New Democrats (United States)

Bill Clinton, the 42nd president (1993–2001)

The first inauguration of Bill Clinton on 20 January 1993. Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign ushered in the "golden age" of New Democrats, which subsequently gave birth to the name "Clinton Democrat".

New Democrats, also known as centrist Democrats, Clinton Democrats, or moderate Democrats, are a centrist ideological faction within the Democratic Party in the United States. As the Third Way faction of the party, they are seen as culturally liberal on social issues while being moderate or fiscally conservative on economic issues. ^[1] New Democrats dominated the party from the late 1980s through the early-2010s, ^[2] and continue to be a large coalition in the modern Democratic Party. ^{[3] [4]}

With the rise of progressivism in 2016 and 2020, ^[5] and that of the right-wing populism of Donald Trump, ^[6] New Democrats began to change and update their ideological positions. ^{[7] [8] [9]} For example, New Democrat candidates have shifted from focusing on "defense of marriage" platforms to casting transgender rights in the United States as debatable and internally divisive. ^{[10] [11]} Similarly, debates over tax cuts on capital gains have been reconfigured to removing caps on state and local tax deduction (SALT). ^[12]

Despite expansion of the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC), even with stricter criteria for CPC representation in Congress, the New Democrats' Progressive Policy Institute (established in 1989) persists into the present day, sponsoring "young pragmatists" at the rechristened Center for New Liberalism, formerly known as the Neoliberal Project, to "modernize progressive politics". ^[13] In 2024, the CPC lost four seats in the overarching House Democratic Caucus, although the number of members in the CPC remained the same. At least two out of nine CPC freshmen planned to also hold seats in the New Democrat Coalition (NDC) as well, joining an additional twenty-two House Democrats who similarly claimed membership in both caucuses. The NDC lost approximately five members, yet gained twenty-three, reestablishing the coalition as the leading Democratic partisan caucus in Congress. ^{[14] [15]}

Brad Schneider, chief architect of cap removals from the SALT deductions, is NDC chairman in the 119th United States Congress over rival Sharice Davids. Schneider endorsed a rival candidate for the position, Sharice Davids, as Honorary Chair of the NDC ReNew Democracy Foundation (distinct from the Renew Democracy Initiative). ^{[16] [17]} In the aftermath of the loss in the 2024 United States presidential election, the CPC and NDC continue to debate the future of the Democratic Party. ^{[11] [18] [19]}

History

Origins

During the 1970s energy crisis, the United States faced stagflation, that is, both increasing inflation and decreasing economic growth. ^[20] The 1974 midterm elections, according to historian Brent Cebul, "are remembered for the arrival of the 'Watergate babies' in the House of Representatives, but the New Democrats' first electoral wave was broader and deeper still...some western and northeastern officials like [Michael] Dukakis were dubbed Atari Democrats thanks to their veneration of new, entrepreneurial, high-technology sectors of the economy. This group, which included [Gary] Hart and California Governor Jerry Brown, also sometimes called themselves 'New Liberals' in an effort to signal their support for traditional liberal social values even as they pursued market-oriented and perhaps less bureaucratic ways of governing." Another "primary strand" could be found in "the South, often as self-consciously 'centrist' Democrats. Led by politicians like Georgia Senator Sam Nunn, the southern centrists echoed southern Democrats of the past in their skepticism for targeted welfare or antipoverty programs, and they also looked forward to stimulating the region's post-industrial and 'post-racial' future." ^[21]

The Watergate Babies and Atari Democrats found a common thread in supply-side progressivism. Ideas stemming from consultation with "southern centrists" became "supply-side liberalism" that, according to Cebul, ultimately proved a fiscal illusion. ^[22] Michael Dukakis and Jerry Brown, for instance, both appropriated property taxes to subsidize a given startup company in depressed industrial sectors. This subsidization transformed state tax revenue for public finance into venture capital. Once the first wave of startups achieved normal profit, then the tax burden for additional start-ups would shift from real estate investors and homeowners to the initial companies. Brown and Dukakis also planned on allocating revenue from the new taxable capital to "infrastructure and education". During the Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan Administrations, voter tax revolts and the Volcker recession, coupled with uneven profit thresholds for taxing scaled-up companies, hastened the shift in tax burden to the entire first wave. ^{[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]}

Even if absent from partisan politics for one or more election cycles, "supply-side liberals" could and did campaign to reconcile "job and tax generation with the market-oriented ethos of the 1980s" during reelection bids. Once back in office during the early 1980s recession in the United States, Dukakis and his cohort incrementally diverged from "supply-side liberalism" as it operated prior to the tax revolts. Beginning in 1982, for instance, Dukakis altered the role of his Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation (1978) from tax revenue distribution to "broker[ing] deals" between "high-tech companies and Boston-based venture capital firms". This gradual change diminished his own role in the ensuing Massachusetts Miracle, a cornerstone of his campaign during the 1988 United States presidential election. Conversely, 1980s changes later became key tenets of New Democrat platforms. ^{[30] [31] [32]}

Democratic Leadership Council and Progressive Policy Institute

After the landslide defeats to the Republican Party led by Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, a group of prominent Democrats began to believe their party was out of touch and in need of a radical shift in economic policy and ideas of governance. ^{[33] [34]} The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) was founded in 1985 by Al From and a group of like-minded politicians and strategists. ^[35] Prominent Democratic politicians such as Senators Al Gore and Joe Biden (both future vice presidents, and Biden, a future president) participated in DLC affairs prior to their candidacies for the 1988 Democratic Party nomination. ^[36] The DLC did not want the Democratic Party to be "simply posturing in the middle", and instead framed its ideas as "progressive" and as a "Third Way" to address the problems of its era. Examples of the DLC's policy initiatives can be found in The New American Choice Resolutions. ^{[36] [37]}

