Progressivism

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Progressivism is a left-leaning political philosophy and reform movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform. [1] Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during the Age of Enlightenment out of the belief that civility in Europe was improving due to the application of new empirical knowledge. [2]

Contents

In modern political discourse, progressivism is often associated with social liberalism, [3] [4] [5] a left-leaning type of liberalism, and social democracy. [6] [7] Within economic progressivism, there is some ideological variety on the social liberal to social democrat continuum, as well as occasionally some variance on cultural issues. Illustrative examples of this include some Christian democracy and conservative-leaning communitarian movements. [8] [9] While many ideologies can fall under the banner of progressivism, all eras of the movement are characterized by a critique of unregulated capitalism and a call for a more active democratic government to safeguard human rights, promote cultural development, and serve as a check-and-balance on corporate monopolies. [6] [7]

History

From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution

Immanuel Kant, German philosopher Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 1.jpg
Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
John Stuart Mill, English philosopher John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg
John Stuart Mill, English philosopher

Immanuel Kant identified progress as being a movement away from barbarism toward civilization. [10] 18th-century philosopher and political scientist Marquis de Condorcet predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance of slavery, the rise of literacy, the lessening of sex inequality, reform of prisons, which at the time were harsh, and the decline of poverty. [11]

Modernity or modernisation was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted by classical liberals in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernisation of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to free markets and the free movements of people. [12]

In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the Western world that progress was being stifled by vast economic inequality between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated laissez-faire capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic corporations, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems. [13] Progressivism has influenced various political movements. Social liberalism was influenced by British liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill's conception of people being "progressive beings." [14] British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli developed progressive conservatism under one-nation Toryism. [15] [16]

The first modern socialists of the 19th century followed utopian socialism, [17] and experienced pushback from progressive socialism. This reformist approach was reflected in a readiness to question revolutionary tenets of Marxist orthodoxy, as well as challenges to sections of scientific socialism. G.A. Kleene, a 19th-century economist, defined progressive socialism as Eduard Bernstein's stand against "'Old-School' Marxism." [18] Progressive socialism has historically been associated with reformist openness to question scientific socialism, such as by criticizing the law of growing misery. [19]

In France, the space between social revolution and the socially conservative laissez-faire centre-right was filled with the emergence of radicalism which thought that social progress required anti-clericalism, humanism, and republicanism. Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on the centre-left in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. In Imperial Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck enacted various progressive social welfare measures out of paternalistic conservative motivations to distance workers from the socialist movement of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the Industrial Revolution. [20]

In 1891, the Roman Catholic Church encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Pope Leo XIII condemned the exploitation of labor and urged support for labor unions and government regulation of businesses in the interests of social justice while upholding the property right and criticising socialism. [21] A progressive Protestant outlook called the Social Gospel emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States. [22]

20th century: U.S. Progressive Era, New Deal and post-war consensus

Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement in World War I and the creation of and participation in the League of Nations, [23] [24] compulsory sterilisation in Scandinavia, [25] and eugenics in Great Britain, [26] and the temperance movement. [27] [28] Progressives believed that progress was stifled by economic inequality, inadequately regulated monopolistic corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed. [29]

In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy of Constitutionalism [30] as expressed by John Locke and the Founding Fathers of the American Republic, whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers. [31] What began as a social movement in the 1890s grew into a popular political movement referred to as the Progressive Era; in the 1912 United States presidential election, all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the term progressivism represents a range of diverse political pressure groups, not always united, progressives rejected social Darwinism, believing that the problems society faced, such as class warfare, greed, poverty, racism and violence, could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in a strong central government. [32] President Theodore Roosevelt of the Republican Party and later the Progressive Party declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand." [33]

President Woodrow Wilson was also a member of the American progressive movement within the Democratic Party. Progressive stances have evolved. Imperialism was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported American imperialism while others opposed it. [34] In response to World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points established the concept of national self-determination and criticised imperialist competition and colonial injustices. Anti-imperialists supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule. [35]

