Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic

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March 2020 message to the English Wikipedia's readers about COVID-19, written by Katherine Maher, then-executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation WMF coronavirus pandemic message 2.png
March 2020 message to the English Wikipedia's readers about COVID-19, written by Katherine Maher, then-executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation

The COVID-19 pandemic was covered in Wikipedia extensively, in real-time, and across multiple languages. This coverage extends to many detailed articles about various aspects of the topic itself, as well as many existing articles being amended to take account of the pandemic's effect on them. [1] Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects' coverage of the pandemic—and how the volunteer editing community achieved that coverage—received widespread media attention for its comprehensiveness, reliability, and speed. [1] [2] [3] [4] Readership increased during the pandemic. [5]

Contents

Wikipedia

The Wikimedia Foundation reported that on all Wikipedias from 1 December 2019 to 8 December 2020, 6,950 articles related to COVID-19 had been created, and 983,395 edits had been made to COVID-19-related articles by 97,088 editors. Additionally, in the same one-year time frame, COVID-19 related articles across all Wikipedias received 579,190,316 pageviews. [6] A 2021 study in Nature found that edits increased dramatically on most Wikipedias after the onset of the pandemic: larger Wikipedias, like the English Wikipedia, acquired many more newcomers, making the earlier pandemic period Wikipedia's most active period in the previous three years. [7]

One study found that Wikipedia's coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic from January to May 2020 referenced trusted media sources and high-quality academic research. [8] Another study observed that Wikipedia's traffic tended to match the intensity of other COVID-19 discussion in the media ecosystem, rather than the ongoing and steady severity of the pandemic. [9] A December 2020 study showed that nearly two percent of COVID-19-related literature had been cited on Wikipedia. [10]

In mid-March 2020, journalist Noam Cohen said that editors' work on articles related to the pandemic demonstrated "that Wikipedia has also developed a conscience." [4] Cohen described how Wikipedia's efforts to combat misinformation related to the pandemic differed from some other major websites and opined, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [4]

Wikipedia experienced an increase in readership during the COVID-19 pandemic. [5] In April 2020, according to the newspaper Dawn , when reports of cases in Wuhan emerged in December 2019 at the start of the pandemic, Wikipedia editors averaged 163 edits per hour to COVID-related pages. [11] Across 188 Wikipedia languages, there were nearly 7,000 articles related to the pandemic as of November 2021. [12]

One of several infographics provided by the World Health Organization to Wikipedia; this one pertains to conspiracy theories about 5G, specifically those about COVID-19. FACT- 5G mobile networks DO NOT spread COVID-19.svg
One of several infographics provided by the World Health Organization to Wikipedia; this one pertains to conspiracy theories about 5G, specifically those about COVID-19.

In his article "Why Wikipedia Is Immune to Coronavirus", Omer Benjakob of Haaretz wrote, "Wikipedia has stepped in to provide relief. So much so that it has become the go-to source for COVID-19 information." [3] Editors have worked diligently to remove misinformation. [13] [14] The World Health Organization announced it was working with the Wikimedia Foundation to help freely license its infographics and other material on COVID-19 to help in the work's effort to fight misinformation related to COVID-19, with plans to do similar in the future for other infectious diseases. [15]

Jevin West, a professor at the University of Washington Information School, said in August 2020 that Wikipedia has handled COVID-19 "overall, exceptionally well." [16] In January 2021, the BBC remarked that in 2020, hundreds of Wikipedia editors had covered just about every aspect of the pandemic. [17]

In June 2021, Jackson Ryan of CNET reported on Wikipedia's "endless war" over the COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis. Some editors were reported to have been caught setting up "sock puppet" accounts to reinforce their own point of view and push dubious sources. Other editors were reported to have expressed concerns about possible Chinese state actors suppressing discussion of the hypothesis, without providing definitive evidence. [18] In July 2021, British science writer Matt Ridley criticized Wikipedia for "long bann[ing] any mention of the possibility that the virus leaked from a Wuhan laboratory." [19] Ridley himself is a proponent of the lab leak hypothesis. [20]