In 1989, the "New Democrat" label was briefly used by a progressive reformist group including Gary Hart and Eugene McCarthy. ^[38] That same year, Will Marshall founded the Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) as a think tank to formulate a new common platform for Yellow Dogs, Atari Democrats, and Watergate Babies. In 1990, the DLC renamed its bi-monthly magazine from The Mainstream Democrat to The New Democrat. ^[39] The PPI, in conjunction with Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton and the DLC, subsequently introduced tentative precepts collected in a New Orleans Declaration. By 1992, "New Democrats" had become more widely associated with this declaration, as well as Democratic partisans who entwined presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson's variant of Rainbow/PUSH with the Sister Souljah moment. ^{[40] [41]}

Aspirations for "supply-side liberalism" had been rebuffed by voters and state auditors alike. According to Cebul, the rechristened "New Democrats" espoused "a reflexive veneration of the market as the essential underwriter of social progress". They first sought to accelerate capital and money coursing through a post-industrial economy. The PPI and DLC forecasted financial deregulation and tax cuts as avenues to facilitate the expansion of scaleup companies invested in computational and internet technology. These companies would provide the venture capital necessary to pave over ailing industrial regions with post-industrial start-ups. The role of government was to remove any perceived obstacles. Heeding the lessons of tax resistance, the New Democrat think tank and leadership council also aimed to reduce the federal deficit and interest rates, while expanding the mortgage-backed security industry and credit market for a real estate sector that had roundly rejected property taxes. The voters who had stymied "supply side liberalism" would become a New Democrat vanguard. ^{[42] [43]}

Bill Clinton, the DLC chairman who referred to the PPI as his "idea mill", faced a peculiar dilemma. He had to somehow circumvent voter preconceptions of financial deregulatory laws and capital gains tax reductions as antithetical to "social progress", while concurrently accepting the duty of the largest party plurality, namely to advance the mid- to late 20th-century Democratic partisan goal of "social progress". Cebul and additional scholars conclude that the DLC as well as PPI, and Clinton more specifically, offered a possible solution: cast "the poor as unrealized entrepreneurs and impoverished communities as untapped 'new markets' ", ostensibly combining financial deregulation with claims for "social progress" in syncretic politics. After the 1988 elections that perpetuated the Reagan era, this did not seem such a controversial goal for a new national Democratic Party leader. ^[44]

Clinton needed new frameworks for political economy, society, and culture, both to implement and sustain his proposed solution. He sought de jure and de facto advisors that would, in turn, move beyond syncretic politics to accomplish aspects of this vision. First he had to run for President and New Democrats had to take seats in Congress. Clinton stepped down as DLC chairman and prepared for a campaign. ^[45] The 1992 presidential election occurred shortly after the end of the Cold War, at a time when faith in capitalism and internationalism were at their height, providing an opportunity for Bill Clinton to focus on domestic policy. ^[46]

Presidency of Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton in 1993 signing NAFTA agreements

Bill Clinton became the Democratic politician most identified with the New Democrats due to his promise of welfare reform in the 1992 presidential campaign, his 1992 promise of a middle-class tax cut and his 1993 expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit for the working poor. ^[33] New Democrat successes under Clinton, underpinned by the writings of Anthony Giddens on the duality of structure, maintained a total unity of opposites that became the hallmark of the Third Way. New Democrats subsequently aligned with Joseph Schumpeter's innovation economics and creative destruction as revolution, as well as concomitant criticism of intellectual property laws, in order to sustain their budding framework for a post-industrial political economy. ^[47]

New Democrats are often regarded to have inspired Tony Blair in the United Kingdom and his policies within the Labour Party as New Labour, as well as prompting the continental conflation of Third Way approaches to social democracy with previous notions of democratic socialism. The two were often used interchangeably by political scientists and fostered popular conceptions of democratic socialism as a social-democratic variant or wing of libertarian socialism. ^[48]

The Electoral College results for the 1992 presidential election. Clinton's New Democrat strategy won over a considerable number of rural and white voters in both the Midwest and the South.

Clinton presented himself as a New Democrat candidate advancing a New Covenant to draw white middle-class voters who had left the Democratic Party for the Republican Party. He promised to "end welfare as we know it". ^{[49] [50]} Until 2016 and even after, the Third Way defined and dominated notions of centrism in U.S. partisan politics. ^[36] Political analysts such as Kenneth Baer further that the DLC embodied the spirit of Truman–Kennedy era Democrats and were vital to the Democratic Party's resurgence after the failure of the George McGovern, Walter Mondale, and Michael Dukakis presidential campaigns. ^{[51] [52]}

The New Covenant

Main article: New Covenant (politics)

Historian James D. Boys contends that Clinton’s 1992 "grand strategy, grand rhetoric" of "courting blue-collar voters" resulted in a series of speeches to the DLC and his alma mater Georgetown University on a "New Covenant" platform. Clinton pledged that " 'a New Covenant of change that will honor middle-class values, restore the public trust, create a sense of community, and make America work again.' " Boys notes that "Donald Trump prevailed in 2016 due, in large part, to his ability ‘to engage ‘left behind’ or ‘forgotten’ white working-class voters’ whose support helped elect Bill Clinton in 1992. In contrast to Trump, however, Clinton’s campaign rejected the notion that economic isolationism was a solution to America’s financial situation." ^[53]