During the period of acceptance of economic Keynesianism (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role for state intervention in the economy. The "progressive" brand was frequently identified with supporters of the New Deal by the year 1936. [36] While the more progressive Second New Deal was more controversial in the public, the progressive consensus of the New Deal was strong, and even future moderate Republican presidents like Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon worked to preserve it. The New Deal provided the context for future expansive progressive programs, especially the Great Society measures of Lyndon Johnson's administration. With the rise of neoliberalism and challenges to state interventionist policies in the 1970s and 1980s, centre-left progressive movements responded by adopting the Third Way, which emphasised a major role for the market economy. [37] There have been social democrats who have called for the social-democratic movement to move past Third Way. [38] Prominent progressive conservative elements in the British Conservative Party, such as from the likes of Rab Butler, [39] promoted the post-war consensus, and others have criticised neoliberalism. [40]

Into the 21st century and social democratic turn

Progressive Alliance Progressive Alliance.svg
Progressive Alliance

International organizing

Founded in Leipzig, Germany, on May 22, 2013, the Progressive Alliance is an international political organization made up primarily of social democratic political parties and organizations. [41] The organization was established as a substitute for the already-existing Socialist International, of which many of its constituent parties are either present or previous members. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] In January 2012, Sigmar Gabriel, then chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), decided to terminate the SPD's annual membership fee of £100,000 to the Socialist International. Gabriel criticized Socialist International for admitting and maintaining undemocratic political movements, leading to the establishment of the Progressive Alliance. [48] [49] [50] The organization has a stated goal to become the worldwide network of "the progressive, democratic, social-democratic, socialist, and labour movement." [51] [52]

PI logo PI-Logo-Stack.svg
PI logo

In May 2020, Progressive International was formally founded and launched on 11 May 2020, responding to a 2018 open call by the Democracy in Europe Movement and the Sanders Institute for united progressive forces around the globe. [53] [54] [55] The open call was echoing two twinned appeals published in 2018 by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders and Yanis Varoufakis, who is a Greek economist and self-described libertarian Marxist, [56] to form an international movement to combat the rise of hard right authoritarianism and potential neofascist global influence represented by U.S. president Donald Trump. [57] PI's founding was supported by a group of 40 advisors including Ece Temelkuran, [58] Katrín Jakobsdóttir, Yanis Varoufakis, [59] Carola Rackete, Nick Estes, Vanessa Nakate, Noam Chomsky, [7] Arundhati Roy, Naomi Klein, [60] Niki Ashton, [7] Rafael Correa, Fernando Haddad, Celso Amorim, and Alvaro Garcia Linera. [61] PI seeks to combat authoritarian nationalism around the world and is opposed to what it describes as disaster capitalism. [62]

Europe

Greens taking part in the 2011 London anti-cuts protest in the United Kingdom Green Party protestors 2011.jpg
Greens taking part in the 2011 London anti-cuts protest in the United Kingdom

20th century progressivism in the United Kingdom highlights enduring tension and factionalism between more avowedly left-wing progressives and those who incorporate more syncretic politics into their progressivism. Groups like the Institute for Public Policy Research, the Fabian Society, and Progressive Britain are organizations represent a wide variety of U.K. progressive thought. Progressivism in the United Kingdom has seen shifts from New Labour's early dominance to the rise of cultural liberalism, environmentalism from the Green Party, and grassroots movements with a variety of focuses, including pro-Palestine anti-war causes, radical democracy, and universal basic income. [63] [64] [65] Tony Blair's government represented a significant period of progressive growth, although his politics were more centrist than previous progressive movements that leaned further left, and his government faced criticisms for its Third Way market-oriented policies and emphasis on deregulation. [66] The Blairite consensus was dominant within U.K. progressivism from the mid-1990s and through the end of Blair’s premiership, which ended in 2007. New Labour continued to evolve with the subsequent Labour leadership of Gordon Brown and was formally abandoned by his successor, Ed Miliband, for One Nation Labour in 2010. [67] [68]

Jeremy Corbyn (right), U.K. Labour leader from 2015 to 2020, and Keir Starmer (left), U.K. Prime Minister since July 5, 2024 Launching the 2019 General Election campaign (49013243026).jpg
Jeremy Corbyn (right), U.K. Labour leader from 2015 to 2020, and Keir Starmer (left), U.K. Prime Minister since July 5, 2024

