Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States

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Under normal circumstances, the United States child welfare systems is considered by experts to be underfunded [1] and strains social workers with high case loads. [2] However, during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. experienced an unprecedented lockdown [3] and national unemployment reached a record high. [4] This presents an issue because it is recorded that during times of economic stress, child abuse skyrockets. [5]

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A prime example of this occurred in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, which already witnessed a major uptick in abuse rates. Six children, all under the age of 4, were physically abused, as reported by Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth. Doctors believe all of these cases were driven by coronavirus- related stress. [6] In the age of COVID-19, where families were locked inside their homes, human contact was limited, and courts closed, the United States witnessed an aggressive upsurge in child abuse rates as a result of several systemic flaws.

Identification

Identifying and reporting child maltreatment is the first step in all child welfare system work. [7] It is how the child's mistreatment comes to the attention of authorities and, from there, action is taken. One of the biggest mechanisms the system has traditionally relied on has been mandatory reporters, such as teachers, law enforcement, and health care professionals. A child's regular contact with their community has been relied on for individuals to be able to identify and report abuse. Upon the national quarantine, fewer cases began to be reported. An illustration of this may be seen in the U.S. Midwest. Prior to 2020, Illinois abuse hotline typically received about 950 calls a day, approximately 6,650 a week. After Governor Pritzker closed schools, that number dropped by 45% within the week. [8]

The problems stemming from closures is not limited to America. In England, Anne Longfield, the Children's Commissioner for England, estimated that over 2.3 million minors in England are currently at high-risk for abuse and unable to access social services as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. [9]

Lack of youth resources

Outside of the child welfare system, another crucial element that contributes to offsetting child neglect is that schools continue to be some of the only places many youth receive mental-health help, physical activity, nourishment and clean water. [10] More than six million students across 11,000 American schools are the primary provider of critical services and, until now, relied on schools for those resources. [10] Kindship Care is another resource child welfare agencies are trying to utilize more during the pandemic. Better outcomes have been observed in children that are quickly placed with members of their extended family. [11]

Impact on the investigation process

The next step in child welfare work is investigating and intervening. The current foster care system in the U.S. operates on worker mobility, human contact and the frequent movement of children. [12] However, with that movement grinding to a halt after the lockdown, caseworkers are limited in their ability to monitor and investigate potential cases of abuse. [13]

The U.S. Children's Bureau evaluated alternatives to caseworker inspections, while many state and local governments began limiting or canceling abuse allegation investigations. [14] One of the most extreme measures was Maine's Office of Child and Family Services suspending all caseworker home visits; [14] many agencies and social workers were worried about contracting or transmitting the virus and as a result they conducted investigations from the front doors of homes or over video chats. [15]

Effects on housing and visitation

Another element of this is the housing of children already in foster care. Major cities around the world witnessed a serious contraction in available foster housing because many foster parents and facilities run by older or immune compromised individuals have not been operating during the pandemic. [16] [17] In-person visitations between family members during a separation is recognized as important for both the parent(s) and the child; however, similar to home inspections, separated families transitioned to virtual visitations. [18]

Family courts

One of the final steps in a child welfare case is that of courts establishing a long-term solvency plan. This could include a variety of solutions from reunification to the revocation of custody, all dependent on the individual case. However, because of the long-term impacts of this final step, during COVID-19, experts have worried about the legal backlog and pileup. Children currently in foster care (and any children taken under lockdown) because of alleged abuse or neglect require a trial, but many trials and meeting dates have been delayed indefinitely. [19] A prime example of this is in Los Angeles County, one of the largest counties in the United States, where all non-essential work was suspended, including family courts. [20]

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Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home, or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent", or with a family member approved by the state. The placement of a "foster child" is normally arranged through the government or a social service agency. The institution, group home, or foster parent is compensated for expenses unless with a family member. In some states, relative or "Kinship" caregivers of children who are wards of the state are provided with a financial stipend.

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Kinship care is a term used in the United States and Great Britain for the raising of children by grandparents, other extended family members, and unrelated adults with whom they have a close family-like relationship such as godparents and close family friends because biological parents are unable to do so for whatever reason. Legal custody of a child may or may not be involved, and the child may be related by blood, marriage, or adoption. This arrangement is also known as "kincare" or "relative care." Kinship placement may reduce the number of home placements children experience; allow children to maintain connections to communities, schools, and family members; and increase the likelihood of eventual reunification with birth parents. It is less costly to taxpayers than formal foster care and keeps many children out of the foster care system. "Grandfamily" is a recently coined term in the United States that refers to families engaged in kinship care.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children</span> Overview of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Actions by the Indian government on COVID-19 pandemic

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References

  1. ↑ "Federal Foster Care Financing: How and Why the Current Funding Structure Fails to Meet the Needs of the Child Welfare Field". ASPE. 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  2. ↑ "Caseload and Workload Management" (PDF).
  3. ↑ "Three out of four Americans under virus lockdown". BBC News. 2020-03-31. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  4. ↑ "Unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, highest level since the Great Depression". NBC News. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  5. ↑ "What the Economic Downturn Means for Children, Youth, and Families". apa.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  6. ↑ "Fort Worth Hospital Sees Spike in Severe Child Abuse Cases Over Last Week". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  7. ↑ "What Is Prevention and Why Is It Important? - Child Welfare Information Gateway". childwelfare.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  8. ↑ "With no school, calls drop but child abuse hasn't amid virus". CIProud.com. 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  9. ↑ correspondent, Peter Walker Political (2017-07-03). "Millions of children in England growing up in high risk environments". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  10. 1 2 II, Vann R. Newkirk (2020-03-24). "The Kids Aren't All Right". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  11. ↑ "Advocating for Kinship Placement During the COVID-19 Pandemic". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  12. ↑ "How Does the Foster System Work in the USA?". Adoption.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  13. ↑ Brown, Nicole (2020-05-07). "Social Service Workers Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19". Global Social Service Workforce Alliance. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  14. 1 2 Writer, Penelope OvertonStaff (2020-04-05). "Pandemic sparks concerns about child abuse in Maine". Press Herald. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  15. ↑ Haskins, Morgan Welch and Ron (2020-04-30). "What COVID-19 means for America's child welfare system". Brookings. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  16. ↑ "Foster care crisis: More kids are entering, but fewer families are willing to take them in". NBC News. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  17. ↑ "COVID-19 Worsens Severe Shortage of Homes for SLO County Children in Foster Care". slocounty.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  18. ↑ "Parents of foster children lose what that keeps them connected: In-person visits". Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  19. ↑ Kim, Catherine (2020-03-16). "Most courts closed due to coronavirus — but not those that serve high-risk populations". Vox. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  20. ↑ "LA Superior Court Delays Trials, Non-Essential Matters for Another 30 Days". NBC Los Angeles. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
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