The Liberal Party was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines. In the 2019 midterm elections, the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate. The Liberals was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority, holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however, was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced.
The Liberal Party started as the "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party,[13] led by Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. The Liberal Wing is formed due to intention of Roxas to run as president for the presidential election which he, and his supporters called and lobbied to the United States Congress to be early.[14] When President Sergio Osmeña was officially selected as Nacionalista presidential nominee, Roxas and Quirino officially founded the "Liberal Wing" into Liberal Party in January 19, 1946.[15] Roxas and Quirino where the party's presidential and vice presidential nominee respectively, and became victorious over the administration ticket of Osmeña and Amang Rodriguez.[16] After their presidential election performance, they dominated the House elections won the majority of 49 seats, and the senate race in 1947 winning six over eight seats.
Quirino to Magsaysay's presidency: 1948–1957
1948: Quirino succeeds Roxas, but facing impeachment attempt
After the death of President Roxas in April 15, 1948 at Clark Air Base, Pampanga, due to multiple heart attacks, Elpidio Quirino assumed the presidency.
Quirino waving to the crowd
Riding on the crest of the growing wave of resentment against Liberal, a move was next hatched to indict President Quirino himself.[17]
A committee of seven members of the House of Representatives, led by Congressman Agripino Escareal, drafted a five-count complaint that ranged from exorbitant spending to nepotism. A seven-member committee led by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong was created by Speaker Eugenio Pérez to investigate the charges before they were submitted to the Senate, serving as an impeachment body. Felix Angelo Bautista, the Solicitor General, arrived as the top executive's defense attorney.[17] Following several hearings, on April 19, 1949, after a rather turbulent session that lasted all night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating the President.
1949 elections: Quirino reelected
For the 1949 elections, Quirino got the nomination of the party, while Jose Avelino, the senate leader of the party ran under his own wing of the party. Quirino choose Fernando Lopez as vice presidential nominee while Avelino selected Senator Vicente Francisco. Qurino and Lopez won the election over Nacionalista's Jose P. Laurel (who is the president of the Japanese puppet-Republic) and Manuel Briones, and Avelino and Francisco. But the said election is considered as one of the dirtiest,[18][19] with violence and fraud taking place.[20] As the news reports said that opponent's supporters are either beaten up by Quirino's supporters or the local police.[21] In the Senate, they swept out the whole 8 member ticket, while still maintaining majority at the House.
1953 elections: Magsaysay out, Liberal stumbled
For the 1953 elections, Liberal stalwart named Ramon Magsaysay, who has been recruited by founding member Roxas to fulfill the party with fresh names, wants to snap the presidential nomination of the party. But Quirino has still plans for re-election. Another Liberal also wants to challenge Quirino as the presidential nominee, the country's representative to the United NationsCarlos P. Romulo. Quirino officially selected by the party, with José Yulo as his running-mate, because Lopez will join Romulo and his supporter's walk-out march out of the party. Magsaysay jumped to Nacionalista and got the party's nomination over one of its stalwarts Senate President Camilo Osías (who also jumped to Liberal with Jose Zulueta), in April 12, 1953.[22] Romulo and Lopez founded the Democratic Party[23] in May 29, 1953,[24] with the two founders selected as their presidential and vice presidential nominee.[25] But later, the two cancelled their candidacy and supported Magsaysay's candidacy.[26][27]
Quirino's campaign was bombarded by controversies and issues, like with one of party's member named Negros Occidental Governor Rafael Lacson, a corrupt politician who killed Moises Padilla, his challenger in 1951 elections, and friend of Magsaysay which popularized by a photograph taken with Magsaysay carrying Padilla's dead body, and also being used by the latter in his campaign.[28][29] Another issues like he allegedly own a golden arinola, corruption and nepotism, being out of touch to the mass due to his lavish lifestyle, and unresolving the Huk rebellion. Magsaysay and his running mate Carlos Garcia won the election via landslide.[30] In the senate, the whole Liberal slate was kicked out in the Magic 8, thus not winning any seats, while in the House they only won 31 seats.[31] In 1955 Senate elections, no Liberal again won any seat in the Senate.
