Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina

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The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina affected the human rights situation in the country.

Contents

On 19 March, a nationwide lockdown was established in Argentina until 31 March. [1] [2] The government later extended the lockdown through April, [3] [4] and May. [5] On 9 May, the nationwide lockdown was lifted, excepting the Greater Buenos Aires urban area (where 31.9% of the country's population lives), [6] with this area being locked down until 24 May, [7] later extended to 7 June, [8] and then 28 June, after a big jump in the number of new cases in this area. [9] On 26 June, Fernández announced that the previously-eased restrictions on movement in this area would be tightened again until 17 July due to a large spike in cases on the previous days. [10] Finally, on 17 July, the lockdown was due to be gradually loosened in several stages to lead to the return to normality, [11] although restrictions were extended several times until at least 20 September. [12] [13] [14]

Claims were made on police brutality, [15] domestic violence, [16] human trafficking, [17] and the right to freedom of movement. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

Police brutality

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several police brutality cases took place in Argentina. The country has several levels of security forces: Federal (such as National Gendarmerie), Provincial (Buenos Aires Provincial Police, for example) and local (Local Police of Ezeiza, for example)[ citation needed ]

According to NGO CORREPI, 92 people died in hands of police forces during the pandemic. Of those, 34 deaths were a result of trigger-happy policemen (gatillo fácil), 45 were deaths during police custody, 3 were forced disappearances, and one death was result of a clash between police forces. This report also states that in 50 of those cases, provincial security forces were involved, other 27 cases had provincial prison guards involved, in 7 federal security forces were involved, and in other 7, the Buenos Aires City Police. [24] [15] Sabrina Frederic, national Minister of Security, denied an increase on police brutality, claiming that her office had received 39 complaints during this period. [25] [15] [26] Horacio Pietragalla, national Secretariat for Human Resources, stated that his office received 531 complaints on police response during the pandemic. [25] [15] [26]

Sabrina Corio, resident of Bariloche, was arrested on 7 August by the Río Negro Provincial Police for taking her dog out for a walk in a day in which, according to the sanitary lockdown measures, she was forbidden to do so. [27] [28] [29] She was kept in custody, in solitary confinement, for seven hours. She claimed she was beaten while getting up a police patrol, that no basic hygiene measures were provided, and that police was unable to tell her where she was being taken. Also, water was refused to her. [27] Sabrina declared having been kidnapped by the police. [27] After being liberated, following social media pressure, she reported threatens were made in her house. [27] The police, which used five agents and a SUV to take the woman into custody, claimed she resisted arrest. [28] Gustavo Gennusso, then-mayor of Bariloche, demanded an explanation to the province's Ministry of Security, claiming no person should be mistreated. [30] [27] [29] A legal process was started on Sabrina on violations of the 205 article of the Argentine Penal Code: violating measures taken to prevent the spread of an epidemic. [28] [31]

Other cases attracted special nationwide public attention in the country:

Luis Espinoza case

On 15 May, Luis Espinoza was murdered and then disappeared by the Provincial Police of Tucumán, in the north of Argentina, following an operation of lockdown control during an illegal horse race in the town of Melcho, where Luis was passing by. [32] [15] After struggling with the police, the man was shot by the back. [15] [24] His body was then moved to the local police precinct, wrapped in plastic and bed sheets, and taken afterwards to the neighbor province of Catamarca, where it was dropped into a ravine.[ citation needed ]

The UN, through the OHCHR, started an investigation on the case. [33] [34]

Florencia Magalí Morales case

Florencia Magalí Morales was found hanged in a police cell on 5 April in Santa Rosa de Conlara, San Luis Province. [35] That same day, she had left in her bicycle to buy groceries, when provincial police stopped her for allegedly driving in the wrong way of the street and violating the lockdown, as her DNI ending number didn't allow her to leave home on that day. [36] [37] Police claimed the death a suicide, something denied by her family. Two witnesses, other prisoners in that same precinct, stated that Florencia screamed for help for hours, but they were transferred after hearing that, leaving the woman alone in the place. [36]

An autopsy claimed the death could have been caused either by the shoelace found in the scene or by a precision knock in the cervical vertebrae area. No witness saw the body hanging. [37] In August, a new autopsy was performed, requested by Florencia's family. [35] Protests followed the death in the city, and the National Ministry of Security made claims to the San Luis Province government. [38] [37] The UN included the death in a femicide list. [35]

Valentino Blas Correa case

Valentino Blas Correa, a 17-year-old boy from the Córdoba Province, was killed by the police on 6 August after skipping a police checkpoint in Córdoba, fearing his car would be taken for violating the lockdown. [39] [24] [15] [40]

