American Rescue Plan Act of 2021

Last updated

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021
Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg
Long titleTo provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of S. Con. Res. 5.
Acronyms (colloquial)ARP, ARPA
NicknamesCOVID-19 Stimulus Package, American Rescue Plan
Enacted bythe 117th United States Congress
EffectiveMarch 11, 2021
Citations
Public law Pub. L.   117–2 (text) (PDF)
Statutes at Large 135  Stat.   4
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as H.R. 1319 by John Yarmuth (D–KY) on February 24, 2021
  • Committee consideration by House Budget
  • Passed the House on February 27, 2021 (219–212)
  • Passed the Senate on March 6, 2021 (50–49) with amendment
  • House agreed to Senate amendment on March 10, 2021 (220–211)
  • Signed into law by President Joe Biden on March 11, 2021

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, also called the COVID-19 Stimulus Package or American Rescue Plan, is a US$1.9 trillion economic stimulus bill passed by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on March 11, 2021, to speed up the country's recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and recession. [1] First proposed on January 14, 2021, the package builds upon many of the measures in the CARES Act from March 2020 and in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, from December. [2] [3]

Contents

On February 8, 2021, the Financial Services and Education and Labor committees released a draft of $1.9 trillion stimulus legislation. A portion of the relief package was approved by the House Ways and Means on February 11, setting it up for a vote in the House. The legislation was also approved by the Transportation and Infrastructure, Small Business, and House Veterans Affairs committees. On February 22, the House Budget Committee voted 19–16 to advance the bill to the House for a floor vote. [4] The bill passed the House by a vote of 219–212 on February 27. All but two Democrats voted for the bill and all Republicans voted against the bill. [5] A modified version passed the Senate on March 6 by a vote of 50–49. [6] The final amended bill was passed by the House on March 10 by a vote of 220–211 with one Democrat (Jared Golden) voting against it alongside all Republicans. [7] The bill was signed into law by President Biden on March 11, 2021. [8]

The American Rescue Plan Act provided for direct economic stimulus payments to individual taxpayers with incomes of $75,000 or less. The Act also allocated $350 billion in assistance to state and local governments, $14 billion for COVID-19 vaccine distribution, and $130 billion to schools to help them safely re-open for in-person instruction. The Act included $300 billion in unemployment benefits that were scheduled to extend through Labor Day 2021, as well as an expanded child tax credit. In addition, the Act called for the distribution of $50 billion to small businesses and another $25 billion for relief for small and mid-sized restaurants. The Act expanded eligibility for Affordable Care Act (ACA) subsidies and gave states incentives to expand Medicaid. [8]

Background

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

By mid-2020, the United States was facing what the National Bureau of Economic Research determined was an economic recession, [9] and by February 2021, 500,000 Americans had died of COVID-19. [10] Over 29 million Americans had tested positive for COVID-19 by March. [11] The United States also faced eviction, unemployment, and hunger crises since the start of the pandemic. [12] Over 30 to 40 million Americans faced a risk of being evicted from their homes by January 2021. [13] Then-president Donald Trump also faced criticism for not having a federal strategy to combat the pandemic, such as nationwide mask mandates on transportation, a mass testing strategy, health guidelines, providing medical-grade protective gear, and having an effective vaccine distribution strategy. On January 20, the day after Joe Biden was inaugurated, he warned that the death toll could exceed 500,000. [14] According to Snopes, Biden inherited a vaccine distribution strategy from Trump, and disease expert Anthony Fauci said that his administration would incorporate some aspects of that Trump-era strategy in its ongoing work. [15]

Previous COVID-19 pandemic legislation

Prior to the passing of the American Rescue Plan, the CARES Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 were signed into law by then-president Donald Trump in March and December 2020, respectively. Trump previously expressed support for direct payments of $2,000 along with Joe Biden and many Democrats. Even though Trump called for Congress to pass a bill increasing direct payments from $600 to $2,000, then-Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell blocked the effort. [16] Additionally, the House voted on the HEROES Act in May 2020, which would operate as a $3 trillion relief package. Despite approval in the lower chambers, the Republican-led Senate would not consider such a bill, citing it to be "dead on arrival". [17] Prior to the Georgia Senate runoffs, Biden said that the direct payments of $2,000 would be passed only if Democratic candidatesJon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock won; [18] the promise of comprehensive COVID-19 relief legislation was reported as a factor in their eventual victories. [19] On January 14, prior to being inaugurated as president, Biden announced the $1.9 trillion stimulus package. [20]

Legislative history

Negotiations

Letter from Senate GOP to President Biden detailing concerns of the American Rescue Plan Letter from Senate Republicans to President Biden Concerning COVID-19 relief proposal.pdf
Letter from Senate GOP to President Biden detailing concerns of the American Rescue Plan

Ten Republican senators announced plans to unveil a roughly $600 billion COVID-19 relief package as a counterproposal to President Joe Biden's $1.9 trillion plan meant to force negotiations. The senators, including Susan Collins of Maine, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Mitt Romney of Utah and Rob Portman of Ohio, told Biden in a letter that they devised the plan "in the spirit of bipartisanship and unity" that the President has urged and said they planned to release a full proposal on February 1. [21] On the same day, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer introduced a budget resolution co-sponsored by Bernie Sanders as a step to pass the legislation without support from the Republican Party. [22] The next day, Biden met with Majority Leader Schumer and other Democrats regarding the relief package. [23]

On February 7, Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen expressed support for the stimulus package. Yellen said that the funding would help millions of Americans and rejected concerns the colossal spending could cause inflation. [24] Yellen also said that the stimulus package would restore full employment by 2022. [25] On February 9, Biden met with JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon and other CEOs to discuss the stimulus plan, with Yellen and Harris taking part in the meeting. [26] [27] On February 11, Pelosi said that she expects lawmakers to complete the legislation by the end of February, and for the legislation to be signed into law by March 14. [28]

On February 16, Biden promoted his stimulus plan in a visit in Milwaukee, Wisconsin during his first official trip as president. He promoted it via a CNN townhall meeting with voters. [29] On February 18, Yellen called for major stimulus checks during an interview on CNBC, and said that stimulus checks would help the economy stage a full recovery. [30]