In a July 2021 The Atlantic article, writer Renée DiResta wrote about how the United States government's efforts to combat misinformation needed a "better system for communicating with the public." DiResta refers to Wikipedia as a good model for how this should be done, stating that "The crowdsourced reference site is the simplest, most succinct summary of the current state of knowledge on almost any subject you can imagine," and that this approach would allow "far more complete and up-to-date [information] than individual press releases." [21]

In August 2021, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales wrote in Al Jazeera that "When the COVID-19 pandemic changed life as we know it, volunteer editors on Wikipedia acted in real-time to combat disinformation and ensure the world had access to science-based health resources, across 188 languages and every continent. Through an open, decentralised model, Wikipedians created unparalleled amounts of accurate, life-saving content." [22]

Wikipedia editors follow a set of "contentious topics" standards to prevent misinformation and vandalism. These topics encompass all "specially-designated topics that have attracted more persistent disruptive editing than the rest of the project". [23] The contentious topic rules state that administrators have the ability to restrict editors causing disruption or to restrict entire pages if there's constant disruption. [24]

English Wikipedia

Screenshot of a template on the English Wikipedia displaying a collection of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as of 3 April 2021 Screenshot of the Template for the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic on the English Wikipedia as of 2021-04-03.png
Screenshot of a template on the English Wikipedia displaying a collection of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as of 3 April 2021

A year after its first creation, the main COVID-19 pandemic Wikipedia article in English had become the 34th most viewed article on the website of all time, with almost 32,000 inbound links from other articles, according to The New Republic . [2] As of February 2023, Wikipedia's Top 100 most-viewed pages chart lists the article for the COVID-19 pandemic as the 65th most-viewed article ever and the article for Coronavirus as the 5th most-viewed life-related article ever. [25]

The "2019–2020 China pneumonia outbreak" Wikipedia article, which evolved into the English Wikipedia's main article about the pandemic, was created on 5 January 2020 by a user from China. Wikipedia entries were subsequently created for "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" and "Coronavirus disease 2019". [13] [17] By 9 February, the main article had been edited more than 6,500 times by approximately 1,200 editors, and six of the primary Wikipedia articles about the pandemic were viewed more than 18 million times. Other early entries included an overview of the pandemic by country and territory, a timeline, and another focused on xenophobia and racism. The Wikipedia pages about bats as food, the Corona beer brand, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Wuhan also saw increased editing. [13]

As the pandemic spread, editors worked to keep up with the barrage of new information and misinformation being added to the site. Information on Wikipedia was used to create data visualizations and shared on Reddit, Twitter, and other social media platforms. [13] More than 2,100 editors had contributed to the main article about the pandemic by 19 March. [26]

Viewership of WikiProject COVID-19, WikiProject Medicine, and WikiProject Viruses during March 2020 Wikiproject viewership march 2020.png
Viewership of WikiProject COVID-19, WikiProject Medicine, and WikiProject Viruses during March 2020

Editor affinity groups known as WikiProjects helped to supervise the English Wikipedia's pandemic coverage, [4] [12] [15] monitoring articles for changes, offering feedback, enforcing rigorous source quality standards, and translating articles into Wikipedias of other languages. [13] [27] A new WikiProject dedicated to the disease and pandemic had 90 members by late March 2020. [27] Prominent Wikipedia editors involved in these projects included James Heilman [28] and Jason Moore. [29]

Wikipedia editors deleted and later restored an entry called "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi", which project co-founder Jimmy Wales said "was incredibly poorly written and had zero sources". [30] [31] [32] Wired 's Omer Benjakob reports that prior to deletion, the article contained Islamophobic claims that the local Muslim community was the cause of the spread of the disease in India, along with claims that Muslims at a local medical center were seen "molesting nurses and spitting on hospital staff ... [and even] reportedly found defecating in the hospital corridor". [33] Wales later responded to accusations on Twitter, stating that Wikipedia did not accept payment for the article's deletion. [34] [35] [36]

English Wikipedia editors with >100 edits per month [37]