Facundo Astudillo case

Facundo Astudillo Castro disappeared on 30 April, after being stopped and fined for lockdown violation by the Buenos Aires Provincial Police. [24] [41] [15] [42] [43] His last known picture shows him in front of police patrol SUV number RO 23360. [41] [44] [45] There is an ongoing investigation on the matter, with no arrested suspects.[ citation needed ]

It was cataloged by the victim family as a Forced disappearance in hands of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police. This theory was also followed by human rights activist Estela de Carlotto. [46] [47]

The cased fueled claims by the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances (OHCHR) as well as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Several public statements were made by Argentine President, Alberto Fernández, and Buenos Aires Governor, Axel Kicillof. [48] [49] [50] [51]

His body remains were found on 15 August 2020, in an advanced state of decomposition, [52] in an area between the cities of General Daniel Cerri and Villarino Viejo. [53] [54] [55]

Domestic violence

During the 120 first days of lockdown, the Domestic Violence Bureau (dependent on the Supreme Court) received 1280 reports of intrafamily violence. [56] [57] The number of women killed reached a 10-year high during the COVID-19 lockdown. [58]

San Martin Line car advertising the 144 emergency telephone number against gender violence Tren San Martin Linea 144.jpg
San Martín Line car advertising the 144 emergency telephone number against gender violence

As the lockdown meant for many women to be forced to spend the day with their aggressors, an email and three WhatsApp contact numbers were created. [59] [60] There were also Facebook, Twitter and Telegram accounts active for reporting violence cases, as well as the 144 emergency telephone number. [59] [60] Reporting the cases by text messages brings the victim the benefit of being able to delete the message after sending it, avoiding it to be seen by the aggressor. [60] Also, the National General Defensory launched the #NoEstásSola campaign (#YouAreNotAlone) to prevent and fight domestic violence, informing that the lockdown allowed victims to reach a police precinct. [61]

Domestic violence was called "the other pandemic" in Argentina by the UN. [59] Following this statements, the Spotlight Initiative, and EU/UN partnership to fight domestic violence, launched in the country two advertising campaigns designed for a lockdown context. [62] [63]

Several hotels gave free rooms to be used as refugees by women suffering domestic violence and not having to spend the lockdown with their aggressors. [60]

On 19 March 2020, the National Appeals Civil Court determined a 60-day extension on all injunctions regarding personal protection, among them: panic buttons and restraining orders. [64] [65] On 13 May, the measures were extended once again for 60 days. [65]

According to Estela Díaz, Minister of Women, Gender Policies and Diversity for the Buenos Aires Province, domestic violence claims decreased as the lockdown made them more dangerous, since the victim had to came back to live all day with the aggressor after filing a complaint. [60]

On a national level, the 144 emergency phone number for gender violence received 34,494 calls during the lockdown (between 20 March and 30 June), a 28% higher number than on the same period of the previous year. [66] [67] In the capital city, Buenos Aires, a 48% year-on-year increase in gender violence calls was registered on the 144 line. [68] [69]

In the Buenos Aires Province, a 35% year-on-year increase in gender violence calls was registered, [16] with 5,903 calls to the 144 line between March and July. [16] The Minister of Women, Gender Policies and Diversity for the Buenos Aires Province pointed that femicides were the only crime not going down during the lockdown, and that in 80% of those cases the assailant is the victim's couple or ex-couple. [60] [16]

In Salta Province, the Observatory on Violence against Women pointed out that during the lockdown (as of July 2020) a 10% year-on-year increase in gender violence had been registered. [70]

Freedom of movement

Barricade in Coronel Suarez, Buenos Aires Barricada Coronel Suarez Coronavirus.jpg
Barricade in Coronel Suarez, Buenos Aires

As part of the pandemic response, the government of Argentina established heavy restrictions on travelling and movement. This included checkpoints in the province's borders and the entrances to several cities (some including dirt barricades). [71] [21] President Fernández stated: "The freedom of the people is not in dispute, but the first condition of being free is to be alive". [22] Lockdown offenders were prosecuted under the 205 article of the Argentine Penal Code: violating measures taken to prevent the spread of an epidemic, which could lead to 2 years prison sentences. [31]

This was one of several claims which fueled the 17A protests. [72] [73] Truck drivers also criticized the roadblocks and lockdown control measures in roads, stating they had to wait for up to 20 hours in police checkpoints. [74] Truck doors were also sealed while transiting some provinces, in which cases the drivers were unable to even make a bathroom stop for hours. [20] This was considered inhumane by truck drivers. [75] On September, a trucker had a heart attack while en route, and was refused medical care in two provinces, having to wait over 16 hours to be admitted in a hospital. [76] Another truck driver was jailed for 14 days for getting down to check on his cargo. [77] [78]