Budget resolution passage

The United States Senate voted 50–49 to open debate on the resolution, which would allow Democrats to pass the relief package without support from Republicans through the process of reconciliation. [31] [32] The House voted 218–212 to approve the budget resolution. [33] On February 4, a vote-a-rama [34] session began, and the Senate introduced amendments to the relief package, including an amendment in a 90–10 vote that would provide direct relief to the restaurant industry. [35] [36] Vice President Kamala Harris cast a tie-breaking vote as President of the Senate for final Senate passage of the reconciliation bill, sending it to the House approval of the changes, and allowing drafting of the relief bill to begin in the committees. [37] The House approved the resolution 219–209, with Jared Golden being the sole Democrat to join all Republicans in opposition to the bill due to a preference for a separate vaccine bill instead of the longer reconciliation process. [38]

One of the many non-binding budget amendments in the vote-a-rama session was meant to prohibit people who are in the country illegally from receiving pandemic relief checks. The non-binding amendments were not likely to have any effect on the final relief bill. The Republican Party used hundreds of non-binding votes in the hours-long vote-a-rama session to send messages. Under current law, undocumented immigrants were already prohibited from receiving pandemic relief checks. The amendment passed with eight Democrats joining all Republicans. [39] The amendment received criticism from progressive immigration activist Greisa Martínez Rosas and Senator Mazie Hirono (D-HI). [40] The White House later stated that it would continue to support legislation that would give all otherwise eligible individuals with social security numbers stimulus checks. [41]

Budget reconciliation passage

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 - Infographic 0 ARPA 2021 Infographic.png
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 - Infographic

On February 8, a draft of the $1.9 trillion stimulus legislation was released by the Financial Services and Education and Labor committees. [42] On February 11, the House Ways and Means Committee advanced a portion of the $1.9 trillion relief package. [43] The legislation was also approved by several other House committees such as the Transportation and Infrastructure, Small Business, and House Veterans Affairs. [44]

On February 19, the full text of the bill was released. It included an increase in the federal minimum wage, direct checks for Americans making $75,000 or less a year, an extension of $400 federal unemployment benefits and more money for small businesses. [45] [46] On February 22, the House Budget Committee voted 19–16 to advance the bill. [47] The following day, House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer announced that the House vote would occur that Friday. [48] On February 26, the House passed the trillion dollar relief package by a vote of 219–212; two Democrats, Kurt Schrader (OR) and Jared Golden (ME) joined all Republicans in opposition. [49] [50]

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said that the Senate would pass the bill before March 14. [51] On March 4, Schumer introduced the Senate version of the bill on the floor, which had a few changes to the House bill. The Senate voted 51–50 to advance the relief bill and allow debates to begin, with Harris casting the tie-breaking vote. [52] [53] Ron Johnson objected to Schumer's request to skip the reading of the bill, forcing the Senate clerks to read aloud the entire 628-page Senate bill, delaying the Senate amendment process for up to 15 hours. [53] On March 5, the Senate reconvened and had 3 hours of debate, and thereafter moved to the "vote-a-rama" session, where senators would have the opportunity to introduce, debate, and vote on amendments. [54]

There were multiple amendments brought onto the Senate floor. Bernie Sanders introduced the first amendment to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour. All Republicans and eight Democrats voted against the amendment. After the vote, Sanders stated he was not surprised by the outcome and vowed that progressives would keep fighting on other fronts to raise the minimum wage. [54] Senator Tom Carper introduced an amendment which would extend the unemployment benefits through the end of September but would cut the benefits from $400 to $300. The amendment also did not tax the first $10,200 of unemployment benefits. Senator Joe Manchin, a key vote in the Senate, disagreed with Carper's amendment, stalling the Senate amendment process for hours while his Democratic colleagues and the White House pressured him to support Carper's amendment. [55] [56] Manchin had initially signalled he would support a GOP-backed amendment by Portman to cut off the unemployment benefits at July. After hours of negotiations between top Senate Democrats and the White House, Manchin stated he would back a revised version of Carper's amendment which would cut off the unemployment benefits at September 6. [57] The final vote was 50 to 49 on party lines, and the bill was sent back to the House for final passage.

Minimum wage provision

President Biden doubted that his desire to increase the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour would be included in the final coronavirus relief package. [58] [59] Biden predicted that Senate rules for budget reconciliation would prevent the increase from going forward. While recent polling indicates that support for increasing the minimum wage to $15 an hour ranges from 53 to 60%, [60] Democratic Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema opposed this provision and threatened to derail the bill over this issue. [59]

On February 25, the day before the full House vote, the Senate Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough ruled that the proposal to add the minimum wage provision to the stimulus bill was not compatible with the Senate's budget reconciliation process. Pelosi stated later that day that the House would still approve the bill with the minimum wage raise, although it would have to be amended out in the final Senate bill to comply with the parliamentarian's ruling. [61] Progressive Democrats and liberal groups urged Harris to overrule MacDonough (which she has the constitutional power to do as president of the Senate) or for Senate Democratic leadership to replace her (which the Republicans did once before, firing Robert Dove in 2001 after he made a series of rulings blocking tax cuts from being considered under the 51-vote budget reconciliation process); however, neither course was taken. [62] [63] [64] On March 5, eight members of the Senate Democratic caucus joined all 50 Republican Senators to reject an amendment raised by Senator Sanders to increase the minimum wage to $15 in the bill. [65]

In a budget analysis released in February 2021, the Congressional Budget Office found that increasing the minimum wage to $15 would lift 900,000 people out of poverty and cumulatively raise the wage of all affected people by $333 billion, but also could increase the cumulative budget deficit, over the next decade, to $54 billion (and add $16 billion in interest costs) and reduce employment by 0.9% (1.4 million jobs) over four years. [66] [67]

Republican Senators Mitt Romney and Tom Cotton introduced their own bill, which would raise the minimum wage to $10, phasing in gradually to 2025. The minimum wage would biennially rise with inflation, indexed to the chained consumer price index. Businesses would also be required to use the E-Verify system so to ensure that workers paid the higher wages are legal immigrants and eligible to work. Adult workers would have to provide a photo ID, states would be incentivized to share driver's-license data with the system, and the federal government would make more of an effort to block or suspend misused Social Security numbers. [68]

Other excluded provisions

The House-passed bill included $1.5 million to cover operating shortfalls on the New York-Ontario Seaway International Bridge (caused by border closures), and $140 million for the Silicon Valley BART extension. Both provisions were removed from the Senate bill due to Republican opposition. [69] [70] [71]

Final passage

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (left) and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (right) at a ceremony to celebrate passage of the bill Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY), Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Democrats in Congress held an enrollment ceremony for H.R. 1319, the American Rescue Plan Act (51029356816).jpg
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (left) and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (right) at a ceremony to celebrate passage of the bill

