Open-source ventilator

Last updated
The Open-Source Ventilator's OpenLung project, an open-source, low-resource, quick-deployment mechanical ventilator design utilizes a bag valve mask (BVM or Ambu-bag) as a core component. Open source ventilator-OpenLung-01-design.png
The Open-Source Ventilator's OpenLung project, an open-source, low-resource, quick-deployment mechanical ventilator design utilizes a bag valve mask (BVM or Ambu-bag) as a core component.
Mechanics of the OpenLung ventilator Open source ventilator-OpenLung-02-mechanics resp cycling.png
Mechanics of the OpenLung ventilator

An open-source ventilator is a disaster-situation ventilator made using a freely licensed (open-source) design, and ideally, freely available components and parts (open-source hardware). Designs, components, and parts may be anywhere from completely reverse-engineered or completely new creations, components may be adaptations of various inexpensive existing products, and special hard-to-find and/or expensive parts may be 3D-printed instead of purchased. [2] [3] As of early 2020, the levels of documentation and testing of open-source ventilators was well below scientific and medical-grade standards. [4]

Contents

One small, early prototype effort was the Pandemic Ventilator created in 2008 during the resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza that began in 2003, so named "because it is meant to be used as a ventilator of last resort during a possible avian (bird) flu pandemic." [5]

Quality assessment

The policy of using both free and open-source software (FOSS) and open-source hardware theoretically allows community-wide peer-review and correction of bugs and faults in open-source ventilators, which is not available in closed-source hardware development. In early 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, a review of open-source ventilators stated that "the tested and peer-reviewed systems lacked complete documentation and the open systems that were documented were either at the very early stages of design ... and were essentially only basically tested ..." The author speculated that the pandemic would motivate development that would significantly improve the open-source ventilators, and that much work, policies, regulations, and funding would be needed for the open-source ventilators to achieve medical-grade standards. [4]

Design requirements

A number of features are required for an invasive mechanical ventilator to be safely used on a patient: [6]

The requirements for non-invasive ventilation are less strict.

COVID-19 pandemic

Born of urgency, numerous alternative and open design ventilators were developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These cheaper alternatives shown various balances between complete reproduction of state of the art medical ventilators with pressure curve, humidification, mechanisation, vitals monitoring, cost effectiveness, supply chain availability for parts in time of medical shortage, ease of assembly, and other aspects. PVP-1 Prototype Ventilator.jpg
Born of urgency, numerous alternative and open design ventilators were developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These cheaper alternatives shown various balances between complete reproduction of state of the art medical ventilators with pressure curve, humidification, mechanisation, vitals monitoring, cost effectiveness, supply chain availability for parts in time of medical shortage, ease of assembly, and other aspects.

On March 16, 2020, [10] the Open Source Ventilator Ireland (OSV) group was formed [11] [12] [13] initially with the goal of building a focus team in Ireland to begin development on what was termed the “Field Emergency Ventilator (FEV)”. Inspired by the initial efforts of the Open Source Medical Supplies (OSCMS), [14] which initially focused on developing open ventilators but quickly refocusing mainly on the local production of Personal Protective Experiment (PPE). [15] OSV Ireland partnered with the OpenLung team [16] [17] in Canada, who were developing and publishing open source designs via GitLab. [18] The group quickly grew amassing volunteer engineers, designers and medical professionals with the goal of developing new, low resource medical interventions to support a perceived lack of mechanical ventilation equipment globally. The well-known Bag Valve Mask (BVM) quickly became the core functional component of their design, [19] with the goal of utilizing 3D printed and traditionally manufactured components for localized assembly of the systems to maximise potential manufacturing capabilities around the globe. The Open Source Ventilator Ireland (OSV) group evolved into TeamOSV, to fully incorporate both ventilator and other covid related medical equipment.

