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Moderate is an ideological category which entails centrist views on a liberal-conservative spectrum. [1] [2] It may also designate a rejection of radical or extreme views, especially in regard to politics and religion. [3] [4]
At the federal level in Canada as of 2024, there are five active political parties who have seats in the House of Commons, for which most of them have a wide range of goals and political opinions, that differ between each others. Per definition, where "political moderate" is used, in a specific context to being far conservative, the Conservative Party of Canada could be used as a representation. However, we can now see that those beliefs might contain "inverted" or different effects-opinions. If we could measure them from a "political spectrum" point of view, the variations for instance, conservatism, who tend to be defined in the same way toward being resistant with the idea of future changes, is not always the case.
In parallel, liberalism, as to The Liberal Party of Canada could also include different versions to quantify, or "weight" the possible outcomes of the most distant paramount. For example, Canadians citizens are protected by law, and free of action or speech, defined by the Canadian Charter of Rights, and from that same consideration, one, must not surpass or challenge to act against that same charter. From there we should perceive that even inside the epicenter of a "liberal mechanism" or political parties, in many cases there are still forms of hierarchical, composable or modular sets of rules or policies as basics threshold. Moreover, political moderate, aim to be scrupulous during an individual said state of affairs, resolving with actual information's or data, to determine the best scenario possible, within the available choices, at that moment in time.
Japan's right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has traditionally been divided into two main factions: the based on bureaucratic "conservative mainstream" (保守本流) and the hawkish nationalist "conservative anti-mainstream" (保守傍流). Among them, "conservative mainstream" is also considered a moderate wing within the LDP. The LDP's faction Kōchikai is considered a moderate wing. [5] The current LDP has conflicts between moderate patriotist and extreme nationalist supporters. [6]
The Democratic Socialist Party (DSP) was formed by a group of politicians who splintered off of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) in 1960. The party advocated a moderate social-democratic politics and supported the U.S.-Japan Alliance. [7] The party started to slowly support neoliberalism from the 1980s, and was disbanded in 1994. [8]
Moderate social-democrats of the JSP formed the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) with conservative-liberal Sakigake and other moderates of the LDP. [9] Most of the DPJ's mainstream factions moved to the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), but the former DPJ's right-wing moved to the Democratic Party for the People after 2019. [10]
In recent years,[ when? ] the term political moderates has gained traction as a buzzword. Voters who describe themselves as centrist often mean that they are moderate in their political views, advocating neither extreme left-wing nor extreme right-wing politics. Gallup polling indicates that American voters identified as moderate between 35 and 38% of the time during the 1990s and 2000s. [11] Voters may identify with moderation for a number of reasons: pragmatic, ideological, or otherwise; however, the number of people that vote for centrist political parties is a statistical anomaly, in part due to the entrenched nature of the country's two-party system. [12]
The Liberal Democratic Party, frequently abbreviated to LDP or Jimintō (自民党), is a major conservative and nationalist political party in Japan. Since its foundation in 1955, the LDP has been in power almost continuously—a period called the 1955 System—except between 1993 and 1994, and again from 2009 to 2012.
General elections were held in Japan on November 9, 2003. Incumbent Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and the Liberal Democratic Party won the most seats in the House of Representatives but failed to secure a majority. The main opposition Democratic Party made considerable gains, winning 177 of the 480 seats in the House of Representatives, its largest share ever. Other traditional parties like the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party lost substantial numbers of seats, marking the start of a newly consolidated two-party system in Japanese politics, which would end in 2012 with the emergence of Japan Restoration Party.
The Democratic Party of Japan was a centrist to centre-left, liberal or social-liberal political party in Japan from 1998 to 2016.
The New Conservative Party (NCP) was the name of two now-defunct political parties in Japan with a common lineage.
The New Frontier Party (NFP) was a big tent political party in Japan founded in December 1994. As a merger of several small parties, the party was ideologically diverse, with its membership ranging from moderate social democrats to liberals and conservatives. The party dissolved in December 1997, with Ichirō Ozawa's faction forming the Liberal Party and other splinters later joining the Democratic Party of Japan in April 1998.
The Democratic Socialist Party was a political party in Japan from 1960 to 1994.
The Liberal Party was a political party in Japan formed in 1998 by Ichirō Ozawa and Hirohisa Fujii. It is now defunct, having joined the Democratic Party of Japan in 2003.