Garcia to Macapagal's presidency: 1957–1965
1957 elections: Rise of Diosdado Macapagal
After the death of Magsaysay, and succession of Garcia, Liberal fielded their former 1953 Vice Presidential nominee José Yulo, with Kapampangan 1st district CongressmanDiosdado Macapagal as his running mate for the 1957 presidential elections. In a four-way race, Yulo lost to incumbent Garcia, but Macapagal managed to defeat former House Speaker Pepito Laurel. For the first time in electoral history of the Philippines, the winning president did not have a vice president who came from the same party.
1961 elections: Liberal prevailed
For the 1961 elections,[32] Ilocano Senator Ferdinand Marcos wants to gain the nomination of the party to challenge Garcia's re-election bid, but Vice President Macapagal also wants to be the nominee of the party. Later, In January 1961, Marcos and Macapagal agreed that the latter will be the presidential nominee, while Marcos will be the new party president replacing Macapagal.[33] Macapagal promised that he will only run for one term, and Marcos will be the nominee in after his term.[34] Macapagal will challenge Garcia, choosing young Senator Emmanuel Pelaez. The two managed to defeat the administration ticket of Garcia and Senator Gil Puyat.[35]
In 1962, a bribery scandal shocked the whole country which involves some of Liberal politicians, including President Macapagal,[36] and then-Senate President Marcos.[37][38] Those bribed money are from a businessman named Harry Stonehill,[39] a former military officer of the United States who settled in the Philippines to make business.[40] But, after an argument with Meinhart Spielman, the general manager of his Philippine Tobacco Corporation, he made Spielman suffered physically and the latter revealed to the Senate a "blue book" that listed all of the Filipino politicians bribed.[41] But while Justice Secretary Jose "Pepe" Diokno investigated the scandal,[42] Macapagal ordered the deportation of Stonehill, but the president's trust rating still plummeting.[43] Diokno later run for senate under Nacionalista banner.
Marcos' first two terms: 1965–1972
1965 elections: Broken promise, Marcos out
After Diosdado Macapagal's announcement of plan for re-election in 1965, Marcos, like what Magsaysay did, jumped into Nacionalista by April 1964, and selected as its presidential nominee.[44] Meanwhile, Macapagal selected Gerardo Roxas, son of the founder to be his running-mate. The campaign of Macapagal and Roxas focused against Marcos' false military medals. The two failed to defeat Marcos, and his running mate Fernando Lopez, who is the Vice President under Quirino, and also a former Liberal.[45]
1967 elections: Rise of Ninoy Aquino
In 1967 elections, the only one from the Liberal slate was elected from the 8 senate seats contested is Ninoy Aquino, a former Nacionalista who is known for being an associate of Ramon Magsaysay. Aquino managed to gather 49.52% of the votes.
1969 elections: Dirty elections faced
For the 1969 elections, Liberal will field Serging Osmeña, son of the Nacionalista founder Sergio Osmeña as their presidential nominee. Osmeña ran for vice presidency in 1961 as an independent and placed second. The party also recruited Magsaysay's brother Genaro to be his running-mate. Both of them lost to the incumbents, but the election year was considered as one of the dirtiest elections in history, like 1949.[46]
1971: The Plaza Miranda bombing
After what happened to Plaza Miranda bombing,[47] Liberal won five seats. In Manila mayoral election, the party chose Congressman Ramon Bagatsing instead of incumbent Antonio Villegas. Villegas left the party, and Bagatsing won the mayoral election.
