Flattening the curve

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20200403 Flatten the curve animated GIF.gif
Measures such as hand washing, social distancing and face masks reduce and delay the peak of active cases, allowing more time for healthcare capacity to increase and better cope with patient load. [1] Time gained through thus flattening the curve can be used to raise the line of healthcare capacity to better meet surging demand. [2]
20200609 Effect of pandemic containment measures.gif
Without pandemic containment measures—such as social distancing, vaccination, and use of face masks—pathogens can spread exponentially. [3] This graphic illustrates how early adoption of containment measures tends to protect wider swaths of the population, thus reducing and delaying the peak of active cases.
SIR model showing the impact of reducing the infection rate ( b {\textstyle \beta } ) by 76% SIR model anim.gif
SIR model showing the impact of reducing the infection rate () by 76%

Flattening the curve is a public health strategy to slow down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. The curve being flattened is the epidemic curve, a visual representation of the number of infected people needing health care over time. During an epidemic, a health care system can break down when the number of people infected exceeds the capability of the health care system's ability to take care of them. Flattening the curve means slowing the spread of the epidemic so that the peak number of people requiring care at a time is reduced, and the health care system does not exceed its capacity. Flattening the curve relies on mitigation techniques such as hand washing, use of face masks and social distancing.

Contents

A complementary measure is to increase health care capacity, to "raise the line". [4] As described in an article in The Nation , "preventing a health care system from being overwhelmed requires a society to do two things: 'flatten the curve'—that is, slow the rate of infection so there aren't too many cases that need hospitalization at one time—and 'raise the line'—that is, boost the hospital system's capacity to treat large numbers of patients." [5] As of April 2020, in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, two key measures are to increase the numbers of available ICU beds and ventilators, which are in systemic shortage. [2] [ needs update ]

Background

Warnings about the risk of pandemics were repeatedly made throughout the 2000s and the 2010s by major international organisations including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank, especially after the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. [6] Governments, including those in the United States and France, both prior to the 2009 swine flu pandemic, and during the decade following the pandemic, both strengthened their health care capacities and then weakened them. [7] [8] At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, health care systems in many countries were functioning near their maximum capacities. [4] [ better source needed ]

In a situation like this, when a sizable new epidemic emerges, a portion of infected and symptomatic patients create an increase in the demand for health care that has only been predicted statistically, without the start date of the epidemic nor the infectivity and lethality known in advance. [4] If the demand surpasses the capacity line in the infections per day curve, then the existing health facilities cannot fully handle the patients, resulting in higher death rates than if preparations had been made. [4]

An influential UK study showed that an unmitigated COVID-19 response in the UK could have required up to 46 times the number of available ICU beds. [9] One major public health management challenge is to keep the epidemic wave of incoming patients needing material and human health care resources supplied in a sufficient amount that is considered medically justified. [4]

Flattening the curve

Queue markers at a shopping mall in Bangkok as a social distancing practicing Queue during COVID-19 must be social distancing at ICONSIAM.jpg
Queue markers at a shopping mall in Bangkok as a social distancing practicing

Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as hand washing, social distancing, isolation and disinfection [4] reduce the daily infections, therefore flattening the epidemic curve. A successfully flattened curve spreads health care needs over time and the peak of hospitalizations under the health care capacity line. [2] Doing so, resources, be it material or human, are not exhausted and lacking. In hospitals, it for medical staff to use the proper protective equipment and procedures, but also to separate contaminated patients and exposed workers from other populations to avoid intra-hospital spread. [4]

Raising the line

Along with the efforts to flatten the curve is the need for a parallel effort to "raise the line", to increase the capacity of the health care system. [2] Healthcare capacity can be raised by raising equipment, staff, providing telemedicine, home care and health education to the public. [4] Elective procedures can be cancelled to free equipment and staffs. [4] Raising the line aims to provide adequate medical equipment and supplies for more patients. [10]

During the COVID-19 pandemic

Simulations comparing rate of spread of infection, and number of deaths due to overrun of hospital capacity, when social interactions are "normal" (left, 200 people moving freely) and "distanced" (right, 25 people moving freely). Green = Healthy, uninfected individuals Red = Infected individuals Blue = Recovered individual Black = Dead individuals Katapult importance social distancing.gif
Simulations comparing rate of spread of infection, and number of deaths due to overrun of hospital capacity, when social interactions are "normal" (left, 200 people moving freely) and "distanced" (right, 25 people moving freely).
Green = Healthy, uninfected individuals
Red = Infected individuals
Blue = Recovered individual
Black = Dead individuals

The concept was popular during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. [12]

According to Vox, in order to move away from social distancing and return to normal, the US needs to flatten the curve by isolation and mass testing, and to raise the line. [13] Vox encourages building up health care capability including mass testing, software and infrastructures to trace and quarantine infected people, and scaling up cares including by resolving shortages in personal protection equipment, face masks. [13]