The FOSS Initiative OpenVentilator.io project began on March 19, after two weeks of research. [20] Jeremias Almadas [21] had posted some drafts he made on the Open Source COVID-19 Medical Supplies forum. [22] Marcos Mendez contacted him to join efforts to develop a solution that could be reproduced on a very high scale. [23] This project later became the "OpenVentilator Spartan Model". [ citation needed ]

With the COVID-19 pandemic a new challenge had just arisen, this was no longer to manufacture ventilator, after all, these are manufactured since biblical times, [24] including since the 1960s models like the Bird MK VII [25] were already consolidated with an enviable engineering that is very simple.

The challenge now was to design an item that solves a problem on a global scale. Manufactured on a very large scale and with parts found in small towns and villages. These were the premises assumed by some projects like OpenVentilator.io. [20]

On March 18, Medtronics had opened its code and files for manufacturing its main pulmonary ventilation equipment. [26] The issue was on a scale that Medtronics would not be able to fulfill at the global level, nor at the regional level. The same was already happening with Philips and G&E and Draguer, world leaders in the manufacture of this type of equipment. It would not make sense to reinvent something that had already been studying for 100 years. The problem was also not an engineering problem, but a logistical and scale problem so that these projects that were to emerge were applicable and achievable. Manufacturing should be decentralized, focused on the regional resources of each individual on planet earth. Nine out of ten Brazilian cities do not even have an ICU bed, let alone an electronics store and or an Ambu factory. The African situation had already been proclaimed a catastrophe. [27]

Several projects are beginning to emerge in this area, many of them with an engineering approach, many others following strict validations with the regulations.[ citation needed ]

There are few projects that have an [analysis of complex thinking [28] [ circular reference ] within the global economic-political stagnation. [29]

A major worldwide design effort began during the COVID-19 pandemic after a Hackaday project was started, in order to respond to expected ventilator shortages causing higher mortality among severe patients. This project aims to build a continuous positive airway pressure device. [30] [ non-primary source needed ]

On March 19, the MakAir open-source ventilator project [31] was started by a team of software engineers in France, using 3D printing to quickly iterate on a prototype, with the goal of letting an established manufacturer produce the final ventilators for a cost nearing €2,000. The team built a working prototype in one month, [32] at the end of which a successful 12 hour ventilation test on a pig was performed. The project received official support [33] from the French Army's investment branch, Agence Innovation Défense of Direction générale de l'armement, granting the project €426,000 to help fund clinical trials. Groupe SEB agreed [34] to manufacture the MakAir ventilator in their facilities in Vernon, France. As of December 2020, the MakAir ventilator project is still active on the engineering side, with full support for both pressure and volume controlled ventilation modes, and on the medical side with ongoing clinical trials at CHU Nantes [35] on human patients.

On March 20, 2020, Irish Health Services [36] began reviewing the designs from the Open Source Ventilator Ireland project. [37] A prototype is being designed and tested in Colombia. [38]

MIT E-Vent Unit 002 Setup, design by MIT MIT E-Vent Unit 002 Setup Image by MD.jpg
MIT E-Vent Unit 002 Setup, design by MIT

The University of Minnesota Bakken Medical Device Center initiated a collaboration with various companies to bring a ventilator alternative to the market that works as a one-armed robot and replaces the need for manual ventilation in emergency situations. The Coventor device was developed in a very short time and approved on April 15, 2020, by the FDA, only 30 days after conception. The mechanical ventilator is designed for use by trained medical professionals in intensive care units and easy to operate. It has a compact design and is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and distribute. The cost is only about 4% of a normal ventilator. In addition, this device does not require pressurized oxygen or air supply, as is normally the case. A first series is manufactured by Boston Scientific. The plans are to be freely available online to the general public without royalties. [40] [41]

The Polish company Urbicum reports successful testing [42] of a 3D-printed, open-source prototype device called VentilAid. The makers describe it as a last resort device when professional equipment is missing. The design is publicly available. [43] The first Ventilaid prototype requires compressed air to run.[ citation needed ]