Clinton warned that protectionism was " 'a fancy word for giving up; our New Covenant must include a new trade policy that says to Europe, Japan, and our other trading partners: we favour an open trading system, but if you won’t play by those rules, we’ll play by yours.' " Despite forecasting the New Covenant as a popular slogan, "Clinton’s use of The New Covenant was a clear attempt to position his candidacy in a broad historical narrative. It was not, however, an expression that captured the public’s imagination...The failure of The New Covenant to resonate ensured that there was no 1992 equivalent to Trump’s ‘Make America Great Again’ slogan." ^[54]

Presidential advisor Benjamin Barber publicly stated in 2001 that another Clinton advisor, William Galston, coined the "New Covenant" slogan as a reconfiguration of "New Choice." Barber depicted Galston as "naturally drawn to 'big picture' issues of rhetoric, strategy, and vision, even though he worked on more pedestrian domestic issues with fellow DLC alumnus Bill Reed." Galston formulated the slogan to define "the president's early interest in public–private partnerships and in cultivating an approach to responsibility that made citizens and their elected representatives colleagues in action rather than adversarial clients and providers." According to Barber, Galston invoked "covenant" to connotate connections with "American Puritanism" and the "social contract tradition that was part of America's founding." The phrase held "iconic value for the early Clinton agenda", even if it proved to have "a relatively short shelf life in Clinton's restive White House." ^[55]

In 1992, Joan Didion reflected on the initial reception of "The New Covenant" among Democratic partisans and pundits. Didion underscored that "those who wanted to dance with the Gores, join the club, made it clear that they were transcending, as their candidate had often put it, “ 'the brain-dead policies in both parties', most noticeably their own. 'Democrat' and 'Republican', we heard repeatedly, as if a prayer for electoral rain, were old labels, words without meaning, as were 'liberal' and 'conservative.' " Didion referred to a "candidate" who had "told us" that “ 'the choice we offer is not conservative or liberal, in many ways it is not even Republican or Democratic...It is different. It is new...I call it a New Covenant.' ” ^[56]

Less than a year after declining to continue as Secretary of Labor for the Clinton Administration, Robert Reich published Locked in the Cabinet. Reich elaborated on approval ratings and elements of the stillborn New Covenant slogan that circulated during Clinton's first two years. He reported that "the two main accomplishments of the first year were passage of the first budget, which cut the deficit but left almost nothing for new public investment, and ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Jobs are beginning to return as the economy picks up speed, and almost sixty percent of the public now approves of the job B is doing as president, if polls can be believed. But the underlying problems we came here to confront—the widening gulf between rich and poor, stagnating or declining wages for half the workforce and , deepening economic insecurities— have barely been addressed." During a dinner with Reich, Reich's then-wife Clare Dalton, and a "fired up" Hillary Clinton, all three collectively expressed to President Clinton their intentions to address the imbalanced CEO " 'executive pay' " ratio with " 'loyal workers' " and to prevent corporations from " 'downsizing not only themselves but also a big part of the middle class.' " Clinton replied, " 'I have to keep myself from saying it everyday. I shouldn't be out in front on these issues. I can't be criticizing [corporations].' " ^{[57] [58]}

John Nichols, writing in The Progressive during the Presidency of George W. Bush, further argued that, in 1992, Clinton "jettisoned the DLC line for the more populist 'people first' rhetoric...Clinton's 1992 scramble away from DLC language came as no surprise." Stan Greenberg, for example, noted that Clinton's approval ratings did not increase " 'until he rejected the advice of conservatives of the party' and began to adopt populist and distinctly non-DLC rhetoric on issues ranging from tax policy to protecting Social Security." New Democrats "did much to define the first two years of the Clinton Presidency", which, according to Nichols, contributed to "the worst Democratic electoral setback of the century--a sweeping rejection of the party caused, in no small measure, by the failure of millions of working class voters to go to the polls." Nichols asserted that, after this Republican Revolution, the DLC deemphasized the Republican-proposed NAFTA, adopted Clinton's " 'people first' rhetoric", and "DLC cadres set about shaping political structures that would give it greater influence within the Congressional Democratic caucus. They formed the New Democrat Network, a well-funded group dedicated to electing and reelecting corporation-friendly Democrats. It expanded the House membership after both the 1996 and 1998 elections." ^{[59] [60]}

Additional critics attribute the 1994 losses to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and the Clinton health care plan of 1993, arguing that Clinton further engaged in triangulation policies afterwards, which helped him win a second term in the 1996 United States presidential election. ^[61]

Bipartisan Bill Proposals and Acts (1992-2000)

New Democrats dialectically adopted Republicans proposals and platforms during the campaigns for the 1992 congressional/state elections and 1992 United States presidential election. As a result, particularly after the 1994 midterm elections when Republicans regained control of Congress, they signed legislation endorsed by Republicans, who gave its support; not all Democrats supported them. Both the Defense of Marriage Act and Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) became law three months before the 1996 United States elections. It was in his 1996 State of the Union Address that Clinton declared: "The era of big government is over." ^[61] After Clinton vetoed two versions of the bill that ultimately became PRWOA, "Svengali-like advisor Dick Morris---upon whom Clinton had grown increasingly dependent, politically and psychologically, in the aftermath of the 1994 debacle---insisted that a third veto could cost him his reelection in 1996." ^[62]

Legislation that received bipartisan support under President Clinton included:

• The North American Free Trade Agreement, a core international agreement signed during the presidency of George H. W. Bush without NAALC/NAAEC and required Congressional approval for implementation. It is still largely in effect via the succeeding USMCA and proposed Indo-Pacific Economic Framework.
• The Don't Ask, Don't Tell ban on openly gay people serving in the Armed Forces (repealed in 2010).
• The Defense of Marriage Act that prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. It was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2015 and repealed in 2022, the latter with support from 24% of Congressional Republicans.
• The Religious Freedom Restoration Act federal religious discrimination statute.
• The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, sometimes referred to as the 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill. ^[63]

