Covid Watch

Last updated
Covid Watch [1]
FormationFebruary 19, 2020 (2020-02-19) [2]
FounderTina White [3]
Founded atStanford, CA
Typenonprofit
HeadquartersTucson, AZ
Products COVID-19 app solution using GAEN or TCN Protocols
Services Exposure Alerts
Executive Director
Tina White
Founder
James Petrie
Founder
Rhys Fenwick
Founder
Zsombor Szabo
Volunteers
200+ active
Website www.wehealth.org

Covid Watch was an open source nonprofit founded in February 2020 with the mission of building mobile technology to fight the COVID-19 pandemic while defending digital privacy. [4] The Covid Watch founders became concerned about emerging, mass surveillance-enabling digital contact tracing technology and started the project to help preserve civil liberties during the pandemic. [5] [6] [7]

Covid Watch [8] began as an independent research collaboration between students at Stanford University, United States and the University of Waterloo, Canada and it was the first team in the world to publish a white paper, [9] develop, [10] [11] and open source [12] a fully anonymous Bluetooth exposure alert protocol - the CEN Protocol, later renamed the TCN Protocol - in collaboration with CoEpi in early March 2020. [13] This was followed by the rapid development of very similar decentralized protocols in early April 2020 like DP-3T, PACT, [14] and Google/Apple Exposure Notification.

The Covid Watch team had over 200 active volunteers from around the world including advisers in public health, epidemiology, privacy, policy, and law from universities like Stanford, Waterloo, UW, UCSF, and Berkeley. [4] [15]

Covid Watch also built a fully open source mobile app for sending anonymous exposure alerts first using their own TCN Protocol in April 2020 [16] and later using the nearly identical protocol within the Google/Apple exposure notification (GAEN) framework when the GAEN APIs were released in May 2020. [17] [18] Also in May 2020, Covid Watch launched the first calibration and beta testing pilot of the GAEN APIs in the United States at the University of Arizona. [19] [20]

In August 2020, the app launched publicly for a phased roll-out in the state of Arizona. [21] [22] [23] Covid Watch volunteers and staff also collaborated with the University of Arizona on research to improve the estimation of infection risk from anonymous Bluetooth data to better inform private quarantine recommendations. [24]

At the end of 2020, the Covid Watch nonprofit closed, but the Covid Watch app and related open source technologies continue to be implemented for public health departments by the WeHealth organization. [25]

History

As the pandemic began its outbreak in North America, on February 19, 2020, Stanford University PhD candidate and DOE CSGF Fellow Tina White made a public Effective Altruism (EA) forum post about researching smartphone technology like GPS to alert people privately of COVID-19 exposure. [26] This post got the attention of James Petrie at University of Waterloo who had started writing an academic paper on Overleaf on February 7, 2020, exploring private, decentralized methods using MAC addresses. [27] The two researchers began the research collaboration between Stanford and Waterloo, which formed into the nonprofit Covid Watch.[ citation needed ]

Anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth exposure alerts first publicly appeared on March 2, 2020, when CW's James Petrie posted a PDF describing the privacy model in CW public slack channels, shared with researchers and collaborators worldwide. [28] Covid Watch's description of the technology and procedure for anonymous exposure alerts was shared widely on social media [29] and on the original Covid Watch blog written by Rhys Fenwick. [30] On March 10, 2020, Tina White reached out to Apple engineers to describe BLE anonymous contact tracing technology and background issues on iOS.[ citation needed ]

A description of the CEN Protocol: the first anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth exposure notification protocol to be published online in Covid Watch's whitepaper on 20 March 2020 and open sourced on the Covid Watch GitHub 17 March 2020. CEN Protocol.png
A description of the CEN Protocol: the first anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth exposure notification protocol to be published online in Covid Watch's whitepaper on 20 March 2020 and open sourced on the Covid Watch GitHub 17 March 2020.

Covid Watch developer Zsombor Szabo built the first open source, decentralized, anonymous exposure alert protocol called the CEN Protocol. [31] [32] [33] On March 12, 2020, Zsombor Szabo pushed his first commit to GitHub, [34] laying the foundations of the CW app, completing a proof of concept on March 17 and sharing the video of the working technology on YouTube. [35] Finally, on March 20, 2020, the CW team published a White Paper describing the CEN / TCN protocol. [36] [37]  

Tina White presented the technology at Stanford HAI's COVID-19 and AI virtual conference on April 1. [38] [39] [40] After that, Covid Watch began receiving significant news coverage. [41] Covid Watch then helped other groups like the TCN Coalition and MIT SafePaths [42] implement the TCN Protocol within their open source projects to further the development of decentralized technology and foster global interoperability of contact tracing and exposure alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption. [43]