On March 10, 2021, the House passed the Senate bill on a near party-line (Jared Golden was the only one to vote against) vote of 220–211 (concurring in the Senate amendments), sending the bill to President Biden for his signature. [72] Biden signed the bill the following day, on March 11, 2021. [73] On March 15, 2021, the White House announced that Gene Sperling will oversee the implementation of the bill. [74] Following the signing, Biden and his top messengers kicked off a "Help is Here" tour across the country to promote the legislation, with Harris visiting a COVID-19 vaccination site in Las Vegas and First Lady Jill Biden visiting an elementary school in New Jersey. [75] On March 16, Biden promoted the bill in Chester, Pennsylvania. [76]

President Joe Biden signing the bill into law as Vice President Kamala Harris (left) watches President Joe Biden signs the American Rescue Plan into law.jpg
President Joe Biden signing the bill into law as Vice President Kamala Harris (left) watches

Section 1005 repeal

Preliminary injunctions issued in federal district court cases halted section 1005 payments, which related to socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers. [77] Section 1005 was repealed by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. [78]

Key elements

A video from the Biden Administration promoting the American Rescue Plan.

The Act allocated $60 billion to counties and $10 billion for a Coronavirus Capital Projects Fund. [79] (The bill initially passed by the House would have instead allocated $65 billion to counties and $65 billion to municipalities; rather, the Senate formula was adopted). [79] Key elements and provisions of the Act include:

Employment

Tax provisions

State, local, and tribal government aid

Economic development

Education

Housing

COVID-19 Provisions

The bill contains the following COVID-19 funding (including for COVID-19 vaccines, testing, and contact tracing) and other healthcare-related funding:

Transportation

Cybersecurity

Healthcare

Impact

The bill's economic-relief provisions were overwhelmingly geared toward low-income and middle-class Americans, who received the direct payments, the bill's expansion of low-income tax credits, child-care subsidies, expanded health-insurance access, extension of expanded unemployment benefits, food stamps, and rental assistance programs. [115] The bill contains little direct aid to high income-earners, who largely retained their jobs during the COVID-19 economic shock and bolstered their savings. [115] Biden's administration crafted the plan in part because economic aid to lower-income and middle-income Americans (who are more likely to immediately spend funds on bills, groceries, and housing costs to avoid eviction or foreclosure) is more likely to stimulate the U.S. economy than aid to higher-earners (who are more likely to save the money). [115] The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy predicted that the stimulus bill's direct payments, child tax credit expansion, and earned income tax credit expansion would boost the income of the poorest one-fifth of Americans by nearly $3,590. [116] The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the bill's increase in health insurance subsidies would lead to 1.3 million previously uninsured Americans gaining health insurance coverage. [117] A 2022 study from the Brookings Institution found mixed results for some of the bill's economic development funding. [118]

The Tax Policy Center wrote that, for households making under $25,000, the bill would cut their taxes by an average of $2,800, which would boost their after-tax income by 20%. Additionally, low-income households with children would see an average tax cut of about $7,700, and this would boost their after-tax income by 35%. Middle-income households will also see an average tax cut of about $3,350, and this would increase their after-tax income by 5.5%. Overall, about 70% of the bill's tax benefits will go to households making under $91,000. [119]

Inflationary impact

A March 2022 study released by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco estimated that U.S. fiscal support measures designed to counteract the severity of the pandemic's economic effect (among them, the American Rescue Plan and the 2020 CARES Act) may have raised core inflation about 3 percentage points by the end of 2021, noting that this estimate falls "in the upper range of findings from other recent research". At the same time, the study notes that these measures may have prevented "outright deflation and slower economic growth, the consequences of which would have been harder to manage". [120] [121] The study estimates the effect on inflation from the aggregate of all U.S. fiscal support measures and does not give estimates for the effects of individual measures.

Response

Congress

The relief package received universal support from Democrats and universal opposition from Republicans, passing on a party-line vote. [122] [123] Some House Democratic progressives expressed disappointment with some changes to the relief package made in the Senate (such as the removal of the $15 minimum wage) to win over moderate Democratic support, but continued to support the package. [124]

Republicans in Congress opposed the bill, claiming it to be unaffordable, [72] and claiming the bill only benefitted Democratic-led states. Though the bill provided some funding for Republican-leaning states, 61% of aid would go to states that voted for Biden in November 2020. [125]

Some Democrats argued the bill's provisions were similar to policies Republicans had supported in the Trump administration; Republicans responded by arguing that such measures were no longer necessary, as the economy was no longer in a recession and COVID-19 vaccines were now being administered. [72]

President Biden

President Biden discusses the relief package with labor leaders in the Oval Office

President Joe Biden advocated for fast-tracking the stimulus package with optimally bipartisan support. In early February 2021, Biden criticized Republicans for not seeking a bipartisan compromise on a final aid bill, and said the Republicans were wilfully obstructing his proposal. [126] At the time, Biden signaled openness to passing the legislation without any support from congressional Republicans. [127] Biden stated that he could not, "in good conscience," make concessions to Republicans who he said propose to either "do nothing or not enough" as Republicans complain Biden is forsaking his promises on bipartisanship and unity. [126] Furthermore, Biden noted that "[a]ll of a sudden, many of them have rediscovered fiscal restraint and the concern for the deficits" in reference to the Trump administrations increase in the national debt following expansive tax cuts and COVID-19 mitigation spending . [126]

Others

Republican mayors such as Jerry Dyer of Fresno, California, Francis Suarez of Miami, David Holt of Oklahoma City, and Betsy Price of Fort Worth, Texas, expressed their support for the plan. Dyer told the Washington Post that "It's not a Republican issue or a Democrat issue. It's a public health issue. It's an economic issue. And it's a public safety issue." [128]

Over 150 CEOs of major companies expressed support for the Biden stimulus plan in a letter and urged Congress to pass it. [129]

A broad range of advocacy and interest groups praised the bill, including local government groups (National Association of Counties and U.S. Conference of Mayors); business associations (National Farmers Union, Airlines for America, National Association of Realtors, National Restaurant Association, Small Business Majority); education organizations (the American Council on Education, American Federation of Teachers, National Education Association, National School Boards Association), organized labor (the AFL–CIO and AFSCME); healthcare organizations (American Academy of Pediatrics, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Nurses United), the American Public Transportation Association, and the civil rights group UnidosUS. [130] Feeding America, the American Hotel & Lodging Association, the Main Street Alliance, the U.S. Travel Association, the American Hospital Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the National Council of Nonprofits praised the bill, but said that additional relief would be necessary. [130] The Business Roundtable, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget called for a smaller and more targeted package. [130]