Legislative examples of bipartisan authorship included:

• 1996 Defense of Marriage Act: Bob Barr (R-GA) (Republican introduction)
• 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act: John Kasich (R-OH) with ideas and provisions from Clinton's 1994 proposal
• 1997 Taxpayer Relief Act: John Kasich (R-OH) with ideas and provisions from New Democrats
• 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: Phil Gramm (R-TX), Jim Leach (R-IA), and Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (R-VA) with ideas and provisions from New Democrats

Congressional Democrat voting percentages for the foregoing examples:

• 1996 Defense of Marriage Act: 64% Democratic Representatives support and 72% Democratic Senators support
• 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act: 50% Democratic Representatives support and 53% Democratic Senators support
• 1997 Taxpayer Relief Act: 80% Democratic Representatives support and 82% Democratic Senators support
• 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: 75% Democratic Representatives support and 84% Democratic Senators support

The Clinton Administration, supported by congressional New Democrats, was responsible for proposing and passing the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which increased Medicare taxes for taxpayers with annual incomes over $135,000, yet also reduced Medicare spending and benefits across all tax brackets. Congressional Republicans demanded even deeper cuts to Medicare but Clinton twice vetoed their bills. The Clinton Administration in turn taxed individuals earning annual incomes over $115,000 but also defined taxable small business earnings as high as $10 million in annual gross revenue, with tax brackets for "high-gross incorporated businesses" beginning at that number. According to the Clinton Foundation, the revised brackets and categories increased taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers within these new brackets, ^[64] while cutting taxes on 15 million low-income families and making tax cuts available to 90% of small businesses. Small businesses and taxpayer classifications were reconfigured by these new tax brackets. ^[65]

Clinton's promise of welfare reform was passed in the form of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996. Prior to 2018, critics such as Yascha Mounk contended that Clinton's arguments for the virtues of "negative" notions of "personal responsibility", such as the New Orleans Declaration's "individual responsibility" propounded within DLC circles during the 1980s, stemmed more from Reagan's specific conception of "accountability" than any "positive notion of responsibility". ^{[66] [6] : 116} Additional critics distinguish the New Democrat idea of "personal responsibility" from arguments over the extent of limitations on government, if any, in platforms that advance social responsibility. The 1996 United States presidential election, Dick Morris' advice to relegate Hillary Clinton to lecturing on the global promotion of microcredit (argued by Claremont McKenna College historian Lily Geismer), ^[67] partisan compromises over this act, conflicts within the Democratic Party, as well as the act's multivalent consequences, all contributed to deliberations over passage and execution of the PRWORA. ^[68]

Democratic partisan criticism of the first Clinton Administration, as well as the formation of the Blue Dog Coalition, particularly in response to proposals and actions by the First Lady, followed 1994 congressional New Democrat losses in the southeast and west coast. ^[69] Clinton's reassertion as a New Democrat during the 1996 presidential elections, and passage of the PRWORA, contributed to the founding of the New Democrat Coalition, reaffirming Clintonian Democrats as New Democrats. ^[43] As of August 2023, 23% of the New Democrat Coalition have become simultaneous members of, or declared an intention to vote for more proposals by, the Congressional Progressive Caucus. A number of these delegates, most notably Shri Thanedar, faced backlash from pundits and constituents alike, as evidence surfaced of alleged involvement in post-2016 attempts to rally neoconservatism. Despite the controversy, certain delegates were reelected in 2024, including Thanedar. ^[70]

Presidency of Barack Obama

Barack Obama, the 46th president (2009–2017)

In March 2009, Barack Obama, said in a meeting with the New Democrat Coalition that he was a "New Democrat" and a "pro-growth Democrat", that he "supports free and fair trade", and that he was "very concerned about a return to protectionism". ^[71] Many Obama cabinet picks and House and Senate Democrats were New Democrats. From 2007 to 2011, the New Democrats were the leading swing bloc in the House, and were the main authors of the legislation on bailouts and financial regulation of derivatives. The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), which gave rise to New Democrats but that since the 2000s had lost some of its influence, ^{[72] [73]} and the DLC closed down in February 2011 due to financial issues; ^{[74] [75]} however, New Democrats remained influential through the Third Way organization, ^[76] and New Democrats proved key swing votes in subsequent years. ^[77] During his presidency, pundits debated if Obama moved to the left, ^[78] citing the lack of the DLC's influence from its heydays, or whether, forced by Republican gains in Congress, he doubled down on triangulation. ^{[79] [80]}

The Obama Administration espoused "free and fair trade" ideas. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) proponents postponed TPP drafting after Obama became President, only to commence formal Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations in 2010, after Executive Office (EO) disclosure of an endorsement, albeit with Obama's proposed revisions on, for instance, intellectual property. Early drafts of Executive Order 13609, "Promoting International Regulatory Cooperation", buttressed the TPP deliberations with the premise that "inadequate cooperation and consultation" had been caused by "excessive red tape" for "businesses, particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises operating near the border." ^[81] In the final draft, Obama advisors such as Cass Sunstein applied the Executive Order to all such "enterprises", in the absence of regional and tax bracket classifications, operating within "North America and beyond". ^{[82] [83]} In 2015, the Obama EO released "The Economic Benefits of U.S. Trade", a signatory framework for prospective drafts of the TPP and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). According to the Obama EO, free trade "help[s] developing countries lift people out of poverty" and "expand[s] markets for U.S. exports". ^[84]