Jeremy Corbyn represented a staunch return of the Labour party platform to its more historic democratic socialism with a focus on nationalization, [69] robust public spending, [70] and both anti-austerity and anti-war stances. [71] Corbyn appealed to a progressive left base disillusioned with previous Labour governments, but he was a controversial figure in the party who oscillated between a loyal base of support and electability concerns. [72] Subsequent leader and eventual prime minister Keir Starmer shifted Labour toward pragmatic, economically cautious centrism, striving for electability by striking a balance between broad public appeal, traditional Labour beliefs, and Starmer's own conviction that economic changes made previous more left-wing economic positions untenable. [73] [74] [75] [76] The animosity between Corbyn and Starmer intensified with Starmer's suspension of Corbyn from Labour in 2020, accusing Corbyn of an inadequate response to antisemitism. Corbyn was supported against these accusations by Progressive International. [77] Starmer said in 2023 that "the very best of progressive politics is found in our determination to push Britain forward," but "there are precious things – in our way of life, in our environment, in our communities – that it is our responsibility to protect and preserve and to pass on to future generations. If that sounds Conservative, then let me tell you: I don't care." [78] Corbyn supported the foundation of the socialist Your Party in 2025 with Zarah Sultana in a further schism for U.K. left-leaning progressive politics. Facing challenges from Brexit and increased right-wing presence, contemporary progressivism in the United Kingdom can be characterized by increasing cultural liberalism [79] and factionalism surrounding the role of capitalism in society.

Latin America

Nestor Kirchner, 55th President of Argentina, and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, 56th President, in September of 2010-one of their last public appearances before Nestor's death Nestor y Cristina at Luna Park 2010.jpg
Néstor Kirchner, 55th President of Argentina, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, 56th President, in September of 2010–one of their last public appearances before Néstor's death

Kirchnerism in Argentina refers to the political strategies of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who were successive Presidents of Argentina. In favor of his wife, Néstor Kirchner chose not to run for reelection in 2007 after taking office on May 25, 2003. After Isabel Perón, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was the first woman to be elected directly to the presidency of Argentina. Cristina Kirchner has led the Justicialist Party since 2024. [80] [81] Kirchnerist policies are labeled Peronist, progressive, and left-wing. [82] Social services were sponsored by Kirchnerist administrations, which were perceived as blatantly anti-neoliberal. Some political scientists propose the term "Pink Tide neopopulism" to characterize movements that are regarded as a response and a counter to neoliberalism. This is in contrast to the neoliberal populism that was prevalent in the 1990s. Kirchnerism is seen as a response and a counter to neoliberalism. [83] Healthcare and income transfers were greatly increased, most notably by giving 15 million people—roughly 41% of the country's total population—free prescription drugs. [84] Kirchnerists also adopted the traditional Peronist strategy of endorsing wage hikes and participating in labor battles. Argentina's period without widespread strikes during the Kirchnerist governments was only surpassed by the 1946–1955 era of Perón’s government. [85]

Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, 35th and 39th President of Brazil, taking pictures with supporters at Sao Bernardo do Campo 02.06.2023 - Cerimonia de inauguracao do Bloco Zeta da UFABC (52946826457).jpg
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, 35th and 39th President of Brazil, taking pictures with supporters at São Bernardo do Campo

Lulism in Brazil demonstrates the broad coalitional and reformist nature of contemporary progressivism. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's 2022 presidential comeback campaign was a progressive resurgence narrative focused on the working class and anti-corruption, running against incumbent right-wing populist President Jair Bolsonaro. [86] [87] [88] Lula was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022 in what was seen as an early sign of shifting progressive sentiment in the voting population against far-right politics of the Bolsonaro government. [89] In the first round of the presidential election, Lula was in first place with 48% of the electorate, qualifying for the second round with Bolsonaro, who received 43% of the votes. Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October with 50.89% of the vote, the smallest margin in the history of Brazil's presidential elections. [90] [91] Lulism features an overlaps in political parties, including the Workers' Party founded by Lula. [92] While seeing a democratic socialist society as the ultimate goal, Lula has called for a reformist "social liberal" approach to begin resolving poverty gap while acknowledging the reality of existing market structures. [93] [94] [95]