Readership spikes have reflected significant developments in the disease's spread. "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan" saw a traffic spike in late March, with daily page views ranging from 80,000 to 100,000; the article ranked number 72 for the month's most read pages. [11] In early April, Wikimedia projects received 673 million page views in a 24-hour period, the highest in five years. [11] The English Wikipedia had 283 COVID-19 articles by then, with the main entry receiving more than 17,000 edits and 20 million views. [14] Entries about the pandemic received 240 million views by 23 April 2020, with the page about misinformation related to the pandemic receiving an average of 14,000 views per day. [11] A November 2021 study found that contributions to the English Wikipedia had increased by 20 percent due to COVID-19 restrictions. [7]

German Wikipedia

There are hundreds of Wikipedia articles about the COVID-19 pandemic at German Wikipedia. Editors began writing about the pandemic in January 2020, when the outbreak was advancing in China. The main article about the pandemic and the entry for the disease's spread in Germany were being accessed approximately 150,000 and 100,000 times per day, respectively, as of March 2020. [27]

Indian languages

Logo for WikiProject COVID-19 at Urdu Wikipedia WikiProject COVID-19 Urdu Logo.svg
Logo for WikiProject COVID-19 at Urdu Wikipedia

Wikipedia had COVID-19 information in several Indian languages by 27 March 2020, including Bangla, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. [38] [39] SWASTHA (acronym for Special Wikipedia Awareness Scheme for the Healthcare Affiliates), [38] a division of WikiProject Medicine, is working with Johns Hopkins University, India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and National Health Authority, and the World Health Organization to improve coverage. [40] [41]

Urdu Wikipedia's entry for COVID-19 was viewed more than 12,000 times by 23 April 2020. [11] The Odia Wikipedia's average monthly readership rose from about 800,000 before 2021 to two million afterwards. A representative from the Wikimedia Odia division said that the over 1,900 medical articles made the Odia Wikipedia "the most comprehensive source of medical content in Odia on the internet". [39] Development of Wikipedia's coverage on COVID-19 led to public consideration among Indian people of Wikipedia's coverage of other topics. [42]

Italian Wikipedia

A study found that during the COVID-19 pandemic users in Italy had increased readership on topics related to dieting. [43]

Japanese Wikipedia

There are over one hundred Wikipedia articles about the pandemic at the Japanese Wikipedia. The Wikipedia article "Abenomask" (アベノマスク) drew attention due to its deletion request. The word refers to a government plan involving reusable clothmasks. [44] Some said that the name was an insult against Shinzo Abe, while others said that it was not an insult and showed usage in Sankei Shimbun , a conservative newspaper. [45] The community decided that it should not be deleted. [46] [47] [48]

Spanish Wikipedia

The main article about the pandemic at Spanish Wikipedia was created by an editor from Costa Rica on 19 January 2020. By mid April, the article had been edited more than 5,000 times, included 350 references, and received more than 5 million views. The entry was being monitored by approximately 175 editors at the time, receiving an average of 80,000 views per day. [49]

Wikidata

Wikidata, a knowledge database and sibling project of Wikipedia, has been used for COVID-19 research and databasing. BridgeDb, a project that connects bioinformatic identifiers, is creating COVID-19 gene and protein mapping databases from information supplied by Wikidata as part of a collaboration with Wikidata's WikiProject COVID-19. [50] [51] Peer-review journal Semantic Web wrote about using Wikidata as a semantic resource for COVID-19, writing, "The rich knowledge graph created for COVID-19 in Wikidata can be visualized, explored, and analyzed for purposes like decision support as well as educational and scholarly research." [52] WikiProject India set up a task force on Wikidata and created a central database depicting the national and state-level trajectories of the spread. [53]

Wikimedia Foundation

The Wikimedia Foundation, the nonprofit organization that supports Wikimedia movement projects, including Wikipedia, had employees work remotely during lockdowns. [54] The foundation published multiple free resources for at-home learning to assist with school closures. [54] [55] The foundation's then-executive director, Katherine Maher, encouraged editors and readers to work together to improve Wikipedia's coverage of COVID-19. [27] [56]

Wikimedian of the Year

Wikimedia Summit 2019 - Portrait Sandister Tei (1).jpg
WikiArabia '19 517 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
Sandister Tei (left) and Alaa Najjar (right), winners of the Wikimedian of the Year award in 2020 and 2021, respectively