Several observers have noted that the stimulus greatly increases the role of the government in fighting poverty in the United States, to an extent not seen since Lyndon Johnson's Great Society in the 1960s; accordingly some have seen it as evidence that the United States is moving towards social democracy and away from the "government is the problem" consensus in place since the 1980s. [131] [132]

Dave Yost, the Republican Ohio Attorney General, sued the Biden administration over the provision of the Act that creates a $350 billion fund to help state and local governments pay first responders and other COVID-19-related expenses. The Act provides that a state cannot use federal aid money to offset net revenues lost if a state chooses to implement new state tax cuts. Yost's suit claims that this limitation coerces states and infringes on their "sovereign authority to set state tax policy." [133] [134] [135]

Clinton Administration Treasury Secretary and Harvard University President Lawrence Summers called the bill "the least responsible macroeconomic policy we've had in the last 40 years," arguing the law would lead to substantial inflation (and possibly a recession, if the Federal Reserve responded by raising interest rates). [136] Later data would show a large surge in inflation. [137] Although the importance of the law in causing this has been disputed, price increases rose to the highest levels in 40 years, as Summers had argued. [138] [139]

Public opinion

The stimulus plan had broad public support. [140] A February 11 Newsweek /Harris X poll showed that 60% of Republican voters expressed support for the stimulus plan and a poll from Quinnipiac University found that 68% of Americans support it. [141] [142] A Morning Consult/ Politico poll showed that 76% of voters, including 60% of Republicans and 89% of Democrats, supported the bill. [143] A Monmouth University poll found that 62% of Americans approve of the stimulus package, [140] with 92% of Democrats, 56% of independents, and 33% of Republicans supporting the legislation. [144] CBS News released a poll on March 12, which showed that 75% of Americans approved the stimulus bill, including 77% of independents, 46% of Republicans, and 94% of Democrats. [145] In a poll conducted by Data for Progress and Vox, around 31% of Republican voters believed that their party backs the legislation, with 53% believing that it does not. [146]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congressional Progressive Caucus</span> Caucus within the Democratic Party in the US Congress

The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a congressional caucus affiliated with the Democratic Party in the United States Congress. The CPC represents the progressive faction of the Democratic Party. It was founded in 1991 and has grown since then, becoming the second-largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives.

Budget reconciliation is a special parliamentary procedure of the United States Congress set up to expedite the passage of certain federal budget legislation in the Senate. The procedure overrides the Senate's filibuster rules, which may otherwise require a 60-vote supermajority for passage. Bills described as reconciliation bills can pass the Senate by a simple majority of 51 votes or 50 votes plus the vice president's as the tie-breaker. The reconciliation procedure also applies to the House of Representatives, but it has minor significance there, as the rules of the House of Representatives do not have a de facto supermajority requirement. Because of greater polarization, gridlock, and filibustering in the Senate in recent years, budget reconciliation has come to play an important role in how the United States Congress legislates.

The phrase Bush tax cuts refers to changes to the United States tax code passed originally during the presidency of George W. Bush and extended during the presidency of Barack Obama, through:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurt Schrader</span> American politician and veterinarian (born 1951)

Walter Kurt Schrader is an American politician and veterinarian who served as the U.S. representative for Oregon's 5th congressional district from 2009 to 2023. His district covered most of Oregon's central coast, plus Salem, and many of Portland's southern suburbs, and a sliver of Portland itself. A member of the Democratic Party, Schrader served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly from 1997 to 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</span> Stimulus package

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Great Recession, the primary objective of this federal statute was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.

Beginning in 2008, many nations of the world enacted fiscal stimulus plans in response to the Great Recession. These nations used different combinations of government spending and tax cuts to boost their sagging economies. Most of these plans were based on the Keynesian theory that deficit spending by governments can replace some of the demand lost during a recession and prevent the waste of economic resources idled by a lack of demand. The International Monetary Fund recommended that countries implement fiscal stimulus measures equal to 2% of their GDP to help offset the global contraction. In subsequent years, fiscal consolidation measures were implemented by some countries in an effort to reduce debt and deficit levels while at the same time stimulating economic recovery.

The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration, or in its colloquial portmanteau form "Obamanomics", was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund health care reform, reduce the federal budget deficit, and decrease income inequality. President Obama's first term (2009–2013) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and subprime mortgage crisis, which began in 2007. These included a major stimulus package, banking regulation, and comprehensive healthcare reform. As the economy improved and job creation continued during his second term (2013–2017), the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester (cap) was implemented, to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels. The number of persons without health insurance was reduced by 20 million, reaching a record low level as a percent of the population. By the end of his second term, the number of persons with jobs, real median household income, stock market, and real household net worth were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below historical average.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</span> 2010 Tax Relief Act

The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, also known as the 2010 Tax Relief Act, was passed by the United States Congress on December 16, 2010, and signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 17, 2010.

The 2012 United States federal budget was the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 2012, which lasted from October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012. The original spending request was issued by President Barack Obama in February 2011. That April, the Republican-held House of Representatives announced a competing plan, The Path to Prosperity, emboldened by a major victory in the 2010 Congressional elections associated with the Tea Party movement. The budget plans were both intended to focus on deficit reduction, but differed in their changes to taxation, entitlement programs, defense spending, and research funding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CARES Act</span> COVID-19 stimulus in the United States

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, also known as the CARES Act, is a $2.2 trillion economic stimulus bill passed by the 116th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on March 27, 2020, in response to the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The spending primarily includes $300 billion in one-time cash payments to individual people who submit a tax return in America, $260 billion in increased unemployment benefits, the creation of the Paycheck Protection Program that provides forgivable loans to small businesses with an initial $350 billion in funding, $500 billion in loans for corporations, and $339.8 billion to state and local governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act</span> 2020 US federal law; "Phase 3.5" of fiscal COVID-19 pandemic relief

Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act is a $484 billion law that increases funding to the Paycheck Protection Program and also provides more funding for hospitals and testing for COVID-19. The law was enacted as a response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HEROES Act</span> Proposed stimulus package legislation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

The Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act, or Heroes Act, was proposed legislation acting as a $3 trillion stimulus package in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, intended to supplement the earlier CARES Act stimulus package. The bill for this Act of Congress was proposed by Representative Nita Lowey, a Democrat from New York, on May 12, 2020, and was passed by the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 208–199 on May 15, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

The federal government of the United States initially responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country with various declarations of emergency, some of which led to travel and entry restrictions and the formation of the White House Coronavirus Task Force. As the pandemic progressed in the U.S. and globally, the U.S. government began issuing recommendations regarding the response by state and local governments, as well as social distancing measures and workplace hazard controls. State governments played a primary role in adopting policies to address the pandemic. Following the closure of most businesses throughout a number of U.S. states, President Donald Trump announced the mobilization of the National Guard in the most affected areas. In January 2022, President Biden confirmed there's no federal solution to the pandemic as cases were climbing dramatically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HEALS Act</span>

The Health, Economic Assistance, Liability Protection and Schools (HEALS) Act was a $1 trillion economic stimulus bill introduced in 2020 by the United States Senate during the COVID-19 pandemic, to supplement the earlier CARES Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</span> Appropriations and pandemic relief bill

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 is a $2.3 trillion spending bill that combines $900 billion in stimulus relief for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States with a $1.4 trillion omnibus spending bill for the 2021 federal fiscal year and prevents a government shutdown. The bill is one of the largest spending measures ever enacted, surpassing the $2.2 trillion CARES Act, enacted in March 2020. The legislation is the first bill to address the pandemic since April 2020. According to the Senate Historical Office, at 5,593 pages, the legislation is the longest bill ever passed by Congress.

The economic policy of the Joe Biden administration, colloquially known as Bidenomics, is characterized by relief measures and vaccination efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in infrastructure, and strengthening the social safety net, funded by tax increases on higher-income individuals and corporations. Other goals include increasing the national minimum wage and expanding worker training, narrowing income inequality, expanding access to affordable healthcare, and forgiveness of student loan debt. The March 2021 enactment of the American Rescue Plan to provide relief from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was the first major element of the policy. Biden's Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was signed into law in November 2021 and contains about $550 billion in additional investment. Biden also signed three major pieces of longer-term economic legislation to repair infrastructure like roads, bridges and water pipes, boost semiconductor investment, and expand green energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Build Back Better Plan</span> Economic and infrastructure package

The Build Back Better Plan or Build Back Better Agenda was a legislative framework proposed by U.S. President Joe Biden between 2020 and 2021. Generally viewed as ambitious in size and scope, it sought the largest nationwide public investment in social, infrastructural, and environmental programs since the 1930s Great Depression-era policies of the New Deal.

The first 100 days of the Joe Biden presidency began on January 20, 2021, the day Joe Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States. The 100th day of his presidency ended on April 30. The first 100 days of a presidential term took on symbolic significance during Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office, and the period is considered a benchmark to measure the early success of a president. The 100th day of his presidency ended on April 30, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</span> Legislation of the 117th United States Congress

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), is a United States federal statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on November 15, 2021. It was introduced in the House as the INVEST in America Act and nicknamed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Build Back Better Act</span> American bill introduced in 2021

The Build Back Better Act was a bill introduced in the 117th Congress to fulfill aspects of President Joe Biden's Build Back Better Plan. It was spun off from the American Jobs Plan, alongside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, as a $3.5 trillion Democratic reconciliation package that included provisions related to climate change and social policy. Following negotiations, the price was lowered to approximately $2.2 trillion. The bill was passed 220–213 by the House of Representatives on November 19, 2021.