On March 21, 2020, the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) began maintaining a strategic list of open source designs being worked on. [44] [45] The NECSI project considers manufacturing capability, medical safety and need for treating patients in various conditions, speed dealing with legal and political issues, logistics and supply. [46] NECSI is staffed with scientists from Harvard, MIT, and others who have an understanding of pandemics, medicine, systems, risk, and data collection. [46]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology began an emergency project to design a low-cost ventilator that uses a bag valve mask as the main component. [39] Other groups and companies, such as Monolithic Power Systems, also developed designs based on this concept. [47]

The Oxysphere project develops open blueprints for a positive pressure ventilation hood. [48]

On April 23, 2020, NASA reported building, in 37 days, a successful COVID-19 ventilator (named VITAL ("Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally") which is currently undergoing further testing. NASA is seeking fast-track approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the new ventilator. [49] [50]

On May 29, 2020, NASA revealed the "Eight US Manufacturers Selected to Make NASA COVID-19 Ventilator." [51]

The U.S. companies selected for licenses are:

Israeli engineers created an open-source ventilator [52]

NASA VITAL Ventilator
PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg
Engineering team
PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg
Front view
DSC 0509-Edit-cr.jpg
Side view

Disaster-relief provisions

On March 24, 2020, the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) enacted Emergency Use Authorizations [53] to allow the use of additional devices, including: "Ventilators, positive pressure breathing devices modified for use as ventilators (collectively referred to as 'ventilators'), ventilator tubing connectors, and ventilator accessories." This was done in accordance with its February 4 declaration [54] for medical countermeasures against the coronavirus disease 2019, and the equipment is subject to the FDA's "criteria for safety, performance and labeling."

See also

Related Research Articles

Respironics is an American medical supply company owned by Philips that specializes in products that improve respiratory functions. It is based in the Pittsburgh suburb of Murrysville in Pennsylvania, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventilator</span> Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs

A ventilator is a type of breathing apparatus, a class of medical technology that provides mechanical ventilation by moving breathable air into and out of the lungs, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently. Ventilators may be computerized microprocessor-controlled machines, but patients can also be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated bag valve mask. Ventilators are chiefly used in intensive-care medicine, home care, and emergency medicine and in anesthesiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mechanical ventilation</span> Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing

Mechanical ventilation or assisted ventilation is the medical term for using a machine called a ventilator to fully or partially provide artificial ventilation. Mechanical ventilation helps move air into and out of the lungs, with the main goal of helping the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Mechanical ventilation is used for many reasons, including to protect the airway due to mechanical or neurologic cause, to ensure adequate oxygenation, or to remove excess carbon dioxide from the lungs. Various healthcare providers are involved with the use of mechanical ventilation and people who require ventilators are typically monitored in an intensive care unit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron lung</span> Type of negative pressure mechanical respirator

An iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator (NPV), a mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person's body, and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space, to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. Need for this treatment may result from diseases including polio and botulism and certain poisons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artificial ventilation</span> Assisted breathing to support life

Artificial ventilation is a means of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. It may take the form of manually providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort, or it may be mechanical ventilation involving the use of a mechanical ventilator to move air in and out of the lungs when an individual is unable to breathe on their own, for example during surgery with general anesthesia or when an individual is in a coma or trauma.

A resuscitator is a device using positive pressure to inflate the lungs of an unconscious person who is not breathing, in order to keep them oxygenated and alive. There are three basic types: a manual version consisting of a mask and a large hand-squeezed plastic bulb using ambient air, or with supplemental oxygen from a high-pressure tank. The second type is the expired air or breath powered resuscitator. The third type is an oxygen powered resuscitator. These are driven by pressurized gas delivered by a regulator, and can either be automatic or manually controlled. The most popular type of gas powered resuscitator are time cycled, volume constant ventilators. In the early days of pre-hospital emergency services, pressure cycled devices like the Pulmotor were popular but yielded less than satisfactory results. Most modern resuscitators are designed to allow the patient to breathe on his own should he recover the ability to do so. All resuscitation devices should be able to deliver more than 85% oxygen when a gas source is available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bag valve mask</span> Hand-held device to provide positive pressure ventilation