North America

Justin Trudeau, 23rd Prime Minister of Canada, at a 2022 protest in Ottawa Justin Trudeau (52463741473).jpg
Justin Trudeau, 23rd Prime Minister of Canada, at a 2022 protest in Ottawa

While not a member of the Progressive Alliance like the further-left New Democratic Party, [96] Canada's Liberal Party experienced progressive inclination in the 21st century from the premiership of Justin Trudeau, who was a self-described progressive liberal. [97] The Trudeau government's economic vision was initially based on greater tax collections to compensate for increased government spending. While the government has not balanced the budget, it has cut Canada's debt-to-GDP ratio annually until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic struck. [98] [99] Trudeau self-described his cultural policy as staunchly feminist and progressive, and his government advocated for the advancement of abortion rights, [100] introduced the bill that made Canadian conversion therapies illegal, [101] established the right to medically-assisted death, [102] , and legalized cannabis for recreational use. [103] Trudeau made the announcement in 2021 that a national strategy for child care would be developed with the objective of lowering the cost of day care at a rate of ten dollars per day for each child during a period of five years. [104] The Trudeau administration supported green politics through new pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 [105] via a federal carbon pricing policy. [106] Additionally, legislation for marine protection was passed by Trudeau's parliament [107] as well as banning six common single-use plastic products [108] and improving evaluations of environmental impact. [109] Despite a generally green stance, Trudeau supported oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets, which was met with opposition from environmental activists. [110]

In March 2022, the NDP agreed on a confidence and supply arrangement with the Liberal Party, including policies such as establishing a national dental care program for low-income Canadians, progress toward a national pharmacare program, labor reforms for federally regulated workers, and additional taxes on financial institutions. [111] The NDP and the Liberal Party terminated their confidence and supply agreement in September 2024. The agreement had been in place since March 2022, however it was terminated nine months ahead of schedule. [112] On January 6, 2025, during a political crisis, Trudeau announced he would resign as Liberal leader and Prime Minister by 24 March 2025 upon the election of a new party leader, attributing his decision to intraparty dissent. [113] The Liberal Party moved further from its more progressive stances toward the center under new leadership from Mark Carney, [114] [115] [116] who became the first prime minister in Canadian history never to have held elected office. Carney would lead the Liberals to a minority government in late 2025 after advising the Governor General to dissolve Parliament and trigger a federal election.

President Obama (center) nominating Richard Cordray (right) as the first director of the CFPB. Elizabeth Warren (left) conceived of the CFPB and was both its inaugural interim director and special advisor Nomination of Richard Cordray.jpg
President Obama (center) nominating Richard Cordray (right) as the first director of the CFPB. Elizabeth Warren (left) conceived of the CFPB and was both its inaugural interim director and special advisor
Senator Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, democratic progressive socialists in the U.S. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez & Bernie Sanders (54401274152).jpg
Senator Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, democratic progressive socialists in the U.S.

In the United States, both the Progressive Era and the modern movement are rooted in the notion that free markets lead to economic inequalities that can be fixed through government action and protect the working class. [117] In the 21st century, progressives continue to favor public policy that they theorize will reduce or lessen the harmful effects of economic inequality and additionally are focused on ending systemic discrimination such as institutional racism; to advocate for social safety nets and workers' rights; and to oppose corporate influence on the democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate for social progress, i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion of democracy, increased egalitarianism in the form of economic and social equality as well as improved well-being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting the progressive cause. [118] Landmark developments in progressive governance include the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was originally proposed in 2007 by Elizabeth Warren, a self-described progressive capitalist [119] who played a key role in its institutional creation. [120] [121] In reaction to the 2008 financial crisis and the ensuing Great Recession, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 2010, established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau [122] which is an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve. [123]

U.S. Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC emblem Congressional Progressive Caucus Logo.svg
U.S. Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC emblem

The Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign road a wave of left-wing populist and progressive sentiment coming out of the 2008 financial crisis and the Occupy Wall Street movement. The campaign and Sanders himself praised social democratic programs in Europe and supported workplace democracy via union democracy, worker cooperatives, and workers' management of public enterprises. [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] This continued into his 2020 presidential campaign and the Fighting Oligarchy tour with Alexandria Ocasio Cortez, sharply critiquing neoliberal capitalism. [129] [130] [128] [131] Sanders and broader coalitions like the Congressional Progressive Caucus have called for universal, single-payer healthcare, living wage laws, reductions in military expenditure, increased corporate regulation, ending mass incarceration, and strong measures to reverse climate change. [132] Some socialists and major socialist organizations have described Sanders as a democratic socialist, market socialist, or reformist socialist, [133] [134] [135] [136] while others have called him a reformist social democrat. [137] [138]

Types

Cultural progressivism

The term cultural liberalism is used in a substantially similar context and can be said to be a synonym for cultural progressivism. [139] Unlike progressives in a broader sense, some cultural progressives may be economically centrist or conservative (or libertarian in the U.S. sense, i.e. fiscally conservative and culturally progressive). The Czech Pirate Party is classified as a (cultural or social) progressive party, [140] and it calls itself "economically centrist and socially liberal." [141]

Economic progressivism

Economic progressivism—also New Progressive Economics [142] —is a term used to distinguish it from progressivism in cultural fields. Economic progressives may draw from a variety of economic traditions, including democratic capitalism, democratic socialism, social democracy, and social liberalism. Overall, economic progressives' views are rooted in the concept of social justice and the common good, and aim to improve the human condition through government regulation, social protections and the maintenance of public goods. [143] Some economic progressives may show centre-right views on cultural issues. These movements are related to communitarian conservative movements such as Christian democracy and one-nation conservatism. [8] [9]

Techno progressivism

An early mention of techno-progressivism appeared in 1999 as the removal of "all political, cultural, biological, and psychological limits to self-actualization and self-realization". [144] According to techno-progressivism, scientific and technical aspects of progress are linked to ethical and social developments in society. Therefore, according to the majority of techno-progressive viewpoints, advancements in science and technology will not be considered proper progress until and unless they are accompanied by a fair distribution of the costs, risks, and rewards of these new capabilities. Many techno-progressive critics and supporters believe that while improved democracy, increased justice, decreased violence, and a broader culture of rights are all desirable, they are insufficient on their own to address the problems of modern technological societies unless and until they are accompanied by scientific and technological advancements that uphold and apply these ideals. [145] [146] [ self-published source? ]