The Wikimedia Foundation's annual Wikimedian of the Year award winners in 2020 and 2021 were attributed for their contribution to COVID-19-related content. The 2020 winner, Sandister Tei under the username Sandiooses, received the award for helping "pioneer the development of our volunteer communities in sub-Saharan Africa". [57] The press release from the foundation details Tei's efforts to keep her User Group connected and contributing to articles about the pandemic's impact in Ghana. [58] [59] The 2021 winner, Alaa Najjar under the username علاء, received the award for "[his] significant contributions to Arabic Wikipedia represent a care and a commitment to neutrality and accuracy that have encouraged a high standard of quality information on Wikipedia". [60] The foundation's press release highlights his leadership on the creation of COVID-19-related articles on the Arabic Wikipedia, contributing majorly to WikiProject Medicine and "providing critical access to life-saving information in his community and around the world." [60] [61]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Wikipedia</span>

Wikipedia, a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers known as Wikipedians, began with its first edit on 15 January 2001, two days after the domain was registered. It grew out of Nupedia, a more structured free encyclopedia, as a way to allow easier and faster drafting of articles and translations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English Wikipedia</span> English-language edition of Wikipedia

The English Wikipedia is the primary English-language edition of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on 15 January 2001, as Wikipedia's first edition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew Wikipedia</span> Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia

Hebrew Wikipedia is the Hebrew language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started on 8 July 2003 and contains more than 369,000 articles as of January 2025.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikipedia</span> Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia

Wikipedia is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of December 2024, it was ranked fifth by Semrush, and seventh by Similarweb. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)</span> Dispute resolution panel of editors

On Wikimedia Foundation projects, an arbitration committee (ArbCom) is a binding dispute resolution panel of editors. Each of Wikimedia's projects are editorially autonomous and independent, and some of them have established their own arbitration committees who work according to rules developed by the project's editors and are usually annually elected by their communities. The arbitration committees generally address misconduct by administrators and editors with access to advanced tools, and a range of "real-world" issues related to harmful conduct that can arise in the context of Wikimedia projects. Rulings, policies and procedures differ between projects depending on local and cultural contexts. According to the Wikimedia Terms of Use, users are not obliged to have a dispute solved by an arbitration committee.

A WikiProject, or Wikiproject, is an affinity group for contributors with shared goals within the Wikimedia movement. WikiProjects are prevalent within the largest wiki, Wikipedia, and exist to varying degrees within sibling projects such as Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikidata, and Wikisource. They also exist in different languages, and translation of articles is a form of their collaboration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikimedian of the Year</span> Annual award established by Jimmy Wales

The Wikimedian of the Year is an annual award that honors Wikipedia editors and other contributors to Wikimedia projects to highlight major achievements within the Wikimedia movement, established in August 2011 by Wikipedia's co-founder Jimmy Wales. Wales selects the recipients and honors them at Wikimania, an annual conference of the Wikimedia Foundation—except in 2020, 2021, and 2022 when the recipients were announced at online meetings as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2011 to 2016, the award was named Wikipedian of the Year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WikiConference North America</span> Conference of Wikimedia community from North America

WikiConference North America, formerly WikiConference USA, is an annual conference organized by the Wikipedia community in North America. The first two events were held at New York Law School and Washington, D.C.'s National Archives Building in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The third conference, rebranded WikiConference North America, was held at San Diego's Central Library in 2016, with a pre-conference day at Balboa Park.

Commercial use of Wikimedia projects refers to any business or product selling content from Wikipedia or Wikimedia projects which it freely took. Wikimedia projects use free and open copyright licenses which means that anyone may share the information for any purpose.

Wikimedia in India refers to all the Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects which are of special interest to people in India or interested in topics relating to India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 misinformation</span> False or misleading virus information

False information, including intentional disinformation and conspiracy theories, about the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic and the origin, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease has been spread through social media, text messaging, and mass media. False information has been propagated by celebrities, politicians, and other prominent public figures. Many countries have passed laws against "fake news", and thousands of people have been arrested for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. The spread of COVID-19 misinformation by governments has also been significant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic has varied by country, time period and media outlet. News media has simultaneously kept viewers informed about current events related to the pandemic, and contributed to misinformation or fake news.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism</span> Consequences of COVID-19 outbreak for media and publishing