On August, a woman died of cancer without being able to be visited by his father, who had received the required permits to travel. [79] [80] He was denied entrance to the Córdoba province for not complying with showing a negative PCR test for COVID-19, despite having two quick tests performed, which were qualified as "dubious" by provincial police. [80] He was escorted by police back to his home province Neuquén. An 71 years-old man died in September after the ambulance he was being transported in was refused entrance to La Pampa province. [81]

Olympic rower Ariel Suárez trained in the Luján River in Tigre, challenging the lockdown measures. [22] He was fined by the Naval Prefecture, [82] and Ministry of Health Gines Gonzales García stated that although rowing was not permitted, it could be if a request was made, as he saw no risk in the sport. [83]

Commercial flights were restricted from April to, at least, September, following one of the longest lockdowns worldwide. [22] [84] By September 2020, Argentina was the biggest aviation market in its region still not allowing commercial flights. IATA repeatedly criticized government policies on aviation, [85] [86] and its regional VP for Americas, Peter Cerdá, stated: "We worry about Argentina becoming the next Venezuela, moving from being a key aviation market in the region to having a very limited connectivity". [87] Following this travel ban, one of the most strict in the world, [88] airline LATAM Argentina closed on 17 June. [89] [90] [91]

Government response

Modular Hospital in the Southern Greater Buenos Aires Area Obelisco y Hospital Modular en Longchamps.jpg
Modular Hospital in the Southern Greater Buenos Aires Area

Right to health and life

The Fernandez administration took several measures to soften the effect of the pandemic, increasing hospital beds, purchasing ventilators and medicines. [92]

The country's health system had been in bad shape for years after several budget cuts. [93] [94] In March 2020, the government declared a Healthcare Emergency in the country. [95]

Eleven 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) modular hospitals were built in the Greater Areas of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Resistencia and Rosario. [96] [97] [98]

Alberto Fernandez, as he declared a nationwide lockdown on 20 March 2020 Pandemia-Perotti-Larreta-Alberto Fernandez-Kicillof-Morales-20MAR-2020.jpg
Alberto Fernández, as he declared a nationwide lockdown on 20 March 2020

Refusal to declare the State of Emergency

When ruling the lockdown, President Alberto Fernandez had to choose for whether declaring or not the State of Emergency (Estado de Sitio), a constitutional emergency state designed for "internal commotion or external attack" cases. He refused to declare so, backed by province Governors Alicia Kirchner, Gustavo Melella and Mariano Arcioni, while other Governors as Gerardo Morales, Gerardo Zamora, Omar Perotti, Juan Luis Manzur, Ricardo Quintela and Sergio Uñac, favored declaring it. [99] [100]

Both parties finally agreed on not declaring the emergency state, [101] but the discussion on whether it was the right call or not went on for weeks. [102]