Progressive parties or parties with progressive factions

Current parties

Former parties

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Progressivism in English". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  2. ↑ Harold Mah. Enlightenment Phantasies: Cultural Identity in France and Germany, 1750–1914. Cornell University. (2003). p. 157.
  3. ↑ Klaus P. Fischer, ed. (2007). America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 39.
  4. ↑ Great Courses, ed. (2014). The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism. Great Courses.[ ISBN missing ]
  5. ↑ Helen Hardacre; Timothy S. George; Keigo Komamura; Franziska Seraphim, eds. (2021). Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136, 162.[ ISBN missing ]
  6. 1 2 Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0197519646. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2024. The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "America Is Becoming a Social Democracy". Foreign Policy . 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  8. 1 2 "Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?". Catholic News Agency. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021. Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues
  9. 1 2 "New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching". 26 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2021. I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues.
  10. ↑ Kant, Immanuel; Reiss, Hans Siegbert (1991). "Kant: political writings". Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Nisbet, Robert (1980). History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books. ch 5
  12. ↑ Joyce Appleby; Lynn Hunt & Margaret Jacob (1995). Telling the Truth about History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78. ISBN   9780393078916.
  13. ↑ Nugent, Walter (2010). Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN   9780195311068.
  14. ↑ Alan Ryan. The Making of Modern Liberalism. p. 25.
  15. ↑ Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran. British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies. Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. pp. 107–108. [ ISBN missing ]
  16. ↑ Robert Blake. Disraeli. Second Edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1967. p. 524.[ ISBN missing ]
  17. ↑ Sydney Frank Markham (1930). A History of Socialism. A. & C. Black, Limited. pp. 20–21.
  18. ↑ G.A. Kleene (1915) [November, 1901]. Edwin Clyde Robbins (ed.). Socialism - The Handbook Series. New York, NY: H.W. Wilson Company. p. 107. Retrieved 25 December 2025. Within the past few years, however, Marxism, as a theory and a political method, has entered upon a crisis that perhaps indicates its dissolution, while in the movement represented by Bernstein, the editor and biographer of Lassalle, but long known as a Marxist, there has come to the front a Socialism that bears closer resemblance to that of Lassalle than to that of Marx. Lassalle is not invoked as its leader; the cry 'Back to Lassalle' has not been raised, but there is, nevertheless, a turning from Marxian materialism to idealism, from marxian dislike of patriotism and the national spirit to an acknowledgment of the importance of national interests, from Marxian hatred of the present state to a recognition of what governments, as organized today, have done and can do for the laboring class.
  19. ↑ James Edward Le Rossignol (1921). What is Socialism? An Explanation and Criticism of the Doctrines and Proposals of "scientific Socialism". New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowley Company. p. 98. Retrieved 25 December 2025. Kautsky said at the Lübeck Congress of 1901: 'Increasing misery is to be understood only as a tendency, and not as an unconditional truth.' In reply to him, Dr. David, a progressive socialist, said: 'If one alters one's opinion one should have the courage and strength to say, 'We made a mistake.'
  20. ↑ Union Contributions to Labor Welfare Policy and Practice: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge, 16, 2013. p. 172. [ ISBN missing ]
  21. ↑ Faith Jaycox. The Progressive Era. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005. p. 85.
  22. ↑ Charles Howard Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915 (1940). [ page needed ][ ISBN missing ]
  23. ↑ Freeden, Michael (2005). Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 144–165. ISBN   9780691116778.
  24. ↑ Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (April 2006). "Woodrow Wilson, Alliances, and the League of Nations". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 5 (2): 139–165. doi:10.1017/S153778140000298X. S2CID   162853992.
  25. ↑ Roll-Hansen, Nils (1989). "Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement in Scandinavia". The British Journal for the History of Science . 22 (3): 335–346. doi:10.1017/S0007087400026194. JSTOR   4026900. PMID   11621984. S2CID   44566095.
  26. ↑ Leonard, Thomas (2005). "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (4): 207–224. doi: 10.1257/089533005775196642 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  27. ↑ James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (1970)[ page needed ][ ISBN missing ]
  28. ↑ "Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform". Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  29. ↑ Nugent, Walter (2010). Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN   9780195311068.
  30. ↑ Waluchow, Wil (17 August 2018). "Constitutionalism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  31. ↑ Watson, Bradley (2020). Progressivism : the strange history of a radical idea. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 11. ISBN   9780268106973.
  32. ↑ "The Progressive Era (1890–1920)". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Archived 20 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 31 September 2014.
  33. ↑ Lurie, Jonathan (2012). William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
  34. ↑ Nugent, Walter (2010). Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN   9780195311068.
  35. ↑ Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace. p. 309. [ ISBN missing ]
  36. ↑ Tugwell, R. G. (September 1950). "The New Deal: The Progressive Tradition". The Western Political Quarterly. 3 (3): 390–427. doi:10.2307/443352. JSTOR   443352.
  37. ↑ Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender. Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press, 2004. pp. 3–4, 16. [ ISBN missing ]
  38. ↑ After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe. I.B. Taurus, 2012. p. 47. [ ISBN missing ]
  39. ↑ Campbell, John (2010). Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. p. 255.: Vintage. ISBN   978-1-845-95091-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  40. ↑ Hugh Bochel. The Conservative Party and Social Policy. The Policy Press, 2011. p. 108. [ ISBN missing ]
  41. ↑ Jean-Jacques Lambin (2014). Rethinking the Market Economy: New Challenges, New Ideas, New Opportunities. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 269. ISBN   978-1-137-39291-6.
  42. ↑ Lamb, Peter, ed. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 436. ISBN   978-1-4422-5827-3.
  43. ↑ Talbot C. Imlay (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism: European Socialists and International Politics, 1914–1960. Oxford University Press. p. 465. ISBN   978-0-19-964104-8.
  44. ↑ Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2020). "The Post-war Rise and Decline of the Left". In Toby Carroll; Shahar Hameiri; Lee Jones (eds.). The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Politics and Uneven Development Under Hyperglobalisation. Springer Nature. p. 150. ISBN   978-3-03-028255-4.
  45. ↑ "Social Democrats Seek Revival on 150th b-day". The Local. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
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