Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons

Last updated

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted prisons globally. [1] There have been outbreaks of COVID-19 reported in prisons and jails around the world, with the housing density and population turnover of many prisons contributing to an increased risk of contracting the virus compared to the general population. [2] Prison crowding and lack of sanitation measures contribute to the risk of contracting diseases in prisons and jails. As a mitigation measure, several jurisdictions have released prisoners to reduce density and attempt to reduce the spread of the illness. There have also been protests among prisoners, riots and prison breaks in multiple countries in response to prisoner anger over their risk of contracting illness in prison conditions. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, health services within prisons had issues providing adequate care for incarcerated people, and this has only been exacerbated by the impacts of COVID-19. Minority groups within the prison system have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Contents

Hazard controls

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, prevention and management strategies should be implemented in correctional and detention facilities to reduce the burden of COVID-19. Some prevention strategies include symptom screening at entrances, avoiding overcrowding, staggering meal and recreation times, face coverings, signage, and training. Facilities should develop info-sharing systems to manage confirmed and suspected cases, isolate those potentially infected, and offer flexible sick leave policies for staff members. [3]

Afghanistan

The Afghan government released 10,000 prisoners on March 26, 2020. They were mostly women, young people, the critically ill, and inmates over 55 years of age. [4]

Australia

On March 16, the Australian government declared a public health emergency. [5] It has also planned to cancel all visits to the Alexander Maconochie prison starting on March 23. ACT Corrective Services commissioner Jon Peach stated that as a result there would be "increased access to telephones" for prisoners to keep in touch with their families. [6]

Bahrain

In May 2021, Bahrain reported a spike in its daily cases of COVID-19 to approximately 3000. As of June 2021, Bahrain has been reported to be experiencing a third wave of the coronavirus pandemic, said to be 'its biggest wave of infections'. Despite the uncontrolled spread of the virus, the Bahraini government has kept political prisoners imprisoned in the allegedly overcrowded, notorious Jau prison. Sadeq AbdAli AlAsfoor, one of the prisoners was arrested in 2012 at the age of 20 and has since been inside the prison, subjected to torture and lack of medical care or healthy meals. [7] [8]

Belarus

As prisons fill with 30,000 protesters following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election, virus cases in prisons also increase. Cells are overcrowded, lack ventilation, and lack basic amenities and medical treatment. Guards are accused of deliberately allowing the virus to run lose for political reasons. Authorities have not released the number of prisoners with COVID-19, but rights activists say that thousands of protesters tested positive after they were detained. [9]

Brazil

Hundreds of prisoners (who work outside the prison during the day) escaped from four prisons in São Paulo state after visitors were restricted and Easter furloughs were cancelled due to health concerns. [10]

China

The virus spread in at least four prisons in China. [11]

Colombia

On March 22, 23 prisoners were killed and 83 injured during a prison riot in La Modelo in Bogota, which erupted over fears over the spreading of COVID-19 through prison walls. [12] [13] Prisoners across the country have been protesting against the poor health services ever since the outbreak of COVID-19. [14]

The government planned to release about 10,000 prisoners on the weekend of 4–5 April 2020. The release did not apply to individuals who have been convicted of sexual offenses against minors, corruption, or crimes against humanity. [15]

Czech Republic

Due to the coronavirus, on March 13, the Czech government passed Resolution No. 204/2020 Coll which banned family members from visiting relatives in prisons and jails. Defense attorneys are exempted from the bans. [16]

El Salvador

Following an outbreak of alleged gang violence in late April that killed 77 people, President Nayib Bukele imposed a lockdown on imprisoned gang members from 26 April. [17] As part of the crackdown, gang members have been confined in crowded cells for 23 hours a day; cells were barricaded with plywood and metal sheets to block sunlight; mobile and wifi signals were blocked, and rival gang members were mixed together. [18] [19] [20] Human Rights Watch Americas director José Miguel Vivanco has condemned the treatment of prisoners as humiliating, degrading and a threat to health amidst the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. [19]

Ethiopia

On March 25, 4,011 prisoners were granted a pardon by the Ethiopian President Sahle-Work Zewde in an effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This pardon only applied to prisoners convicted of minor crimes who were serving sentences of up to three years, and those who were about to be released. [21] [22]

France

On March 16, a detainee died in the Fresnes prison. [23] On March 22, a mutiny erupted in the Uzerche Detention Center, where 250 inmates had to be evacuated because their cells were unusable. [24]

Iran

On March 3, more than 54,000 prisoners were released temporarily to prevent the spread of COVID-19. [25]

Prisoners rioted in southern Iran on March 30. Since the beginning of the year, riots have broken out in prisons in Aligudarz, Hamedan, and Tabriz, with some prisoners escaping. On March 27, 70 inmates escaped Saqqez Prison in the Kurdistan province. 100,000 prisoners have been released as a measure to contain the pandemic, but an estimated 50,000 people remain in prison, including violent offenders, dual nationals and others with Western ties. [26]