A bag valve mask (BVM), sometimes known by the proprietary name Ambu bag or generically as a manual resuscitator or "self-inflating bag", is a hand-held device commonly used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately. The device is a required part of resuscitation kits for trained professionals in out-of-hospital settings (such as ambulance crews) and is also frequently used in hospitals as part of standard equipment found on a crash cart, in emergency rooms or other critical care settings. Underscoring the frequency and prominence of BVM use in the United States, the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care recommend that "all healthcare providers should be familiar with the use of the bag-mask device." Manual resuscitators are also used within the hospital for temporary ventilation of patients dependent on mechanical ventilators when the mechanical ventilator needs to be examined for possible malfunction or when ventilator-dependent patients are transported within the hospital. Two principal types of manual resuscitators exist; one version is self-filling with air, although additional oxygen (O2) can be added but is not necessary for the device to function. The other principal type of manual resuscitator (flow-inflation) is heavily used in non-emergency applications in the operating room to ventilate patients during anesthesia induction and recovery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continuous positive airway pressure</span> Form of ventilator which applies mild air pressure continuously to keep airways open

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a form of positive airway pressure (PAP) ventilation in which a constant level of pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person. The application of positive pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse, as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, or to reduce the work of breathing in conditions such as acute decompensated heart failure. CPAP therapy is highly effective for managing obstructive sleep apnea. Compliance and acceptance of use of CPAP therapy can be a limiting factor, with 8% of people stopping use after the first night and 50% within the first year.

An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the United States is an authorization granted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as added to and amended by various Acts of Congress, including by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (PAHPRA), as codified by 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3, to allow the use of a drug prior to approval. It does not constitute approval of the drug in the full statutory meaning of the term, but instead authorizes the FDA to facilitate availability of an unapproved product, or an unapproved use of an approved product, during a declared state of emergency from one of several agencies or of a "material threat" by the Secretary of Homeland Security.

Modes of mechanical ventilation are one of the most important aspects of the usage of mechanical ventilation. The mode refers to the method of inspiratory support. In general, mode selection is based on clinician familiarity and institutional preferences, since there is a paucity of evidence indicating that the mode affects clinical outcome. The most frequently used forms of volume-limited mechanical ventilation are intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) and continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV). There have been substantial changes in the nomenclature of mechanical ventilation over the years, but more recently it has become standardized by many respirology and pulmonology groups. Writing a mode is most proper in all capital letters with a dash between the control variable and the strategy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SensorMedics high-frequency oscillatory ventilator</span>

The SensorMedics High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilator is a patented high-frequency mechanical ventilator designed and manufactured by SensorMedics Corp. of Yorba Linda, California. After a series of acquisitions, Vyaire Medical, Inc. marketed the product as 3100A/B HFOV Ventilators. Model 3100 received premarket approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1991 for treatment of all forms of respiratory failure in neonatal patients. In 1995, it received pre-market approved for Pediatric Application with no upper weight limit for treating selected patients failing on conventional ventilation.

Prone ventilation, sometimes called prone positioning or proning, is a method of mechanical ventilation with the patient lying face-down (prone). It improves oxygenation in most patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and reduces mortality. The earliest trial investigating the benefits of prone ventilation occurred in 1976. Since that time, many meta-analyses and one randomized control trial, the PROSEVA trial, have shown an increase in patients' survival with the more severe versions of ARDS. There are many proposed mechanisms, but they are not fully delineated. The proposed utility of prone ventilation is that this position will improve lung mechanics, improve oxygenation, and increase survival. Although improved oxygenation has been shown in multiple studies, this position change's survival benefit is not as clear. Similar to the slow adoption of low tidal volume ventilation utilized in ARDS, many believe that the investigation into the benefits of prone ventilation will likely be ongoing in the future.