Throughout Obama's tenure, approximately 1,000 Democrats lost their seats across all levels of government. ^[85] Specifically, 958 state legislature seats, 62 House seats, 11 Senate seats, and 12 governorships, ^[86] with a majority of these elected officials identifying as New Democrats. Some analysts, such as Harry Enten at FiveThirtyEight , believe this was due to the changing demographic shift, as more Democrats identified as liberal in 2016 than moderate. ^[87] Consequently, many pundits believed that Obama's tenure marked an end of the New Democrats' dominance in the party, although the faction still remains an important part of the party's big tent. ^[3] Obama signed the draft Trans-Pacific Partnership, yet subsequently declared his "Economic Benefits of Free Trade" framework as "dead" prior to the lame-duck session of Congress, in anticipation of bipartisan opposition to TPP ratification. ^[88]

Decline in the 2010s and 2020s

Historian Gary Gerstle argues that support for neoliberalism declined in the United States in both parties in 2016, with both Trumpism and progressivism opposing central tenets of neoliberalism. For example, Trump and Sanders both opposed the Transatlantic Pacific Partnership during the 2016 United States presidential election. President Trump then refused to sign any draft TPP, precluding further revisions to garner U.S. participation. ^[6] In contrast, Trump initially indicated willingness to continue TTIP negotiations with substantial changes. ^[89] On the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, the TTIP dissolved into trade disputes between the European Union (EU) and the Trump Administration. Trump's approach to curbing the pandemic became the focus of EU delegate concerns, superseding the unresolved trade conflicts. ^[90] Despite this, New Democrats have continued to be a large coalition within the big tent of the Democratic Party. ^[91]

Hillary Clinton presidential campaign

Further information: 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries and Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign

John Podesta served as an advisor to all three U.S. Presidents who led the New Democrats.

Ahead of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, many New Democrats were backing the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, the wife of former New Democrat president, Bill Clinton who served as a senator from New York during the 2000s and as Barack Obama's Secretary of State during the early 2010s. Originally considered to be an expected nominee, Clinton faced an unexpected challenge from Vermont Senator, Bernie Sanders, whose campaign garnered the support of progressive and younger Democrats. Ultimately, Clinton won 34 of the 57 contests, ^[a] compared to Sanders' 23, and garnered about 55 percent of the vote. Nevertheless, commentators saw the primary as a decline in the strength of New Democrats in the party, and an increasing influence of progressive Democrats within the party.

Ahead of the formal announcement of the 2016 Democratic National Convention, WikiLeaks published the Democratic National Committee email leak, in which DNC operatives, many of whom were New Democrats, seemed to deride Sanders' campaign, ^[92] and discuss ways to advance Clinton's nomination, ^[93] leading to the resignation of DNC chair, and New Democrat member, Debbie Wasserman Schultz and other implicated officials. The leak was allegedly part of an operation by the Russian government to undermine Hillary Clinton. ^{[94] [95]}

Although the ensuing controversy initially focused on emails that dated from relatively late in the primary, when Clinton was nearing the party's nomination, ^[93] the emails cast doubt on the DNC's neutrality towards progressive and moderate candidates. ^{[96] [97] [98] [99] [100]} This was evidenced by alleged bias in the scheduling and conduct of the debates, ^[b] as well as controversial DNC–Clinton agreements regarding financial arrangements and control over policy and hiring decisions. ^[c] Other media commentators have disputed the significance of the emails, arguing that the DNC's internal preference for Clinton was not historically unusual and didn't affect the primary enough to sway the outcome. ^{[108] [109] [110] [111]} The controversies ultimately led to the formation of a DNC "unity" commission to recommend reforms in the party's primary process. ^{[112] [113]}

Joe Biden and Chuck Schumer in 2021

Presidency of Joe Biden

Joe Biden, the 46th president (2021–present)

The winner of the 2020 United States presidential election was Joe Biden, who served as vice president under Barack Obama. Although Biden has not explicitly self-identified as a New Democrat, Biden identifies as a moderate Democrat and opposes some progressive positions. ^[114] During his presidency, Biden has broken with New Democrat policies on some issues, such as spending and free trade. ^[115] In the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, 13 Democrats lost their seats. All thirteen Democrats that lost their seats had won in the 2018 mid-term elections. Of those 13 members, 10 of them were New Democrats. During the 117th United States Congress, the New Democrat Coalition lost its status as the largest ideological coalition in favor of the more left leaning Congressional Progressive Caucus. The CPC was founded in 1991 but only began catching up and eventually surpassed the New Democrat Coalition in the 2010s. ^{[116] [9]}

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has been characterized by some as the end of the post-Cold War era and liberal internationalism. ^[117] Clinton was elected in 1992 shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when New Democrats were at the peak of their influence. As of December 2023, Biden has largely maintained Trump's protectionist trade policies, and has not negotiated any new free trade agreements. Labor unions, an important constituency for Biden's re-election, opposed removing Trump's tariffs. ^[118] The PPI pressured the Biden Administration to revoke Obama's "dead" position and join the TPP. ^[119] Instead, the Biden Executive Office negotiated and initiated the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). The 2024 United States presidential election, as well as partisan dissent in participating member-states, forestalled further implementation and ratification of the IPEF. ^[120] Biden withdrew from the presidential election on July 21, 2024. ^{[121] [122]}