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References

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  2. ↑ Do Rosario, Jorgelina; Gillespie, Patrick (20 March 2020). "Argentina Orders 'Exceptional' Lockdown in Bid to Stem Virus". Bloomberg News.
  3. ↑ "Argentina's Fernandez extends coronavirus lockdown through April 26". Reuters . 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  4. ↑ "Argentina extends coronavirus quarantine until mid April". Reuters . 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  5. ↑ "Argentina extends coronavirus quarantine until May 10". Reuters . 25 April 2020.
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  9. ↑ "Argentina extends lockdown in Buenos Aires until June 28". Reuters . 4 June 2020.
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  38. ↑ "Santa Rosa marchará para pedir justicia por Florencia Magalí Morales". El Diario de la República (in Spanish). San Luis. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  39. ↑ Federico, Juan (12 August 2020). "Un policía apuntando al auto, una de las claves". La Voz (in Spanish). Córdoba. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  40. ↑ "Otro policía detenido por el asesinato de Valentino Correa". Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  41. 1 2 Bermúdez, Gabriel (10 July 2020). "Custodiado por un policía y al lado de un patrullero: la última foto de Facundo Astudillo Castro". Clarín (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  42. ↑ "A tres meses de la desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro, continúa la investigación para hallar al joven". Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  43. ↑ Meyer, Adriana (10 August 2020). "Facundo Castro: los diálogos policiales que abrieron las sospechas". Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  44. ↑ Meyer, Adriana (23 July 2020). "Cómo sigue la investigación por la desaparición de Facundo Castro". Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  45. ↑ "La última foto de Facundo Astudillo Castro: esposado por la policía bonaerense". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  46. ↑ "Estela de Carlotto, sobre Facundo Astudillo Castro: "Es un desaparecido en democracia"" [Estela de Carlotto, on Facundo Astudillo Castro: "He is a disappeared in democracy"]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  47. ↑ "Estela de Carlotto: "Lo consideramos como uno de nuestros desaparecidos"" [Estela de Carlotto: "We consider him one of our own disappeared"]. LRA Radio Nacional (in Spanish). Bahía Blanca. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  48. ↑ "Caso Facundo Castro: Alberto Fernández y Axel Kicillof evalúan una purga de la Policía Bonaerense que no alcanza a Sergio Berni". Infobae (in Spanish). 8 September 2020.
  49. ↑ "RESOLUCIÓN 43/2020 - Facundo José Astudillo Castro respecto de ArgentinaComisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos" (PDF). Organización de los Estados Americanos (in Spanish). 1 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  50. ↑ "Alberto Fernández, sobre la desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro: "Necesitamos saber qué pasó"". La Voz (in Spanish). 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  51. ↑ Meyer, Adriana (11 July 2020). "La ONU reclamó al Estado una "estrategia integral" para hallar a Facundo Castro". Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  52. ↑ "Hallan un cuerpo en un canal cerca de Bahia Blanca y podría ser el de Facundo Astudillo Castro". Perfil (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 16 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  53. ↑ "El cuerpo encontrado es de Facundo Astudillo Castro". Perfil (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  54. ↑ "Facundo Astudillo Castro: esperan saber esta semana si el cuerpo es del joven". Clarín (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  55. ↑ "La búsqueda de Facundo: informan quiénes participarán de la autopsia al cuerpo encontrado en Villarino Viejo" [Search of Facundo: Participants on the autopsy to the body discovered in Villarino Viejo are informed]. Attorneys general of Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  56. ↑ "LA OFICINA DE VIOLENCIA DOMÉSTICA RECIBIÓ DENUNCIAS QUE COMPRENDEN A 1623 PERSONAS AFECTADAS" (in Spanish). Supreme Court of Argentina. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  57. ↑ Peker, Luciana (3 July 2020). "Cuando hay violencia #notequedesencasa". Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  58. ↑ Lopez, Oscar (19 May 2020). "Femicides in Argentina Reach 10-year High Under Coronavirus Lockdown". KCET. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  59. 1 2 3 "La ONU y Argentina luchan con la otra pandemia del coronavirus, la violencia de género". Noticias ONU (in Spanish). Organización de las Naciones Unidas. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Naveiro, Jorgelina (3 May 2020). "Estela Díaz: "El femicidio es el único delito que no se redujo con el aislamiento social"". Tiempo Argentino (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  61. ↑ "112 días de cuarentena y 82 femicidios: la curva sigue en alza". Diario Crónica (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  62. ↑ Spotlight Initiative (9 April 2020). "Puertas adentro - #LaOtraPandemia". YouTube (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  63. ↑ Spotlight Initiative (9 April 2020). "No te laves las manos - #LaOtraPandemia". YouTube (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  64. ↑ "Prorrogan por 60 días las medidas cautelares de protección dictadas en procesos de violencia doméstica". Centro de Información Judicial (in Spanish). Supreme Court of Argentina. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  65. 1 2 "Informe sobre las presentaciones en OVD durante el período de aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio - 20/03/2020 al 17/07/2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Supreme Court of Argentina. July 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  66. ↑ PEUSCOVICH, Stephanie (11 August 2020). "Violencia de género: más de 30 mil llamados a la línea 144 durante la cuarentena". Marie Claire (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Perfil . Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  67. ↑ "En el primer semestre del año, mas de 55.000 personas solicitaron asesoramiento a la línea 144". Télam (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  68. ↑ Illbele, Florencia (6 July 2020). "Violencia de género durante la cuarentena: los llamados a la línea 144 aumentaron un 48% con respecto al año pasado". Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  69. ↑ Fernández Escudero, Clara (12 July 2020). "Durante la cuarentena aumentaron un 48% las llamadas a línea 144". Perfil (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  70. ↑ "Registro de organizaciones que militan contra la violencia de género | Relevamiento del OVCM y la Secretaría de Derechos Humanos". Página 12 . 29 July 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  71. ↑ "Buenos Aires Times | Quarantine extension: new permits, more checkpoints, less public transport". www.batimes.com.ar. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  72. ↑ "Anti-government protesters defy virus measures in Argentina". France 24. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  73. ↑ ""Contra la Reforma Judicial y la falta de libertades": los testimonios del #17A". Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  74. ↑ "Video: tras 20 horas de espera, camioneros atravesaron por la fuerza un control sanitario en el límite entre Santiago del Estero y Tucumán". La Voz (in Spanish). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  75. ↑ "Camioneros de Salta tildan de "inhumano" fajar los vehículos" [Salta truck drivers qualify sealing the vehicles as "inhumane"]. Cadena 3 (in Spanish). Córdoba. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  76. ↑ "El calvario de un camionero que tuvo un infarto en la ruta, pero le negaron atención médica en San Luis y Mendoza" [The calvary of a truck driver who had a heart attack on the road, but was denied medical care in San Luis and Mendoza]. Infobae (in Spanish). 1 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  77. ↑ "Un camionero de Olavarría está preso en Formosa por bajar a controlar la descarga" [A trucker from Olavarría is detained in Formosa for getting down to control cargo unload]. Clarín (in Spanish). 23 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  78. ↑ "Liberaron al transportista que estaba preso por bajarse del camión en Formosa" [The transporter jailed for getting down of his truck in Formosa was released]. El Tribuno (in Spanish). 26 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  79. ↑ ""Hasta mi último suspiro tengo mis derechos", la carta que había escrito Solange" ["Until my last breath, I still have my rights", the letter Solange had written]. La Voz (in Spanish). Córdoba. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  80. 1 2 "Murió Solange, la joven enferma de cáncer que no pudo despedirse de su padre en Córdoba" [Solange, the cancer patient who couldn't kiss off his father in Córdoba, died]. Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  81. ↑ "Un jubilado murió en la ruta luego de que le negaran el ingreso a La Pampa para ser atendido de urgencia" [A retired man died on a road after being refused entrance to La Pampa for urgent medical care]. Clarín (in Spanish). 21 September 2020.
  82. ↑ "Ariel Suárez. Acta por violación de la cuarentena y bronca: los días del remero". La Nación (in Spanish). 11 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  83. ↑ "Habló Ginés: la frase del ministro que provocó enojo en el ambiente del tenis". La Nación (in Spanish). 13 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  84. ↑ "Buenos Aires Times | Commercial flights to and from Argentina could restart in October". The Buenos Aires Times. 5 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  85. ↑ "IATA Calls on Argentine Government to Support Aviation in the Face of COVID-19 Crisis". International Air Transport Association . 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  86. ↑ "Argentina could loosen coronavirus travel ban early, says airline trade group". Reuters . 15 May 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  87. ↑ "IATA: "Nos preocupa que la Argentina se convierta en otra Venezuela"". El Cronista (in Spanish). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  88. ↑ "Argentina could restart international flights in October, source says". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  89. ↑ Gillespie, Patrick (27 July 2020). "Companies Flee Argentina, and Coronavirus Is Just One Reason". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  90. ↑ Cabot, Diego (17 June 2020). "Latam Argentina anunció que deja de operar en el país" [Latam Argentina announces that it stopped operating in the country]. La Nación (in Spanish).
  91. ↑ "Argentina's economic woes send companies fleeing" . Financial Times.
  92. ↑ "Nuevas camas, respiradores y personal: cómo se prepara el sistema de salud". Télam . 8 April 2020.
  93. ↑ "Buenos Aires Times | Healthcare workers warn intensive care specialists are 'overloaded'". The Buenos Aires Times . 4 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  94. ↑ "COVID-19: Argentina's health system inefficiencies exaggerate flaws of health information system | Health". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  95. ↑ "Decreto 287/2020". Official Bulletin of Argentina (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  96. ↑ "Coronavirus: el Gobierno Nacional construirá Hospitales Modulares de Emergencia". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Argentina Executive. 18 March 2020.
  97. ↑ "El Gobierno amplía a 12 la red nacional de Hospitales Modulares de Emergencia". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Argentina Executive. 18 March 2020.
  98. ↑ "Cuál fue el gasto del Gobierno en la construcción de 12 hospitales modulares". El Cronista . Buenos Aires. 14 May 2020.
  99. ↑ "Coronavirus: Gerardo Morales pidió declarar el estado de sitio en el país". CNN en Español (in Spanish). 23 March 2020.
  100. ↑ Ybarra, Gustavo (22 March 2020). "Coronavirus. Cada vez más gobernadores apoyan el estado de sitio". La Nación (in Spanish).
  101. ↑ "La oposición coincide en no aplicar el estado de sitio". Perfil (in Spanish). 28 March 2020.
  102. ↑ Cao, Christian Alberto (19 March 2020). "¿Estado de sitio? No por el momento". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish).
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