References

  1. ↑ "American Rescue Plan: Inside Biden's $1.9 Trillion Stimulus". SmartAsset. January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  2. ↑ Luhby, Tami; Lobosco, Katie (January 14, 2021). "Here's what's in Biden's $1.9 trillion economic rescue package". CNN. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tankersley, Jim; Crowley, Michael (January 14, 2021). "Here are the highlights of Biden's $1.9 trillion 'American Rescue Plan.'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  4. ↑ Fox, Lauren; Grayer, Annie (February 22, 2021). "House panel sets up floor vote on Covid relief bill later this week". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  5. ↑ Segers, Grace (February 27, 2021). "Biden's $1.9 trillion relief bill passes House, but faces Senate hurdle". CBS News. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  6. ↑ Behrmann, Ledyard King, Bart Jansen, Nicholas Wu and Savannah. "Senate passes Biden's COVID relief bill, sending legislation with $1,400 stimulus checks to House". USA TODAY. Retrieved March 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Hagen, Lisa. "House Passes Amended Coronavirus Relief Bill, Delivers Biden First Legislative Victory". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  8. 1 2 Segers, Grace (March 12, 2021). "Biden signs $1.9 trillion COVID relief bill, American Rescue Plan, into law". www.cbsnews.com.
  9. ↑ Rushe, Dominic. "US has officially entered first recession since 2009". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  10. ↑ Ehley, Brianna (February 22, 2021). "U.S. surpasses 500,000 Covid deaths". Politico. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  11. ↑ Dugan, Kelli (March 8, 2021). "Coronavirus: Total US COVID-19 cases top 29 million as death toll swells past 525,000". KIRO-TV.
  12. ↑ Yurkevich, Vanessa (January 26, 2021). "Evictions, unemployment and hunger: The American economy Joe Biden inherits". CNN.
  13. ↑ Hackney, Suzette (December 17, 2020). "Millions of Americans face eviction amid COVID-19: 'I have no idea what to do.'". USA Today.
  14. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl (January 21, 2021). "Biden Unveils National Strategy That Trump Resisted". New York Times.
  15. ↑ Lee, Jessica (January 22, 2021). "Did Biden Inherit 'Nonexistent' COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Plan?". Snopes.
  16. ↑ Gregorian, Dareh (December 29, 2020). "McConnell blocks Senate Democrats' move to pass $2,000 coronavirus checks". NBC News.
  17. ↑ "Republicans 'Appalled' By $3 Trillion Heroes Act As Democrats Urge Its Passing". Forbes.
  18. ↑ Duffy, Kate (January 5, 2021). "Biden tells Georgia voters that $2,000 stimulus checks will never arrive if Republicans win Senate runoffs". Business Insider.
  19. ↑ Wise, Alana (January 6, 2021). "Jon Ossoff Wins Georgia Runoff, Handing Democrats Senate Control : NPR". NPR . Archived from the original on March 31, 2021.
  20. ↑ Mason, Jeff; Renshaw, Jarrett (January 14, 2021). "Biden unveils plan to pump $1.9 trillion into pandemic-hit economy". Reuters.
  21. ↑ Collinson, Stephen (February 2021). "Analysis: Biden faces presidency-defining dilemma over Republican offer on Covid-19 rescue plan". CNN. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  22. ↑ Quinn, Melissa; Turman, Jack (February 2, 2021). "Democrats introduce budget resolution, kicking off fast-track process to pass COVID package". CBS News. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  23. ↑ Carney, Jordain (February 3, 2021). "Schumer vows Democrats 'united' after Biden meeting on coronavirus". The Hill. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  24. ↑ Shahrigian, Shant (February 7, 2021). "Janet Yellen, Pete Buttigieg push $1.9T stimulus package". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  25. ↑ Crutsinger, Martin (February 7, 2021). "Yellen: Biden's plan could restore full employment by 2022". ABC News. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  26. ↑ Stein, Jeff; Werner, Erica (February 9, 2021). "Jamie Dimon, other CEOs meet with President Biden at White House as relief plan advances". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  27. ↑ Schroeder, Robert (February 9, 2021). "Biden and Yellen discuss $1.9 trillion COVID relief plan with JPMorgan, Walmart, Gap CEOs". Marketwatch. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  28. ↑ Pramuk, Jacob (February 11, 2021). "Pelosi expects Covid relief will be signed into law before unemployment programs expire". CNBC. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  29. ↑ Mason, Jeff (February 16, 2021). "With Trump's impeachment trial over, Biden pushes his agenda in televised town hall". Reuters. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  30. ↑ Cox, Jeff (February 18, 2021). "Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen makes push for major stimulus, sees bigger risk in not doing enough". C. Retrieved February 20, 2021. Yellen, Janet: "We think it's very important to have a big package [that] addresses the pain this has caused – 15 million Americans behind on their rent, 24 million adults and 12 million children who don't have enough to eat, small businesses failing."
  31. ↑ Wasson, Erik (February 2, 2021). "Senate Democrats Move to Put Biden Stimulus Plan on Fast Track". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  32. ↑ Zeballos-Roig, Joseph (February 2, 2021). "Senate Democrats take the first step to pass Biden's $1.9 trillion stimulus package on their own as the administration stands by it". Business Insider. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  33. ↑ Elis, Niv (February 3, 2021). "House approves budget resolution for COVID-19 package". The Hill. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  34. ↑ Russonello, Giovanni (March 5, 2021). "What's in a Vote-a-Rama?". The New York Times . Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  35. ↑ Fantozzi, Joanna (February 4, 2021). "The Senate overwhelmingly passed restaurant relief budget resolution amendment". nrn.com.
  36. ↑ Kapur, Sahil (February 4, 2021). "Democrats take new step to fast-tracking Covid relief as Senate 'vote-a-rama' begins". NBC News. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Senate passes key budget bill for COVID-19 relief, with Harris as tiebreaker". Los Angeles Times.
  38. ↑ "House passes budget resolution, paving way for Biden's COVID-19 relief plan". The Hill . February 5, 2021.
  39. ↑ Wingerter, Justin (February 4, 2021). "Sen. John Hickenlooper frustrates immigration activists with vote to block some from stimulus checks". The Denver Post. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  40. ↑ Everett, Burgett; Levine, Marianne (February 8, 2021). "Dems split as progressives rage over immigration vote". Politico. Hirono, Mazie: There are undocumented people who pay taxes. … They also have children who are Americans. So they should get those checks. I don't agree with them. That's what I make of it.
  41. ↑ Carrasquillo, Adrian (February 9, 2021). "White House Confirms Support for Stimulus Checks for Citizens Born to Undocumented Immigrants". Newsweek. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  42. ↑ Davison, Laura; Wasson, Erik (February 8, 2021). "House Democrats Unveil First Draft of Stimulus-Bill Measures". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  43. ↑ Jagoda, Naomi (February 11, 2021). "House panel advances portion of relief package that includes $1,400 checks". The Hill. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  44. ↑ Pramuck, Jacob (February 12, 2021). "House advances $1,400 payments, unemployment boost as part of Covid relief plan". CNBC.