The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted the journalism industry and affected journalists' work. Many local newspapers have been severely affected by losses in advertising revenues from COVID-19; journalists have been laid off, and some publications have folded. Many newspapers with paywalls lowered them for some or all of their COVID-19 coverage. The pandemic was characterized as a potential "extinction event" for journalism as hundreds of news outlets closed and journalists were laid off around the world, advertising budgets were slashed, and many were forced to rethink how to do their jobs amid restrictions on movement and limited access to information or public officials. Journalists and media organizations have had to address new challenges, including figuring out how to do their jobs safely and how to navigate increased repression and censorship brought on by the response to the pandemic, with freelancers facing additional difficulties in countries where press cards or official designations limit who can be considered a journalist.

Plandemic is a trilogy of conspiracy theory films produced by Mikki Willis, promoting misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. They feature Judy Mikovits, a discredited American researcher and prominent anti-vaccine activist. The first video, Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, was released on May 4, 2020, under Willis' production company Elevate Films. The second film, Plandemic Indoctornation, which includes more interviewees, was released on August 18 by Brian Rose's distributor of conspiracy theory related films, London Real. Later on June 3, 2023, Plandemic 3: The Great Awakening was released on The Highwire, a website devoted to conspiracy theories run by anti-vaccine activist Del Bigtree.

Wikipedia's volunteer editor community has the responsibility of fact-checking Wikipedia's content. Their aim is to curb the dissemination of misinformation and disinformation by the website.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netha Hussain</span> Indian physician, clinical neuroscientist, blogger, Wikipedian

Netha Hussain is an Indian physician and Wikipedian known for her efforts to tackle the spread of misinformation in Wikipedia about the origin of the coronavirus.

This timeline includes entries on the spread of COVID-19 misinformation and conspiracy theories related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. This includes investigations into the origin of COVID-19, and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. Social media apps and platforms, including Facebook, TikTok, Telegram, and YouTube, have contributed to the spread of misinformation. The Canadian Anti-Hate Network (CAHN) reported that conspiracy theories related to COVID-19 began on "day one". CAHN reported on March 16, 2020, that far-right groups in Canada were taking advantage of the climate of anxiety and fear surrounding COVID, to recycle variations of conspiracies from the 1990s, that people had shared over shortwave radio. COVID-19 disinformation is intentional and seeks to create uncertainty and confusion. But most of the misinformation is shared online unintentionally by enthusiastic participants who are politically active.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

The Russian invasion of Ukraine is extensively covered on Wikipedia across many languages. This coverage includes articles on and related to the invasion itself, and updates of previously existing articles to take the invasion into account. Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects' coverage of the conflict – and how the volunteer editing community achieved that coverage – has received significant media and government attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)</span> American Wikipedia editor (born 1980s)

Jason Moore is an American Wikipedia editor among the English Wikipedia's most active contributors by edit count. Editing since 2007 as "Another Believer", he has specialized in current events, with coverage including the COVID-19 pandemic, George Floyd protests, and the culture of Portland, Oregon, where he is based. On Wikipedia, Moore has created and developed editor affinity groups for joint work on these topics. As an organizer in the Wikimedia movement, Moore has hosted meet-ups and edit-a-thons to train new editors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</span>

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict has been covered extensively on Wikipedia. This coverage has often been criticized for perceived bias. External groups have initiated editing campaigns, and the Israel–Hamas war intensified editing in the topic-area. Wikipedia coverage on the conflict differs significantly between the encyclopedia's language-versions.

References

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  26. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (19 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Is Stress-Testing Wikipedia's Systems – and Editors". Slate . Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Kleinz, Torsten (24 March 2020). "Hochzeiten für Wikipedia: Dauerhafte Coronavirus-Updates" [Golden era for Wikipedia: substantial coronavirus updates]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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  36. ↑ Jimmy Wales [@jimmy_wales] (16 April 2020). "We don't accept payment to include things, nor to delete them" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2023– via Twitter.
  37. ↑ "Wikipedia Statistics (English)". stats.wikimedia.org.
  38. 1 2 Singh, Jagmeet (3 April 2020). "Wikipedia Has a Special Project to Fight Coronavirus Fake News in India". NDTV. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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