For the incoming 1978 parliamentary elections, some Liberal members joined the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a regime-controlled coalition, while others joined Ninoy Aquino's Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN). With many preferring not to be involved, the Liberal went to hibernation, but the party became more liberal during this era.[49]
1981 boycott
After Marcos lifted Martial Law with Proclamation 2045, on January 17, 1981,[50] Liberal joined United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), the main coalition of the opposition. But UNIDO and LABAN declared a boycott due to Marcos did not accept the demand of UNIDO like to clean the voters' list, revamping of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), and accreditation of UNIDO as the minority. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate.[51]
1986 snap elections
Liberal stalwarts joined UNIDO with Nacionalista, and PDP–Laban members, they supported the candidacy of Cory Aquino and Doy Laurel for the 1986 election.[52][53] In the said election, violence was rampant and cheating scandals and controversies arose,[54][55] with COMELEC officers walked out of the PICC, the place where COMELEC transmission of data happens.[56] The election victory of Marcos prompted People Power Revolution in February 25 of the same year.[57]
First Aquino to Ramos' presidency: 1986–1992
Under Aquino Administration
After democracy was restored after the People Power Revolution, some of the Liberal stalwarts was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty which mainly led by their veteran Jovito Salonga. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992.[48]
1992 elections
Liberal and the PDP–Laban formed a coalition named Koalisyong Pambansa, it also supported the candidacy of Salonga, as president and Nene Pimentel as vice president for the 1992. But both of them lost to Aquino's preferred candidate and Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos, and Senator Joseph Estrada.[58]
1995 elections
Liberal won 5 seats in the House elections, but the party did not have any senatorial candidate.
Estrada's presidency: 1998–2001
1998 elections: Alfredo Lim
In 1998, Liberal fielded Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim as their presidential candidate, with Serge Osmeña as his running mate. Serge Osmeña is the son of the party's former presidential nominee. The two is supported by former president Corazon Aquino.[59][60] But the tandem lost to Vice President Joseph Estrada and Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, daughter of their 1961 presidential nominee respectively.[61]
After Estrada being kicked out of the Presidency, Liberal joined the administration's People Power Coalition for the 2001 elections, with former Quezon City councilor Kiko Pangilinan and former Senator Bobby Tañada as the party's senatorial candidate. Among the two, Pangilinan only managed to win, placing 8th with 10,971,896 votes.
2004: K-4 and Rise of Mar Roxas
For the 2004 elections, Liberal joined the K-4 coalition of President Arroyo, with former Congressman and Gerry Roxas' son Mar and Senator Rodolfo Biazon are the candidates of the Liberal. Both of them won, with Roxas placed 2nd,[62] while Biazon placed 12th.[63] Biazon's victory was protested by 13th placer Senator Robert Barbers (who is also a K-4 member), but the case filed by Barbers later dismissed.[64]
2007 elections: GO and Noynoy
After the revelation that Arroyo cheated in the presidential elections, many Liberal members who are part of the cabinet of Arroyo resigned in 2005, thus joining the opposition, including party stalwart Butch Abad.[65] For the 2007 elections, Liberal fielded a candidate, the son of Ninoy and Cory, Tarlac Congressman Noynoy Aquino. Kiko Pangilinan also ran for re-election in senate, but as an independent and still under Liberal,[66]after being kicked out by Genuine Opposition (GO), which Aquino is a member.[67] Aquino managed to win the senate elections, placing 6th and Pangilinan placed 5th.
Drilon-Roxas wing vs Atienza wing
Some Liberal members installed Manila MayorLito Atienza as the party president wayback March 2, 1998, even though that time former Congressman and then-Senate candidate Raul Daza is officially serving as the party president. What pro-Atienza wing did triggered leadership struggle and party schism lasted after Daza's leadership.
Liberal met on November 27, 2007, to decide who would succeed Franklin Drilon as the party president and to hold an election for his replacement. Both Noynoy Aquino and his Senate colleague Mar Roxas received nominations, but Aquino emerged victorious as the party's president, while Roxas is set to be the presidential nominee.[68] The former chairman and head of the "Atienza faction" or "Pro-Arroyo faction," DENR secretary Lito Atienza, congratulated him, but he later condemned the election and referred to Drilon and his supporters as a "merry cabal of destabilizers". He added that the other group had disregarded the Supreme Court's injunction to maintain the status quo.[68] Later, Supreme Court recognized the Drilon Wing as the sole legitimate wing of the Liberal.