A negative pressure ventilator (NPV) is a type of mechanical ventilator that stimulates an ill person's breathing by periodically applying negative air pressure to their body to expand and contract the chest cavity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remdesivir</span> Antiviral drug

Remdesivir, sold under the brand name Veklury, is a broad-spectrum antiviral medication developed by the biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences. It is administered via injection into a vein. During the COVID‑19 pandemic, remdesivir was approved or authorized for emergency use to treat COVID‑19 in numerous countries.

Ventec Life Systems is an American medical device company based in Bothell, Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Medical material and other goods shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic

Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic are pandemic-related disruptions to goods production and distribution, insufficient inventories, and disruptions to workplaces caused by infections and public policy.

The treatment and management of COVID-19 combines both supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support as needed, and a growing list of approved medications. Highly effective vaccines have reduced mortality related to SARS-CoV-2; however, for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for the estimated millions of immunocompromised persons who are unlikely to respond robustly to vaccination, treatment remains important. Some people may experience persistent symptoms or disability after recovery from the infection, known as long COVID, but there is still limited information on the best management and rehabilitation for this condition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public health mitigation of COVID-19</span> Measures to halt the spread of the respiratory disease among populations

Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to delay and decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve. This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed. Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such surface cleaning. It has also been suggested that improving ventilation and managing exposure duration can reduce transmission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Actions by the United States regarding the COVID-19 pandemic

The United States' response to the COVID-19 pandemic with consists of various measures by the medical community; the federal, state, and local governments; the military; and the private sector. The public response has been highly polarized, with partisan divides being observed and a number of concurrent protests and unrest complicating the response.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Actions by the United Kingdom regarding the COVID-19 pandemic

The United Kingdom's response to the COVID-19 pandemic consists of various measures by the healthcare community, the British and devolved governments, the military and the research sector.