2020s

The defeat of Kamala Harris in the 2024 United States presidential election occasioned a variety of responses from think tanks and political journals. William Galston of the Brookings Institution, for example, argued that "by refusing to explain why she had abandoned the progressive positions on crime, immigration, health care, and climate change, she blurred the public's perception of her", while conversely opening "the door to the Trump campaign's charge that she was a closet radical". ^[123] According to D. D. Guttenplan, writers for The Nation had forecasted the results. For example, "cozily campaigning with the Cheneys, we warned, was likely to alienate as least as many potential voters as it attracted." ^[124] Likewise, John Nichols observed both Bernie Sanders and Shawn Fain, despite outward appearances, desperately attempting to persuade the Harris campaign "to return to the economic populism—and clear appeal to working-class voters—they had embraced in Chicago (only to abandon it in favor of attacks on Trump's character once the big donors weighed in)." ^[124]

Politico found a common thread for Democrats who won swing districts, arguing that these candidates all elucidated their respective platforms on economics, labor, abortion rights, and gun control rather than solely engaging in Trump resistance politics during their campaigns. It also indicated that "centrists have urged the party to de-emphasize cultural issues after Trump successfully ran TV ads knocking Harris over transgender policies that after-action reports found helped persuade working-class voters." ^[125] Pundits distinguished the "cultural estrangement between a lot of voters out there and the Democrats" (in Conor Lamb's words) from the economic concerns that Democratic Party candidates should have explicated for voters without access to college education. ^{[125] [126]} In the realm of foreign policy, Irie Senter, writing a January 2025 report for Politico, described the "pro-Palestinian movement" as tending to focus on "who controls the White House" and more frequently "Democrats, whom its leaders view as more persuadable to soften support for Israel". Senter observed that "support for Israel is largely bipartisan, but Republicans have led the charge in criticizing the broader pro-Palestinian movement." ^[127]

Ideology

According to Dylan Loewe, New Democrats tend to identify as fiscally moderate-to-conservative and socially liberal. ^[1] Columnist Michael Lind argued that neoliberalism for New Democrats was the "highest stage" of left liberalism. The counterculture youth of the 1960s became more fiscally conservative in the 1970s and 1980s but retained their cultural liberalism. Many leading New Democrats, including Bill Clinton, and Gary Hart, started out in the George McGovern wing of the Democratic Party and gradually moved toward the right on economic and military policy. ^[128] According to historian Walter Scheidel, both major political parties shifted towards promoting free-market capitalism in the 1970s, with Republicans moving further to the political right than Democrats to the political left. He noted that Democrats played a significant role in the financial deregulation of the 1990s. ^[129] Gerstle and anthropologist Jason Hickel contended that the neoliberal policies of the Reagan era were carried forward by the Clinton Administration, forming a new economic consensus which crossed party lines. ^{[130] [6] : 137–138, 155–157} According to Gerstle, "across his two terms, Clinton may have done more to free markets from regulation than even Reagan himself had done." ^{[6] : 137–138, 155–157}

Historian Michael Kazin argues that New Democrat fiscal and monetary ideas marked a divergence from U.S. fiscal variants of Keynesian public spending. Keynesian economics aimed to stimulate individual and group consumption of goods and services in a given economic sector, until monetary circulation crossed a predetermined sector threshold for contraction in economic liberalism. This U.S. iteration of Keynesianism, coupled with budget deficits, began during the latter half of the Second New Deal and became a hallmark of early Cold War liberalism. ^[131] In contrast, Clinton's "the era of big government is over" marked a more global shift to a new neoclassical synthesis, culminating in the post-war displacement of Keynesianism with creative destruction and various approaches to the service-commodity goods continuum in a post-industrial economy. ^[132]

New Democrat monetary ideas aligned with easy money policy and the Greenspan put from the Reagan Administration, resulting in Clinton's reappointment of Alan Greenspan as Chair of the Federal Reserve. For "moral capitalism", Kazin favored U.S interpretations of New Keynesian economics in Progressive Caucus platforms, albeit with a more diversified consumer base. ^[133] Five weeks after the 2024 elections, CPC chair-elect Greg Casar dated "serious discontent" with Democrats to mounting criticism of New Democrat and neoconservative government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis, as well as to fiscal grievances by Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter. ^[134]

The 2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence, as well as Barack Obama's 2010 endorsement of the Volcker Rule, evinced a trend away from this New Democrat shift and concomitant tax brackets. During the COVID-19 pandemic and everything bubble, fiscal and monetary stimuli, as well as targeting in monetary policy to curb inflation, came under public and scholarly scrutiny. Debates focused on whether pandemic policymaking should be regarded solely as "COVID-Keynesianism", with more flexibility in deficit spending, or an advancement in the connected, yet distinct, trend. The latter would add a sustained expansion of financial regulatory authority to address any adverse effects of windfall profits, substantial price gouging, and artificial scarcity on the US economy. ^{[135] [136] [137]} The 2021–2023 inflation surge has called into question the efficacy of increased federal spending and deficits. ^{[138] [139] [140]}

Criticism

New Democrats have faced criticism from progressives and liberals further to their left, as well as the broader American Left. In a 2017 BBC News interview, Noam Chomsky said that "the Democrats gave up on the working class forty years ago". ^{[141] [142]} In the aftermath of his 2020 presidential campaign, Bernie Sanders stated that "the Democratic Party has become a party of the coastal elites, ^[143] folks who have a lot of money, upper-middle-class people". ^[144] Political analyst Thomas Frank asserted that the Democratic Party began to represent the interests of the professional class rather than the working class. ^[145]

The Democratic Leadership Council, the organization that produced such figures as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Joe Lieberman and Terry McAuliffe, has long been pushing the party to forget blue-collar voters and concentrate instead on recruiting affluent, white-collar professionals who are liberal on social issues. The larger interests that the DLC wants desperately to court are corporations, capable of generating campaign contributions far outweighing anything raised by organized labor. The way to collect the votes and – more important – the money of these coveted constituencies, "New Democrats" think, is to stand rock-solid on, say, the pro-choice position while making endless concessions on economic issues, on welfare, NAFTA, Social Security, labor law, privatization, deregulation and the rest of it.

— Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? (2004), p. 243

In Listen, Liberal: Or, What Ever Happened to the Party of the People? (2016), Frank was one of the few analysts who foresaw that Donald Trump could win the 2016 U.S. presidential election, attributing it to New Democrats alienating working class voters. ^{[146] [147]} Nate Cohn of The New York Times stated that Trump had made larger gains with racial minority voters than with white voters without college degrees compared to the 2012 U.S. presidential election, with the Democratic Party's gains being mainly just among white voters with college degrees. ^[146] Democrats also lost further ground with white voters without college degrees, costing them crucial Rust Belt states in the 2024 elections. ^{[148] [149]} Journalist Michael Cuenco argues that New Democrats have caused the Democratic Party to lose voters without college degrees, who make up the majority of voters. ^[150]

Consider that when Obama last ran, the Midwest was still known as an impenetrable Blue Wall, while Florida and Ohio were still purple states. When Bill Clinton gave his acceptance speech in 1996, the Democrats were competitive throughout large swathes of the South. During that period, they had gone on to win not just Clinton's Arkansas and Al Gore's Tennessee, but states such as Kentucky and Louisiana too. The story of the last three decades has been one of political success for Democrats, who have won the popular vote in seven out of the last eight elections. Yet it is also one of narrowing political constituencies and pyrrhic victories, as the party attracted college-educated professionals at the expense of the non-college-educated majority. In particular, non-college-educated whites were lost, but in recent years they have increasingly been joined by significant numbers of non-college-educated minorities. ^[150]

Elected to public office

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Presidents

1. Bill Clinton ^[151] (former)
2. Barack Obama ^[152] (former)
3. Joe Biden ^{[153] [154]}

Vice presidents

1. Al Gore ^[36] (former)
2. Joe Biden ^[155] (former)
3. Kamala Harris

Senate

1. Chuck Schumer
2. Evan Bayh ^[156] (former)
3. Mark Begich ^[157] (former)
4. Jacky Rosen
5. Jeanne Shaheen
6. Maria Cantwell ^[158]
7. Tom Carper ^[158]
8. Bob Casey Jr. ^[159] (former)
9. Max Cleland ^[160] (former)
10. Hillary Clinton ^[158] (former)
11. Kent Conrad ^[161] (former)
12. Chris Coons ^[162]
13. Joe Donnelly ^[163] (former)
14. Byron Dorgan ^[164] (former)
15. Al Gore ^[36] (former)
16. Maggie Hassan ^[165]
17. Heidi Heitkamp ^[166] (former)
18. John Hickenlooper ^[167]
19. Tim Johnson ^[168] (former)
20. Doug Jones ^[169] (former)
21. John Edwards (former)
22. Ted Kaufman ^[170] (former)
23. Amy Klobuchar ^[158]
24. Mary Landrieu ^[171] (former)
25. Claire McCaskill ^[172] (former)
26. Bill Nelson ^{[173] [158]} (former)
27. Barack Obama ^[152] (former)
28. Mark Pryor ^[174] (former)
29. Ken Salazar ^[175] (former)
30. Debbie Stabenow ^[158]
31. Jon Tester ^[176]
32. Mark Warner ^[92]
33. Michael Bennet
34. Mark Kelly
35. Martin Heinrich
36. Tim Kaine
37. Patty Murray
38. Catherine Cortez Masto
39. Ben Ray Luján
40. Chris Van Hollen
41. Richard Blumenthal