Liberal's resurgence under Noynoy Aquino's presidency: 2010–2016
Liberal regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III,[48] the son of former President Corazon Aquino, for the 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy.[69] Even though the party had earlier nominated Mar Roxas to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election, Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD, becoming the largest minority party in Congress.[4][48][70] Aquino would later win by plurality, and Liberal would become the majority party in Congress.[71]
On October 1, 2015, during an oath-taking event and birthday celebration of Liberal Congressman Benjamin Agarao of Laguna's 4th district, MMDA ChairmanFrancis Tolentino hired all-girl dance group Playgirls to perform at the said event. One of the dancers was seen on the top of an unidentified male who was lying on his back simulating a sexual act or twerking, and the said event has minors in the audience.[73][74] Liberal leader Mar Roxas, who is absent at the said event, started an investigation about the incident, while labor groups and some women's rights advocates filed charges against Tolentino.[75] The said controversy was coined by columnist and critics as 'Twerk na Daan' (which was combination of the word "twerk" and "Tuwid na daan" campaign of Aquino).[76]
In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo, a representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo, the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Roxas defeated by former member Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban, but Robredo managed to win. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban,[77][78][79] joined a supermajority alliance but retained their Liberal membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7".
Liberal being purged under Duterte's presidency: 2016–2022
Post-2016 elections
After its loss in the 2016 elections, as early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers.[80] Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website.[81][82][83] Also, Senator Leila de Lima, who was pushing probe into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was arrested in 2017 based on charges linked to the drug trafficking scandal in New Bilibid Prison, which the party claimed as only a product of harassment and trumped-up charges against opposing the president.[84] Also, it prompted them to review its party rules and principles.[85][84][86][87][88]
2019 elections: Otso Diretso
Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the Liberal formed Otso Diretso, an electoral coalition of eight candidates for the senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo, Akbayan, and Aksyon.[89][90][91] None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win a seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955.
Second Marcos presidency: 2022–present
2022: Leni Robredo's presidential campaign
For the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the Liberal nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively.[92][93] The party led the Team Robredo–Pangilinan (TRoPa) alliance, which included incumbent senator De Lima, other members of the Liberal, and several guest candidates from other parties such as Akbayan, as well as independents. Robredo ran as an independent candidate whilst remaining affiliated with Liberal. Both candidates lost the election to Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte, respectively, finishing second. While some candidates from the Liberal-led alliance were elected, no candidate from the party won a seat in the senatorial elections, for the first time since the 1995 elections.
2025: KiBam and Mamamayang Liberal
In May 2024, Bam Aquino left Liberal to pursue the Senate race as an independent candidate, but later joined the Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP) and became its party chair.[94] Also of the same year, several Liberals led by De Lima formed a sectoral wing called Mamamayang Liberal (ML) for the 2025 House of Representatives elections for party-list seats. De Lima, who was released from detainment in November 2023, was selected as ML's first nominee.[95] Former senator and vice presidential candidate Kiko Pangilinan was the Liberal's sole candidate for the senatorial elections. Pangilinan and the Liberals formed a coalition with KNP to form a coalition duo with Bam Aquino for the 2025 senate election.
The duo won the senate race and entered in the magic 12 as Aquino ranked 2nd and Pangilinan ranked 5th, resulting that they will returning in the upper house. Also the Mamamayang Liberal won the party-list race garnering with 500,000+ votes thus guaranteeing one seat in the House of Representatives. Even though de Lima joined minority in the House, Aquino and Pangilinan joined majority in the Senate.[96]
Ideology
While the Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism,[97] the party has often been described as a "centrist" or "liberal" party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a "conservative" party,[98][99] with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party's ideology,[100][101] until it became the opposition party under the Marcos dictatorship, wherein it became more liberal.[102] Being a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International, the Liberal Party advocates the values of "freedom, justice and solidarity (bayanihan)," as described in the party's values charter.[103][104] Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during the Marcos dictatorship.
Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society, aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people's party".
Symbols
Logo from 1953 to 1965
Logo from 1965 to 2010 and from 2016 to 2021
Logo from 2010 to 2016
The Liberal Party is associated with the color yellow, a political color commonly associated with liberalism. During the People Power Revolution, opposition parties against the Marcos dictatorship, including the Liberal, used yellow ribbons as a symbol of resistance and support for Ninoy Aquino, one of the leading politicians against the regime. The color would later be co-opted by his son, Benigno Aquino III, as well as the Liberal, for his presidential campaign in 2010, which he later won.