In early April, three other teams publish decentralized, anonymous Bluetooth protocols. On April 3, 2020, the first DP^3T white paper commit [44] is published along with its first commit on GitHub. [44] On April 6, Henry de Valence of the Zcash Foundation publishes a comparison of CEN/TCN with the new white paper proposal from DP^3T. [45] On April 9, 2020, the MIT PACT protocol spec [46] authored by Rob Rivest, Ramesh Raskar, Vanessa Teague, and many more cited CW and DP^3T and Nicky Case published a comic describing how the CW and DP^3T Protocols work. [47] Finally, after CW and CoEpi published their reference implementation CEN (TCN) protocol [48] and along with several other teams communicated to Apple the issues they faced regarding a successful exposure notification app, Apple and Google announced their contact tracing API [49] on April 10, 2020.  

On April 28, 2020, CW implemented the TCN protocol in a fully functional anonymous exposure alert app with Android bridging, first available in Apple TestFlight via the Stanford App Store. [50] In May 2020, Covid Watch launched the first calibration and beta testing pilot of the GAEN protocol in the United States at the University of Arizona. [19] [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 apps</span> Mobile apps designed to aid contact tracing

COVID-19 apps include mobile-software applications for digital contact-tracing—i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual—deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT/PEPP) is a full-stack open protocol designed to facilitate digital contact tracing of infected participants. The protocol was developed in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The protocol, like the competing Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) protocol, makes use of Bluetooth LE to discover and locally log clients near a user. However, unlike DP-3T, it uses a centralized reporting server to process contact logs and individually notify clients of potential contact with an infected patient. It has been argued that this approaches compromises privacy, but has the benefit of human-in-the-loop checks and health authority verification. While users are not expected to register with their real name, the back-end server processes pseudonymous personal data that would eventually be capable of being reidentified. It has also been put forward that the distinction between centralized/decentralized systems is mostly technical and PEPP-PT is equally able to preserve privacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BlueTrace</span> COVID-19 contact tracing software

BlueTrace is an open-source application protocol that facilitates digital contact tracing of users to stem the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially developed by the Singaporean Government, BlueTrace powers the contact tracing for the TraceTogether app. Australia and the United Arab Emirates have already adopted the protocol in their gov apps, and other countries were considering BlueTrace for adoption. A principle of the protocol is the preservation of privacy and health authority co-operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exposure Notification</span> Initiative for mobile device-based privacy-preserving contact tracing

The (Google/Apple) Exposure Notification System (GAEN) is a framework and protocol specification developed by Apple Inc. and Google to facilitate digital contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. When used by health authorities, it augments more traditional contact tracing techniques by automatically logging close approaches among notification system users using Android or iOS smartphones. Exposure Notification is a decentralized reporting protocol built on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography. It is an opt-in feature within COVID-19 apps developed and published by authorized health authorities. Unveiled on April 10, 2020, it was made available on iOS on May 20, 2020 as part of the iOS 13.5 update and on December 14, 2020 as part of the iOS 12.5 update for older iPhones. On Android, it was added to devices via a Google Play Services update, supporting all versions since Android Marshmallow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVIDSafe</span> Contact tracing app by the Australian Department of Health

COVIDSafe was a digital contact tracing app released by the Australian Government on 26 April 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app was intended to augment traditional contact tracing by automatically tracking encounters between users and later allowing a state or territory health authority to warn a user they have come within 1.5 metres with an infected person for 15 minutes or more. To achieve this, it used the BlueTrace and Herald protocol, originally developed by the Singaporean Government and VMWare respectively, to passively collect an anonymised registry of near contacts. The efficacy of the app was questioned over its lifetime, ultimately identifying just 2 confirmed cases by the time it was decommissioned on 16 August 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TCN Protocol</span> Proximity contact tracing protocol

The Temporary Contact Numbers Protocol, or TCN Protocol, is an open source, decentralized, anonymous exposure alert protocol developed by Covid Watch in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Covid Watch team, started as an independent research collaboration between Stanford University and the University of Waterloo was the first in the world to publish a white paper, develop, and open source fully anonymous Bluetooth exposure alert technology in collaboration with CoEpi after writing a blog post on the topic in early March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital contact tracing</span> Method of contact tracing using mobile devices

Digital contact tracing is a method of contact tracing relying on tracking systems, most often based on mobile devices, to determine contact between an infected patient and a user. It came to public prominence in the form of COVID-19 apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the initial outbreak, many groups have developed nonstandard protocols designed to allow for wide-scale digital contact tracing, most notably BlueTrace and Exposure Notification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</span> Proximity contact tracing protocol

Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing is an open protocol developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate digital contact tracing of infected participants. The protocol, like competing protocol Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT), uses Bluetooth Low Energy to track and log encounters with other users. The protocols differ in their reporting mechanism, with PEPP-PT requiring clients to upload contact logs to a central reporting server, whereas with DP-3T, the central reporting server never has access to contact logs nor is it responsible for processing and informing clients of contact. Because contact logs are never transmitted to third parties, it has major privacy benefits over the PEPP-PT approach; however, this comes at the cost of requiring more computing power on the client side to process infection reports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NHS COVID-19</span> UK contact tracing app for COVID-19

NHS COVID-19 was a voluntary contact tracing app for monitoring the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales, in use from 24 September 2020 until 27 April 2023. It was available for Android and iOS smartphones, and could be used by anyone aged 16 or over.

On April 16, 2020, Nodle released The Whisper Tracing Protocol white paper and the Coalition App on Android. The protocol is intended to be a privacy first Digital contact tracing tool developed for the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The project has been spun off into The Coalition Foundation. The protocol is being used for the Government of Senegal's Daancovid19 mobile contact tracing app initiative. Daancovid19 is the Senegalese digital response against the coronavirus. It was started by a handful of digital professionals and subsequently brought together nearly 500 volunteer experts from the private, public, and civil society. The respective Coalition App has been promoted by the City of Berkeley, California to their residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmela Troncoso</span> Spanish telecommunication engineer

Carmela González Troncoso is a Spanish telecommunication engineer and researcher specialized in privacy issues, and an LGBT+ activist. She is currently a tenure track assistant professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland and the head of the SPRING lab. Troncoso gained recognition for her leadership of the European team developing the DP-3T protocol that aims at the creation of an application to facilitate the tracing of COVID-19 infected persons without compromising on the privacy of citizens. Currently she is also member of the Swiss National COVID-19 Science Task Force in the expert group on Digital Epidemiology. In 2020, she was listed among Fortune magazine's 40 Under 40.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID Alert</span> Canadian contact-tracing app for COVID-19

COVID Alert was the Exposure Notification service app for the country of Canada. It launched in the province of Ontario on July 31, 2020, and became available in nearly all Canadian provinces by October of that year, excluding Alberta, and British Columbia.

SwissCovid is a COVID-19 contact tracing app used for digital contact tracing in Switzerland. Use of the app is voluntary and based on a decentralized approach using Bluetooth Low Energy and Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (dp3t).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID Tracker Ireland</span> Contact tracing application released by the Government of Ireland on 7 July 2020

COVID Tracker Ireland is a digital contact tracing app released by the Irish Government and the Health Service Executive on 7 July 2020 to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Ireland. The app uses ENS and Bluetooth technology to determine whether a user have been a close contact of someone for more than 15 minutes who tested positive for COVID-19. On 8 July, the app reached one million registered users within 36 hours after its launch, representing more than 30% of the population of Ireland and over a quarter of all smartphone users in the country. As of August 2021, over 3,030,000 people have downloaded the app.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PathCheck</span> American nonprofit organization

PathCheck Foundation is a volunteer-led nonprofit organization founded in February 2020 at MIT that develops COVID-19 apps for digital contact tracing. The organization consists of over 1000 volunteers. In addition, various companies donate employee time to the foundation. The organization was previously known as COVID Safe Paths but was renamed PathCheck Foundation on June 28, 2020.

Mathias Payer is a Liechtensteiner computer scientist. His research is invested in software and system security. He is Associate Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and head of the HexHive research group.

Michael Veale is a technology policy academic who focuses on information technology and the law. He is currently associate professor in the Faculty of Laws at University College London (UCL).

COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (COCOA) is a COVID-19 application for smartphones provided by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. The application uses Bluetooth to detect and record suspected close contacts between users. If the contact is diagnosed with COVID-19, the user will be notified. After receiving the notification, the user can consider self-isolation or go to a medical institution for treatment.

StaySafe.ph or Stay Safe is a digital contact tracing app launched by the Philippine government as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. The mobile app was developed and published by MultiSys Technologies Corporation.