House of Representatives

1. Pete Aguilar ^[177]
2. Colin Allred ^[178]
3. Jason Altmire ^[179]
4. Brad Ashford ^[177] (former)
5. Cindy Axne ^[178]
6. Ami Bera ^[177]
7. Don Beyer ^[177]
8. Lisa Blunt Rochester ^[178]
9. Brendan Boyle ^[178]
10. Anthony Brindisi ^[178] (former)
11. Anthony Brown ^[178]
12. Shontel Brown ^[180]
13. Julia Brownley ^[178]
14. Cheri Bustos ^[178]
15. Lois Capps ^[177] (former)
16. Salud Carbajal ^[178]
17. Tony Cardenas ^[177]
18. André Carson ^[177]
19. Troy Carter ^[181]
20. Sean Casten ^[178]
21. Joaquin Castro ^[177]
22. Gerry Connolly ^[177]
23. Jim Cooper ^[177]
24. Lou Correa ^[178]
25. Jim Costa ^[178]
26. Joe Courtney ^[177]
27. Angie Craig ^[178]
28. Charlie Crist ^[178]
29. Jason Crow ^[178]
30. Joe Crowley ^[182]
31. Henry Cuellar ^[178]
32. Sharice Davids ^[178]
33. Susan Davis ^[177] (former)
34. Madeleine Dean ^[178]
35. John Delaney ^[177] (former)
36. Suzan DelBene ^[177]
37. Val Demings ^[178]
38. Eliot L. Engel ^[177] (former)
39. Veronica Escobar ^[178]
40. Elizabeth Esty ^[177] (former)
41. Lizzie Fletcher ^[177]
42. Bill Foster ^[177]
43. Vicente Gonzalez ^[177]
44. Josh Gottheimer ^[178]
45. Gwen Graham ^[177] (former)
46. Josh Harder ^[178]
47. Denny Heck ^[177] (former)
48. Jim Himes ^[177]
49. Steven Horsford ^[178]
50. Chrissy Houlahan ^[178]
51. Sara Jacobs ^[178]
52. Bill Keating ^[178]
53. Derek Kilmer ^[177]
54. Ron Kind ^[177]
55. Ann Kirkpatrick ^[177]
56. Raja Krishnamoorthi ^[178]
57. Ann McLane Kuster ^[177]
58. Rick Larsen ^[177]
59. Brenda Lawrence ^[178]
60. Al Lawson ^[178]
61. Susie Lee ^[178]
62. Elaine Luria ^[178]
63. Tom Malinowski ^[178]
64. Sean Patrick Maloney ^[177] (former)
65. Kathy Manning ^[178]
66. Lucy McBath ^[178]
67. Gregory Meeks ^[177]
68. Joe Morelle ^[178]
69. Seth Moulton ^[177]
70. Patrick Murphy ^[177]
71. Donald Norcross ^[178]
72. Beto O'Rourke ^[177] (former)
73. Jimmy Panetta ^[178]
74. Chris Pappas ^[178]
75. Scott Peters ^{[177] [178]}
76. Ed Perlmutter ^[177]
77. Dean Phillips ^[178]
78. Pedro Pierluisi ^[177] (former)
79. Mike Quigley ^{[177] [178]}
80. Kathleen Rice ^[177]
81. Laura Richardson ^[183]
82. Cedric Richmond ^[177] (former)
83. Deborah K. Ross ^[178]
84. Raul Ruiz ^[178]
85. Loretta Sanchez ^[177] (former)
86. Adam Schiff ^[177]
87. Brad Schneider ^[178]
88. Kurt Schrader ^[177]
89. David Scott ^[177]
90. Kim Schrier ^[178]
91. Debbie Wasserman Schultz ^[177]
92. Terri Sewell ^[177]
93. Mikie Sherrill ^[178]
94. Elissa Slotkin ^[178]
95. Adam Smith ^[177]
96. Darren Soto ^[178]
97. Greg Stanton ^[178]
98. Haley Stevens ^[178]
99. Marilyn Strickland ^[178]
100. Norma Torres ^[177]
101. Lori Trahan ^[178]
102. David Trone ^[178]
103. Juan Vargas ^[177]
104. Marc Veasey ^[178]
105. Filemon Vela Jr. ^[177] (former)
106. Jennifer Wexton ^[178]
107. Susan Wild ^[178]
108. Nikema Williams ^[180]

Governors

Incumbent governors

1. Andy Beshear ^[184]
2. John Carney ^[177]
3. Roy Cooper ^[185]
4. Laura Kelly ^[186]
5. Janet Mills ^{[187] [188]}
6. Gavin Newsom ^[189]
7. Josh Shapiro ^[190]

Former governors

1. Evan Bayh ^[156] (former)
2. Mike Beebe ^[191] (former)
3. Phil Bredesen ^[192] (former)
4. Steve Bullock ^[193] (former)
5. Tom Carper ^[194] (former)
6. Jim Doyle ^[195] (former)
7. Mike Easley ^[196] (former)
8. Dave Freudenthal ^[197] (former)
9. Christine Gregoire ^[198] (former)
10. Maggie Hassan ^[165] (former)
11. Brad Henry ^[199] (former)
12. John Hickenlooper ^[167] (former)
13. Ted Kulongoski ^[200] (former)
14. Terry McAuliffe ^[201] (former)
15. Ronnie Musgrove ^[202] (former)
16. Janet Napolitano ^[203] (former)
17. Gina Raimondo ^[204] (former)
18. Brian Schweitzer ^[205] (former)
19. Kathleen Sebelius ^[206] (former)
20. Earl Ray Tomblin ^[207] (former)

See also

• Blue Grit
• Labor Right
• New Labour
• New Democrat Coalition
• Problem Solvers Caucus
• Radical centrism
• Rockefeller Republican

Explanatory notes

1. Although there are 50 states, the Democratic primaries include contests in six U.S. territories, and one contest of Democrats Abroad, who are American expatriates.
2. As far back as 2015, the sharp reduction of the debate schedule, as well as the days and times, had been criticized by multiple rivals as biased in Clinton's favor. ^[101] The DNC denied bias, claiming to be cracking down on the non-sanctioned debates that proliferated in recent cycles, while leaving the number of officially sanctioned debates the same as in 2004 and 2008. ^{[102] [103]} Donna Brazile, who succeeded Debbie Wasserman Schultz as DNC chair after the first batch of leaks, ^[104] was shown in the emails leaking primary debate questions to the Clinton campaign before the debates were held, although a senior aide to Sanders came to Brazile's defense and tried to downplay the issue. ^[105]
3. Brazile went on to write a book about the primary and what she called "unethical" behavior in which the DNC (after its debt from 2012 was resolved by the Clinton campaign) gave the Clinton campaign control over hirings and press releases, and allegedly helped it circumvent campaign finance regulation. ^[106] Several Democratic leaders responded that the joint-fundraising agreement was standard, was for the purpose of the general election, and was also offered to the Sanders campaign. Another agreement that came to light gave the Clinton campaign powers over the DNC well before the primary was decided. Some media commentators noted that the Clinton campaign's level of influence on staffing decisions was indeed unusual and could have ultimately influenced factors such as the debate schedule. ^{[107] [108]}

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Further reading

• Cebul, Brent (July 2019). "Supply-Side Liberalism: Fiscal Crisis, Post-Industrial Policy, and the Rise of the New Democrats". Modern American History. 2 (02). Cambridge University Press: 139–164. doi: 10.1017/mah.2019.9 . S2CID   199294170.
• Zengerle, Jason (June 29, 2022). "The Vanishing Moderate Democrat". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

External links

• About the New Democrat movement, DLC