Japanese liberalism(自由主義 or リベラリズム) formed in the nineteenth century as a reaction against traditional society. In the twentieth century 'liberal' (自由) gradually became a synonym for conservative, and today the main conservative party in the country is named Liberal Democratic Party. The defunct Democratic Party was considered in part a centrist-liberal party, as are most parties which derived from it. The liberal character of the Liberal League is disputed, as it is also considered to be conservative by some. This article is limited to liberal (リベラル) parties with substantial support, proved by having had representation in parliament.
Factions are an accepted part of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the ruling party of Japan, which began with eight formal factions when it was first formed by merger in 1955. A political faction may be defined as a sub-group within a larger organization. While factions characterize other political parties in Pacific Asia, Japanese factionalism is distinguished by its stability and institutionalization. Although factions reconstitute themselves from time to time, the habatsu active today can be traced back to their 1955 roots, a testament to the stability and institutionalized nature of Liberal Democratic Party factions.
Centrism is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with liberalism, radical centrism, and agrarianism. Those who identify as centrist support gradual political change, often through a welfare state with moderate redistributive policies. Though its placement is widely accepted in political science, radical groups that oppose centrist ideologies may sometimes describe them as leftist or rightist.
The Democratic Party, was a political party in Japan. It was the largest opposition political party in Japan from 2016 until its marginalization in the House of Representatives in 2017. The party was founded on 27 March 2016 from the merger of the Democratic Party of Japan and the Japan Innovation Party. The majority of the party split on 28 September 2017, before the 2017 general election. Many of its members contesting the election as candidates for the Party of Hope, Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan or as party members without nomination. On 7 May 2018 the DP merged with the Party of Hope to form the Democratic Party For the People.
The Democratic Party For the People, abbreviated to DPFP or DPP, is a centre to centre-right, conservative and populist political party in Japan. The party was formed on 7 May 2018 from the merger of the Democratic Party and Kibō no Tō. In September 2020, the majority of the party reached an agreement to merge with the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan and the original party was officially dissolved on 11 September 2020. However, 14 DPFP members refused to merge, including party leader Yuichiro Tamaki, and instead formed a new party retaining the DPFP name and branding.
Kōchikai was a leading faction within Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), founded by bureaucrat-turned-politician Hayato Ikeda in 1957. The faction has produced five prime ministers, two LDP presidents, and a large number of cabinet officeholders. The faction was officially dissolved on January 23, 2024 after Prime Minister Fumio Kishida pledged to dissolve the faction in the aftermath of a political funds scandal.
Kakushin seitō(革新政党), meaning reformist political parties or progressive political parties, is an umbrella term used in Japan to refer to a variety of left-leaning political parties generally viewed as "anti-conservative." In the postwar period, it has generally been applied to democratic socialist, social democratic and socially progressive parties that seek to uphold Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Japan's "progressive parties" are basically opposed to constitutional amendments led by right-wing conservatives, so they are partly in solidarity with moderate liberal parties. "Kakushin" parties have been considered progressive or radical-liberal forces.
Centrist reformism is a South Korean political ideology. It is part of South Korea's centrist tradition.
Moderate conservatism is a politically moderate version of conservatism that is less demanding than classical conservatism, and can be divided into several subtypes, such as liberal conservatism. The term is principally used in countries where the political camp is divided into liberals on the left and conservatives on the right, rather than in countries whose political camps include social democrats on the left and their opponents on the right. For countries belonging to the former, moderate liberalism is sometimes contrasted with moderate conservatism. The latter term can be applied to several countries, such as the United States, Poland, South Korea, and Japan.
The Conservative Party of Japan is a politically conservative, Japanese ultranationalist and right-wing populist political party in Japan. It was founded by novelist Naoki Hyakuta and journalist Kaori Arimoto in 2023, following the passage of the LGBT Understanding Promotion Act. The party claims to, "protect Japan's national polity and traditional culture" and is often characterised as being opposed to immigration, opposed to LGBTQ rights and uses historically revisionist rhetoric. Party leaders are believed to be engaged in denying Japanese war crimes committed prior to and during the Second World War, such as the Nanjing Massacre.
Centrism is a political ideology associated with moderate politics placed between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. Various centrist movements have developed in different countries, based on the specific country's political environment.
Kaikaku hoshu is a "reformist conservative" that stands out from the established conservatism in the context of Japanese politics. It can be either moderate or extreme than the existing Japanese conservatives, as it mainly refers to a force or line that sets it apart from the right-wing conservatives of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Shukyū hoshu has a contrasting meaning with kaikaku hoshu.
Notes
Social movements may also be categorized on the basis of the general character of their strategy and tactics; for instance, whether they are legitimate or underground. The popular distinction between radical and moderate movements reflects this sort of categorization.
Bibliography
The dictionary definition of political moderate at Wiktionary