An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines , retrieved March 13, 2021
  9. ↑ Gabieta, Joey (December 18, 2024). "Gov, mayors say no to bill splitting Leyte". INQUIRER.net. Tacloban City, Leyte. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  10. ↑ Cruz, Moises (December 5, 2024). "Proposed law creating Western Leyte opposed". The Manila Times. Tacloban City. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 "Province: Leyte (province)". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  12. ↑ Pulta, Benjamin B. (23 December 2009). "SC reverses self, upholds creation of 16 cities". The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  13. 1 2 Census of Population (2015). "Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  14. 1 2 Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office . Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  15. ↑ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
  17. ↑ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 8 February 2011.
  18. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  21. ↑ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. 4 June 2020.
  22. ↑ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  23. ↑ "IT Parks/Centers". Philippine Economic Zone Authority. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
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