  45. ↑ "READ: Full House Democratic Covid relief and $15 minimum wage increase bill". CNN. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  46. ↑ Fox, Lauren; Diaz, Daniella (February 19, 2021). "House Democrats unveil full $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill with minimum wage increase". CNN. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  47. ↑ Elis, Niv (February 22, 2021). "House panel advances Biden's $1.9T COVID-19 aid bill". The Hill. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  48. ↑ Williams, Jordan (February 23, 2021). "Hoyer: House will vote on COVID-19 relief bill Friday". The Hill. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  49. ↑ Foran, Clare; Grayer, Annie; Wilson, Kristin; Fox, Lauren (February 26, 2021). "House passes Biden's $1.9 trillion Covid relief package". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  50. ↑ Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (February 26, 2021). "Roll Call 47 Roll Call 47, Bill Number: H. Res. 166, 117th Congress, 1st Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved February 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ↑ Solender, Andrew (February 19, 2021). "Schumer Predicts Biden Will Sign Stimulus Before March 14 Unemployment Deadline". Forbes. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Senate advances COVID relief bill with Kamala Harris as tie-breaking vote". Newsweek. March 4, 2021.
  53. 1 2 Foran, Clare; Barrett, Ted (March 4, 2021). "Senate begins marathon push for Covid relief". CNN. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  54. 1 2 Macaya, Melissa; Wagner, Meg; Mahtani, Melissa. "The latest on the Covid-19 stimulus bill". CNN. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  55. ↑ Pecorin, Allison; Turner, Trish (March 5, 2021). "Democrats' unemployment insurance plan passes on party line vote". ABC News.
  56. ↑ Fram, Alan (March 5, 2021). "Senate Dems strike jobless aid deal, relief bill OK in sight". Associated Press.
  57. ↑ Raju, Manu; Foran, Clare; Barrett, Ted; Rogers, Alex (March 6, 2021). "Senate passes Biden's $1.9 trillion Covid relief plan after all-night votes". CNN.
  58. ↑ "Biden wants fast COVID aid, but minimum wage hike in doubt". Associated Press. February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  59. 1 2 Levine, Marianne (February 5, 2021). "Biden casts doubt on $15 minimum wage hike in Covid relief package". Politico. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  60. ↑ Rakich, Nathaniel (March 5, 2021). "What Americans Think About The Minimum Wage And Their Governors". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Senate Can't Vote On $15 Minimum Wage, Parliamentarian Rules". NPR.org. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  62. ↑ "On $15 minimum wage, will Kamala Harris overrule the Senate parliamentarian?". Newsweek. February 25, 2021.
  63. ↑ Sean Sullivan and Cleve R. Wootson Jr. (March 6, 2021). "Harris caught between a restless base and a traditionalist Biden". Washington Post.
  64. ↑ Shepherd, Katie (February 26, 2021). "Some Democrats want to fire the Senate parliamentarian who scuttled $15 minimum-wage plans. It's been done once before". Washington Post.
  65. ↑ "Senate rejects Sanders proposal for $15 minimum wage in Covid relief package" . The Independent. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021.
  66. ↑ Morath, Eric (February 8, 2021). "$15 Minimum Wage Would Cut Employment, Reduce Poverty, CBO Study Finds". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  67. ↑ "The Budgetary Effects of the Raise the Wage Act of 2021" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. February 2021.
  68. ↑ Gregorian, Dareh (February 16, 2021). "GOP Sens. Romney, Cotton to propose minimum wage hike coupled with immigration enforcement". NBC News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  69. ↑ Mallory Moench, Silicon Valley BART extension axed from federal stimulus bill after Republican protests, San Francisco Chronicle (March 3, 2021).
  70. ↑ Alex Gault, Seaway International Bridge federal aid scrapped reportedly because Stefanik refused to advocate for funding, NNY360 (March 3, 2021).
  71. ↑ Kevin Freking, Projects GOP tied to Pelosi, Schumer dropped from virus bill, Associated Press (March 3, 2021).
  72. 1 2 3 Emily Cochrane, Congress Clears $1.9 Trillion Aid Bill, Sending It to Biden, New York Times (March 10, 2021).
  73. ↑ "Biden signs $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law". CBS News. March 12, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  74. ↑ Mattingly, Phil; Diamond, Jeremy; Vazquez, Maegan (March 15, 2021). "Gene Sperling will oversee Covid-19 relief law rollout". CNN. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  75. ↑ "'Help Is Here' roadshow begins to promote a $1.9 trillion pandemic relief package that's already polling well". MarketWatch. March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  76. ↑ Terruso, Julia (March 16, 2021). "Biden says 'help is on the way' as he kicks off campaign to sell the $1.9 trillion stimulus outside Philly". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  77. ↑ "Update on American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) Section 1005 Payments". United States Department of Agriculture. February 28, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  78. ↑ Inflation Reduction Act, enacted August 16, 2022, § 22008
  79. 1 2 3 4 Tami Luhby, With Congress poised to give states and local governments $350 billion, pandemic budget hit for many was smaller than predicted, CNN (March 5, 2021).
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 Emily Cochrane, Divided Senate Passes Biden's Pandemic Aid Plan, New York Times (March 6, 2021).
  81. 1 2 3 4 Tony Romm, Jeff Stein and Erica Werner, Senate passes Biden's $1.9 trillion coronavirus relief bill after voting overnight on amendments, sends measure back to House, Washington Post (March 6, 2021).
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tami Luhby & Katie Lobosco, A guide to what you can expect to get from the $1.9 trillion Senate stimulus, CNN (March 6, 2021).
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Zhou & Emily Stewart, The Senate just passed the $1.9 trillion stimulus package. Here's what in it., Vox (March 6, 2021).
  84. ↑ Biden limits eligibility for stimulus payments under pressure from moderate Senate Democrats, Washington Post (March 3, 2021).
  85. ↑ More than stimulus checks: All the tax breaks parents and retirees should know, CNET (March 5, 2021).
  86. 1 2 3 Lieber, Ron; Bernard, Tara (March 6, 2021). "F.A.Q. on Stimulus, Unemployment and Tax Rebates". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  87. ↑ Higgins, Tucker (February 8, 2020). "Democrats unveil one-year plan to send up to $3,600 per child to households". CNBC. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  88. ↑ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 1st Session".
  89. 1 2 Kery Murakami, $40 Billion for Colleges, InsiderHigherEd (March 8, 2021).
  90. ↑ Emily Stewart, What the Covid-19 relief bill does for student loan forgiveness, explained, Vox (March 8, 2021).
  91. ↑ "Gig workers could end up losers in Covid relief bill". POLITICO. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  92. 1 2 3 4 Brian Faler, A $60 billion surprise in the Covid relief bill: Tax hikes, Politico (March 10, 2021).
  93. 1 2 3 Tory Newmyer, The business winners in Biden's relief package: Restaurants, concert venues and airplane manufacturers, Washington Post (March 7, 2021).
  94. ↑ Taylor Mims, Proposed Rule Change Allows Indie Venues to Apply for Both SBA Grants and PPP Loans, Billboard (March 4, 2021).
  95. ↑ "Understanding the Recovery Startup Provision of the Employee Retention Tax Credit". Clarus R+D.
  96. ↑ American Rescue Plan Act (Pub. L. 117-2). Stat. Vol. 135. 2021. 93.
  97. ↑ "Build Back Better Regional Challenge Program Resources" (PDF). U.S. Economic Development Administration. September 23, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  98. ↑ "President Biden to Announce 21 Winners of $1 Billion American Rescue Plan Regional Challenge". U.S. Economic Development Administration. September 2, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  99. ↑ SUPERVILLE, DARLENE (July 19, 2022). "Jill Biden, education chief to kick off summer learning tour". CBS42. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  100. 1 2 Tami Luhby and Katie Lobosco, Here's what's in the Senate stimulus plan, CNN (March 6, 2021).