After his presidency, yellow continued to be associated with the party, which became the leading opposition party against the presidency of their former member Rodrigo Duterte. The pejorative term dilawan (transl.yellowed ones), associated with the liberal elite, has been used against the party and other critics of the Duterte administration.[105] In an effort to distance herself from the negative connotations of the color and unite various opposition groups, then party chair Leni Robredo adopted the color pink for her presidential campaign.[106] Both pink and yellow are currently used by the party.[107][108]
Declare and address an "education crisis",[118] increase the education budget to 6% of GDP, streamline teachers' function,[119] and establish special education (SPED) centers in all public schools.[120]
Senator Leila de Lima, who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal, which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal".[84] While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of the party's principles and how members have adhered to them.[85][84][86][87][88]
Senator De Lima has been fully acquitted of all criminal charges on June 24, 2024,[134] marking the end of her legal battle and detention that lasted over six years. De Lima, a prominent critic of former President Rodrigo Duterte, described the charges as politically motivated to silence her investigations into Duterte's controversial drug war and alleged human rights abuses.[135]
In 2019, the party, along with other groups, was accused of planning a coup against the Duterte government. The party denounced the allegation and called it a state-sponsored threat of legal abuse, demanding the government provide evidence to back the claims.[136]
Manuel Roxas (5th President of the Philippines; one of the co-founders)
Elpidio Quirino (6th President of the Philippines) – also the 2nd Vice President of the Philippines
Ramon Magsaysay (7th President of the Philippines) – Magsaysay won in 1953 as the Candidate of the Nacionalista, although he was former Liberal member and in fact he served as President Quirino's Secretary of Department of National Defense.
Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (10th President of the Philippines) – Like Magsaysay, Marcos won as the presidential candidate of the Liberal's rival Nacionalista in 1965, the party to which Marcos joined after failing to get the Liberal nomination from Macapagal.
Joseph Estrada (13th President of the Philippines) – A member of the Liberal Party when he was a senator from 1987 to 1991.
Rodrigo Duterte (16th President of the Philippines) – A former party chair of Davao City chapter from 2009, Duterte left the party in 2015. He won the presidency in 2016 under the PDP–Laban ticket.[139][140]
Philippine vice presidents
Fernando Lopez (3rd and 7th vice president of the Philippines) – Lopez was a Liberal when he was the 3rd Vice President, while a Nacionalista member as the 7th Vice President
1 2 3 4 In 1949, the Liberal Party was split into two wings, one led by Quirino or the "Quirino wing", and another led by Avelino or the "Avelino wing".
↑ Quirino ran under his own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of the party supported Yulo's candidacy.
↑ In the Filipino language, bago means "new", while bukas means either "tomorrow" (if used as a noun) or "open" (if used as either an adjective or a verb). Liberal has no equivalent in the Filipino language.
1 2 Molina, Antonio (1961). The Philippines: Through the Centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative.
↑ "The Magsaysay Story" (The John Day Company, 1956, updated – with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death - re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957)
↑ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "A Web of Corruption". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
↑ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "A Web of Corruption". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
↑ "Proclamation No. 2045, s. 1981". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 17, 1981. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
↑ Celoza, Albert (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. pp.73–76. ISBN978-0-275-94137-6.
↑ "How 'Hyatt 10' was formed". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
↑ Roger C. Thompson, ed. (2014). The Pacific Basin since 1945: An International History. Routledge. p.36. ISBN9781317875307. ... The investment parity provision aroused much Filipino opposition and was only accepted because of a narrow electoral victory in April 1946 by the conservative pro-American Liberal Party. Smear tactics and money power assisted this ...
↑ Abad, Michelle (October 5, 2024). "LP eyes House comeback through De Lima-led Mamamayang Liberal". RAPPLER. Retrieved December 27, 2024. Mamamayang Liberal kicked off the filing of certificates of candidacy early Saturday by gathering supporters — who were asked to wear yellow or pink — at the Quirino Grandstand.
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