References

  1. ↑ "Covid Watch". Covid Watch. 2020-02-19. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  2. ↑ "COVID-19 Risk Assessment App Idea for Vetting and Discussion". EA Forum. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  3. ↑ "Tina White". Professional Website. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  4. 1 2 "Covid Watch About Page". Covid Watch. 2020-06-02. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  5. ↑ University, Stanford (2020-04-09). "Stanford researchers help develop privacy-focused coronavirus alert app". Stanford News. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  6. ↑ CSGF, DOE (2020-03-31). "Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application". DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  7. ↑ Waterloo, University of (2020-04-20). "Coming into contact with COVID". Waterloo Stories. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  8. ↑ "Covid Watch". Covid Watch. 2020-03-20. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  9. ↑ "Covid Watch White Paper". Covid Watch. 2020-03-20. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  10. ↑ "First implementation of anonymous exposure alert protocol". GitHub. Retrieved 2020-03-17.[ dead link ]
  11. ↑ "Covid Watch iOS TCN Testflight App". Apple TestFlight. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  12. ↑ "Covid Watch Github". Github. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  13. ↑ "CoEpi website". CoEpi. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  14. ↑ "The PACT protocol specification" (PDF). PACT MIT. 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  15. ↑ "Covid Watch Team Page". Covid Watch. 2020-06-02. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  16. ↑ "Covid Watch open source iOS TCN app". Github. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  17. ↑ "Covid Watch iOS G/A EN Github Repo". Github. 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  18. ↑ "Covid Watch Github Repo". Github. 2020-03-07. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  19. 1 2 "UA testing app to trace COVID-19 cases on campus". KOLD News 13. 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  20. 1 2 "Online apps likely to play a big role in rebooting UA campus for fall semester". Github. 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  21. ↑ "UArizona and Covid Watch Launch COVID-19 Exposure Notification App". University of Arizona News. 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  22. ↑ "Covid Watch Arizona". App Store. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  23. ↑ "Covid Watch Arizona - Apps on Google Play". play.google.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  24. ↑ Wilson, Amanda M.; Aviles, Nathan; Petrie, James I.; Beamer, Paloma I.; Szabo, Zsombor; Xie, Michelle; McIllece, Janet; Chen, Yijie; Son, Young‐Jun; Halai, Sameer; White, Tina; Ernst, Kacey C.; Masel, Joanna (2021). "Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk within the Google/Apple Exposure Notification Framework to Inform Quarantine Recommendations". pp. 162–176. medRxiv   10.1101/2020.07.17.20156539v3 .
  25. ↑ "WeHealth". WeHealth. 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  26. ↑ "COVID-19 Risk Assessment App Idea for Vetting and Discussion - EA Forum". forum.effectivealtruism.org. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  27. ↑ "Optimal Quarantine". www.overleaf.com. Retrieved 2020-06-24.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. ↑ "ContactTracingUsingSecretNumbers.pdf". www.slack.com. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  29. ↑ "Public Facebook Post". Facebook. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  30. ↑ "Covid Watch Bluetooth Primer Blog Post". Internet Archive. 2020-03-07. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  31. ↑ "One victim of COVID-19 pandemic may be privacy rights". JapanTimes. 2020-03-31. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  32. ↑ "What privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps need to succeed". VentureBeat. 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  33. ↑ Shendruk, Amrita Khalid, Amanda (16 April 2020). "How Bluetooth could bring digital contact tracing for Covid-19 to billions". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ "First commit · covid19risk/covidwatch-ios@f6068b9". GitHub. Retrieved 2020-06-24.[ dead link ]
  35. ↑ "Covid Watch Demo 3 Devices". YouTube. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  36. ↑ White, Tina (June 24, 2020). "Covid Watch White Paper" (PDF). Covid Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-26.
  37. ↑ "Covid Watch White Paper on Internet Archive". 2020-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  38. ↑ "Stanford HAI COVID-19 and AI Virtual Conference". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  39. ↑ "Tracking COVID-19 Using Crowdsourced Data: Tina White". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  40. ↑ "Surveillance, AI, and saving lives top agenda at coronavirus conference". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  41. ↑ "Covid Watch News Coverage". Covid Watch. 2020-06-02. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  42. ↑ "Bluetooth signals from your smartphone could automate Covid-19 contact tracing while preserving privacy". MIT News. 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  43. ↑ "Initial TCN Coalition commit · TCNCoalition/TCN@1b68b92". GitHub. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  44. 1 2 "DP-3T/documents". GitHub. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  45. ↑ "Private Contact Tracing Protocols Compared: DP-3T and CEN". Zcash Foundation. 2020-04-06.
  46. ↑ Rivest, Ron. "MIT PACT" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-09.
  47. ↑ Case, Nicky. "Comic". ncase.me. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09.
  48. ↑ "Add CEN protocol implementation · covid19risk/covidwatch-ios@e79403f". GitHub. Retrieved 2020-06-24.[ dead link ]
  49. ↑ "Apple and Google's Contact Tracing API". Archived from the original on 2020-04-10.
  50. ↑ "Join the Covid Watch beta". testflight.apple.com. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
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