References

  1. "OpenLung - Open Source Ventilator / OpenLung Emergency Medical Ventilator Project / OpenLung BVM Ventilator". GitLab.
  2. Bender, Maddie (2020-03-17). "People Are Trying to Make DIY Ventilators to Meet Coronavirus Demand". Vice . Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  3. Toussaint, Kristin (2020-03-16). "These Good Samaritans with a 3D printer are saving lives by making new respirator valves for free". Fast Company. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  4. 1 2 Pearce, Joshua M. (2020). "A review of open source ventilators for COVID-19 and future pandemics [version 1; peer review: 1 approved]". F1000Research . 9: 218. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22942.1 . PMC   7195895 . PMID   32411358.
  5. "The Pandemic Ventilator". Instructables.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  6. Real Engineering (4 April 2020). "A Guide To Designing Low-Cost Ventilators for COVID-19". YouTube .
  7. Manzano, F; Fernández-Mondéjar, E; Colmenero, M; Poyatos, ME; et al. (2008). "Positive-end expiratory pressure reduces incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in nonhypoxemic patients". Crit Care Med . 36 (8): 2225–31. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817b8a92. PMID   18664777. S2CID   19906324.
  8. Pfeilsticker, FJDA; Serpa Neto, A (August 2017). "'Lung-protective' ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome: still a challenge?". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 9 (8): 2238–2241. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.06.145 . PMC   5594148 . PMID   28932514.
  9. Restrepo, R. D.; Walsh, B. K. (1 May 2012). "Humidification During Invasive and Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: 2012". Respiratory Care. 57 (5): 782–788. doi: 10.4187/respcare.01766 . PMID   22546299.
  10. "Join this Open Source Ventilator Project to give your time and expertise to help develop low-cost ventilators to fight #COVID19. 3D printing and testing is underway so all help is welcomed. Fast action needed". Twitter.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  11. "Open Source Ventilator Ireland". Opensourceventilator.ie. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  12. "There's a Shortage of Ventilators for Coronavirus Patients, So This International Group Invented an Open Source Alternative That's Being Tested Next Week". Forbes .
  13. Bromwell, Philip (20 March 2020). "Irish project tackles global ventilator shortage". RTÉ.ie .
  14. "Open Source Medical Supplies". Opensourcemedicalsupplies.org. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  15. Bambury, Brent. "Robotics engineer crowd-sources designs for COVID-19 medical supplies to help out-of-stock hospitals". CBC.
  16. "Open Lung". Openlung.org.
  17. "Open Source Ventilator, OpenLung Projects Aim to Address the COVID-19 Ventilator Shortfall". Hackster.io.
  18. "OpenLung · GitLab". GitLab.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  19. "Ventilator". Teamosv.com.
  20. 1 2 "OpenVentilator". PopSolutions.co. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  21. "Facebook". Facebook.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  22. "Open Source Medical Supplies Community | Facebook". Facebook.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  23. "Marcos Méndez". Linkedin.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.[ self-published source ]
  24. "The Long History of the Ventilator, a Machine You Never Want to Need".
  25. Evelin Stainoff, Ingrid (24 August 2004). "Bird Mark 7" (PDF). GitHub (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  26. "Register to Download Ventilator Files". Medtronic.com.
  27. "Lack of Covid-19 treatment and critical care could be catastrophic for Africa". Rfi.fr. 3 April 2020.
  28. pt:Edgar Morin
  29. "The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression". Blogs.imf.org. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  30. Coetzee, Gerrit (2020-03-12). "Ultimate Medical Hackathon: How Fast Can We Design and Deploy an Open Source Ventilator?". Hackaday. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  31. "makers-for-life/makair". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  32. "The Inception of an Open-Source Ventilator Project". Journal.valeriansaliou.name. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  33. "Le ministère des Armées soutient le projet MakAir". Ministère des Armées (in French). Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  34. "Together to face COVID-19". Groupe SEB. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  35. "Safety and Effectiveness Assessment of the MakAir Artificial Ventilator". ICH GCP. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  36. Sternlicht, Alexandra. "There's A Shortage Of Ventilators For Coronavirus Patients, So This International Group Invented An Open Source Alternative That's Being Tested Next Week". Forbes . Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  37. Rodrigo, Chris Mills (2020-03-20). "Irish health officials to review 3D-printed ventilator". The Hill . Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  38. colombiareports (2020-03-21). "Colombia close to having world's first open source and low-cost ventilator to 'beat Covid-19'". Colombia News | Colombia Reports. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  39. 1 2 "MIT E-VENT | Emergency ventilator design toolbox". MIT E-Vent | MIT Emergency Ventilator. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  40. Joe Carlson (2020-04-16). "FDA approves production of device designed at University of Minnesota to help COVID-19 patients breathe". Star Tribune .
  41. Darrell Etherington (2020-04-16). "FDA authorizes production of a new ventilator that costs up to 25x less than existing devices". techcrunch.com. Verizon Media.
  42. urbicum (2020-03-23). "VentilAid -open-source ventilator, that can be made anywhere locally". VentilAid. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  43. urbicum (2020-03-23). "GitHub - VentilAid / VentilAid". VentilAid. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  44. Fenton, Bruce (March 21, 2020). "Ventilator Project Update: March 21th, 2020". Medium. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  45. "A list projects to make emergency ventilators in response to COVID-19, focusing on free-libre open source". GitHub. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  46. 1 2 Fenton, Bruce (March 14, 2020). "We need Ventilators - We Need You to Help Get Them Built". Medium. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  47. "MPS Open-Source Ventilator". monolithicpower.com. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  48. "Oxysphere – OpenHardware Ventilation Project – Let us Stop Covid together". Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  49. Good, Andrew; Greicius, Tony (23 April 2020). "NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days". NASA . Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  50. Wall, Mike (24 April 2020). "NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days". Space.com . Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  51. "Eight US Manufacturers Selected to Make NASA COVID-19 Ventilator". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  52. "Israeli engineers created an open-source hack for making Covid-19 ventilators". Qz.com. 11 April 2020.
  53. Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (April 6, 2020). "Emergency Use Authorizations". FDA via fda.gov.
  54. "Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19" Archived 2020-04-25 at the Wayback Machine . Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Secretary".