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FACT SHEET: Department of Education Announces State-by-State American Rescue Plan Funding for Colleges and Universities". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: The White House. March 7, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  102. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Analysis: Congress Passes $1.9 Trillion COVID-19 Relief Package". Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  103. 1 2 3 4 Olivia, Ann; Rice, Douglas. "Housing Assistance in American Rescue Plan Act Will Prevent Millions of Evictions, Help People Experiencing Homelessness". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  104. ↑ Shear, Michael (April 7, 2021). "FEMA will offer more financial aid for Covid funeral expenses starting next week". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  105. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 U.S. House Passes American Rescue Plan – 15 Provisions for Healthcare Providers, McGuireWoods LLP/JDSupra (March 2, 2021).
  106. ↑ Mary Williams Walsh and Alan Rappeport, Rescue Package Includes $86 Billion Bailout for Failing Pensions, New York Times (March 7, 2021).
  107. ↑ Dave Jamieson, Democrats' Relief Bill Shores Up A Million People's Pensions. That's A Huge Deal., HuffPo (March 7, 2021).
  108. 1 2 3 4 Lori Aratani, Airlines, public transit agencies say $1.9 trillion relief plan would prevent deep cuts, job losses, Washington Post (March 8, 2021).
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 What's in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 for Agriculture?, Market Intel, Farm Bureau.
  110. 1 2 Relief bill is most significant legislation for Black farmers since Civil Rights Act, experts say, Washington Post (March 8, 2021).
  111. 1 2 3 4 Miller, Maggie (March 4, 2021). "Senate includes nearly $2 billion in cyber, tech funds to COVID-19 bill" . Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  112. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Keith, Katie (2021). "Final Coverage Provisions In The American Rescue Plan And What Comes Next". doi:10.1377/forefront.20210311.725837.
  113. 1 2 McDermott, Daniel; Cox, Cynthia; Amin, Krutika. "Impact of Key Provisions of the House COVID-19 Relief Proposal on Marketplace Premiums" . Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  114. ↑ Suran, Melissa (January 25, 2022). "Coverage of COVID-19 Vaccine Counseling for Children and Youths". JAMA. 327 (4): 313. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.25080 . ISSN   0098-7484. PMID   35076682. S2CID   246278716.
  115. 1 2 3 Jim Tankersley, To Juice the Economy, Biden Bets on the Poor, New York Times (March 6, 2021).
  116. ↑ Picchi, Aimee (February 12, 2021). "Stimulus bill would boost incomes of poorest Americans by nearly $4,000". CBS News. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  117. ↑ Paige Winfield Cunningham, The Health 202: Buried in Biden's stimulus plan is a 29 percent spending hike in Obamacare subsidies, The Washington Post (March 3, 2021).
  118. ↑ Parilla, Joseph; Haskins, Glencora; Muro, Mark (November 17, 2022). "The future of place-based economic policy: Early insights from the Build Back Better Regional Challenge". Brookings. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  119. ↑ Gleckman, Howard (March 8, 2021). "Pandemic Bill Would Cut Taxes by An Average of $3,000, With Most Relief Going to Low- And Middle-Income Households". Tax Policy Center. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  120. ↑ "San Francisco Fed Paper Ties Some of the Inflation Surge to Fiscal Aid". Wall Street Journal. March 29, 2022. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  121. ↑ Jordà, Òscar (March 28, 2022). "Why Is U.S. Inflation Higher than in Other Countries?" (PDF). FRBSF Economic Letter.
  122. ↑ Hulse, Carl (March 6, 2021). "After Stimulus Victory in Senate, Reality Sinks in: Bipartisanship Is Dead". New York Times .
  123. ↑ Stein, Jeff (March 7, 2021). "'We need the government': Biden's $1.9 trillion relief plan reflects seismic shifts in U.S. politics". Washington Post.
  124. ↑ Elbeshbishi, Sarah (March 6, 2021). "Some House progressives aren't happy with Senate version of COVID relief package. Here's what changed". USA Today .
  125. ↑ Lange, Andy Sullivan (February 24, 2021). "Analysis: Urban states come out ahead, rural states get less in Biden's COVID-19 relief bill". Reuters.
  126. 1 2 3 "Remarks by President Biden on the State of the Economy and the Need for the American Rescue Plan". The White House. February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  127. ↑ Chalfant, Morgan; Samuels, Brett (February 5, 2021). "Biden signals he'll move forward on COVID-19 relief without GOP". The Hill.
  128. ↑ Villarreal, Daniel (February 15, 2021). "'Way Overdue': Biden's $1.9 Tn Stimulus Plan Wins Support Among GOP Leaders Outside D.C." Newsweek. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  129. ↑ DeNisco Rayome, Alison (February 24, 2021). "CEOs from Google, Zoom and over 150 companies urge Congress to pass Biden stimulus plan". CNET. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  130. 1 2 3 Alicia Parlapiano, What 27 Special Interest Groups Said About the Stimulus Bill, New York Times (March 7, 2021).
  131. ↑ Politi, James; Fedor, Lauren; Rogers, Taylor Nicole (March 12, 2021). "Joe Biden and the new era of big government". Financial Times.
  132. ↑ "Congress Ends Welfare Reform as We Know It". Politico . March 10, 2021.
  133. ↑ Romm, Tony (March 17, 2021). "Ohio attorney general sues Biden administration over $1.9 trillion stimulus". Washington Post.
  134. ↑ Kovac, Marc (March 18, 2021). "Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost sues feds over restrictions on coronavirus relief aid". Columbus Dispatch.
  135. ↑ Yost, Dave (March 24, 2021). "The Biden Administration Is Coercing the States. Ohio Is Fighting Back". National Review . Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  136. ↑ "Larry Summers blasts $1.9 T stimulus as 'least responsible' economic policy in 40 years". March 20, 2021.
  137. ↑ "Former Treasury secretary breaks down rising inflation". CNN . July 17, 2021.
  138. ↑ "Now Biden's given America the worst inflation in 40 years". January 13, 2022.
  139. ↑ "Larry Summers was right on inflation. Let's hope his recession forecast is wrong. - the Boston Globe". The Boston Globe .
  140. 1 2 Lauren Gambino & Martin Pengelly, Biden hails 'giant step' as Senate passes $1.9tn coronavirus relief bill, The Guardian (March 6, 2021).
  141. ↑ Hansen, Sarah (February 3, 2021). "68% Of Americans Approve Of Biden's $1.9 Trillion Stimulus Plan, Poll Finds". Forbes. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  142. ↑ Lemon, Jason (February 11, 2021). "Majority of Republicans Back Dems Passing COVID Stimulus Without GOP Lawmakers' Support: Poll". Newsweek. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  143. ↑ Williams, Claire (February 24, 2021). "With Congressional Stimulus Fight Looming, 76% of Voters Back $1.9 Trillion Plan, Including 60% of Republicans". Morning Consult . Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  144. ↑ Public Wants Stimulus Checks More Than GOP Support for Plan, Monmouth University Polling Institute (March 3, 2021).
  145. ↑ Pinto, Jennifer; Salvanto, Anthony; Khanna, Kabir; Backus, Fred (March 12, 2021). "COVID relief legislation popular with Americans — CBS News poll". CBS News. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  146. ↑ Zhou, Li (March 22, 2021). "Poll: 31 percent of Republicans think their party backs the American Rescue Plan". Vox. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.