According to The Nation, territories with weak finances and health care capacity such as Puerto Rico face an uphill battle to raise the line, and therefore a higher imperative pressure to flatten the curve. [5]

In March 2020, UC Berkeley Economics and Law professor Aaron Edlin commented that ongoing massive efforts to flatten the curve supported by trillions dollars emergency package should be matched by equal efforts to raise the line and increase health care capacity. [14] Edlin called for an activation of the Defense Production Act to order manufacturing companies to produce the needed sanitizers, personal protective equipment, ventilators, and set up hundreds thousands to millions required hospital beds. [14] Standing in March 2020 estimates, Edlin called for the construction of 100-300 emergency hospitals to face what he described as "the largest health catastrophe in 100 years" and to adapt health care legislation preventing emergency practices needed in time of pandemics. [14] Edlin pointed out proposed stimulus package as oriented toward financial panics, while not providing sufficient funding for the core issue of a pandemic: health care capability. [14]

In early May, the senior contributor on healthcare from Forbes posted, "Tenet Healthcare said its more than 60 hospitals are 'not being overwhelmed' by patients sickened by the Coronavirus strain COVID-19, the latest sign the U.S. healthcare system may be effectively coping with the pandemic," suggesting that the goal of flattening the curve to a point below health care capacity had met with initial success. [15] By 2021, the phrase "flatten the curve" had largely fallen out of medical messaging etymology. [16] [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Outbreak response

Outbreak response or outbreak control measures are acts which attempt to minimize the spread of or effects of a disease outbreak. Outbreak response includes aspects of general disease control such as maintaining adequate hygiene, but may also include responses that extend beyond traditional healthcare settings and are unique to an outbreak, such as physical distancing, contact tracing, mapping of disease clusters, or quarantine. Some measures such as isolation are also useful in preventing an outbreak from occurring in the first place.

COVID-19 pandemic in England Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in England

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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare workers physically and psychologically. Healthcare workers are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection than the general population due to frequent contact with infected individuals. Healthcare workers have been required to work under stressful conditions without proper protective equipment, and make difficult decisions involving ethical implications. Health and social systems across the globe are struggling to cope. The situation is especially challenging in humanitarian, fragile and low-income country contexts, where health and social systems are already weak. Services to provide sexual and reproductive health care risk being sidelined, which will lead to higher maternal mortality and morbidity.

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Public health mitigation of COVID-19 Measures to halt the spread of the respiratory disease among populations

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References

  1. ↑ Wiles, Siouxsie (9 March 2020). "The three phases of Covid-19—and how we can make it manageable". The Spinoff . Morningside, Auckland, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Barclay, Eliza (7 April 2020). "Chart: The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line."". Vox . Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Maier, Benjamin F.; Brockmann, Dirk (15 May 2020). "Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China". Science. 368 (6492): 742–746. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..742M. doi:10.1126/science.abb4557. PMC   7164388 . PMID   32269067. ("...initial exponential growth expected for an unconstrained outbreak.")
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Beating Coronavirus: Flattening the Curve, Raising the Line (YouTube video). Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  5. 1 2 Gelardi, Chris (9 April 2020). "Colonialism Made Puerto Rico Vulnerable to Coronavirus Catastrophe". The Nation . ISSN   0027-8378. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  6. ↑ "Wanted: world leaders to answer the coronavirus pandemic alarm". South China Morning Post. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  7. ↑ Manjoo, Farhad (25 March 2020). "Opinion | How the World's Richest Country Ran Out of a 75-Cent Face Mask". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  8. ↑ "Pénurie de masques : une responsabilité partagée par les gouvernements" [Lack of masks: a responsibility shared by governments]. Public Senat (in French). 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  9. ↑ Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (16 March 2020). "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020– via imperial.ac.uk.
  10. ↑ Dudley, Joshua. "Q&A: Dr. Rishi Desai Talks To Medical Professionals About What We Can Learn From COVID-19". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  11. ↑ Stevens, Harry (14 March 2020). "These simulations show how to flatten the coronavirus growth curve". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  12. ↑ Roberts, Siobhan (27 March 2020). "Flattening the Coronavirus Curve". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  13. 1 2 Lopez, German (10 April 2020). "Why America is still failing on coronavirus testing". Vox.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Edlin, Aaron (March 2020). "Don't just flatten the curve: Raise the line" (PDF). p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020– via berkeley.edu.
  15. ↑ Japsen, Bruce (4 May 2020). "Hospital Operator Tenet Healthcare 'Not Overwhelmed' with Coronavirus Cases". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  16. ↑ "We haven't failed on the virus". Australian Financial Review. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  17. ↑ Scott, Dylan (31 December 2020). "Flattening the curve worked — until it didn't". Vox. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
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