Ireland

On 20 March, Minister for Justice Charles Flanagan announced the temporary release of up to 200 prisoners to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spreading through the country's jails. [27] Prisoners were reported to be willing to work with prison officers to prevent their exposure to the virus. Social distancing measures in prisons included visible marks, the closing of gyms and recreation halls, inmates being fed in smaller groups and visits from outside disallowed. Deep cleaning occurred, the plates and mugs were replaced with hot food in single use cardboard containers. Another consequence of the virus was that less drugs found their way into the system. [28] On 10 June, it was announced that not a single prisoner among the country's prison population of 3,705 had tested positive for COVID-19. [29] On 22 August, a 23-year-old woman in Dóchas Centre became the first prisoner in Ireland to test positive for COVID-19. [30] [31] On 30 October, the Irish Prison Service confirmed an outbreak of COVID-19 at the Midlands Prison after five inmates tested positive for COVID-19. [32] [33] [34]

Italy

An investigation was opened after six convicts died in the Sant'Anna prison of Modena from overdoses. Other events that prompted the investigation included riots in San Vittore prison and in the La Dogaia prison in Prato.[ citation needed ]

Eighty detainees escaped from Foggia's prison amid the chaos in prisons sparked by the government's new restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [35]

Japan

The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) decided that only lawyers are allowed to visit prisoners in prisons and detention houses in seven prefectures (Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, Kanagawa, Osaka, Hyogo and Fukuoka), which are issued emergency declaration initially, from April 8 to May 6. [36] MOJ explained that the legal basis of the measure is the National Property Act ( 国有財産法 , Kokuyū Zaisan Hō). [36] The Act on Penal Detention Facilities and the Treatment of Inmates and Detainees ( 刑事収容施設及び被収容者等の処遇に関する法律 , Keiji Shūyō-shisetsu oyobi Hisyūyōsha-to no Shogū ni Kansuru Hōristu) does not have provisions for visiting restriction purpose of not spreading infectious diseases, therefore some lawyers criticized this decision. [36] On April 20, MOJ extended this measure to prisons and detention houses in six prefectures (Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Gifu, Aichi and Kyoto), which are designated as special alert prefectures (特定警戒都道府県, tokutei keikai todōfuken) from April 20 to May 6. [37] On April 27, immigration centers ( 入国者収容所 ), facility that accommodates foreigners have been pronounced deportation, are also subject of visiting restriction. [38]

The first case in Japan's penal detention facilities was detected at Osaka Detention House. [39] As of April 28, there were 8 officers of Osaka Detention House, 1 officer of Tsukigata Prison  [ ja ], and 1 defendant of Tokyo Detention House confirmed cases of COVID-19. [40]

Mexico

A riot in a migrant detention center in Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, left a Guatemalan man dead and four people injured on March 31. The detainees were concerned about a possible COVID-19 outbreak. [41]

Mexico City began to sanitize its 13 penitentiaries and four detention centers on April 4. The number of visitors allowed was cut in half. Staff, providers, and inmates were to be tested for COVID-19. The inmates were to be given measles shots as the city is also experiencing an outbreak of measles as of April 2020. [42]

Pakistan

The first case in Pakistan's prisons was detected on March 24 in Camp Jail, Lahore. [43] By April 14, 59 more cases were reported in the same jail, along with 14 in Sialkot Jail, seven in Gujranwala and nine in DG Khan Jail, taking Punjab province's total to 89. [44] One case in Quetta district jail was reported on April 6. [45] There has been a discrepancy in the numbers provided by different authorities in Punjab, but according to the highest figures collated by Justice Project Pakistan, the country has more than 100 cases in prisons, as of April 13.

Philippines

Detainees at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa getting tested for COVID-19. NBP COVID-19 Testing.jpg
Detainees at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa getting tested for COVID-19.

Prisoners has been released to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in prisons in the Philippines. As of July 22, 21,858 prisoners from 470 jail facilities managed by the country's Bureau of Jail Management and Penology has been released. At least a thousand prisoners and jail staff have contracted COVID-19. [46]

Somaliland

President Muse Bihi Abdi pardoned 574 prisoners and ordered them released to control the spread of the virus. [47]

Syria

ISIL militants in the Hassakeh province in eastern Syria rioted, and four escaped from prison. While there are no reports of coronavirus infections in prisons in this area, there are concerns about a possible outbreak in overcrowded facilities. [48]

Thailand

A riot started at the prison in the Buriram Province in northeastern Thailand on March 29 when a false rumor about a coronavirus infection spread as a cover-up for an escape attempt. Seven of the 2,100 prisoners escaped but were recaptured. Two prisoners at a different facility in the country have been diagnosed with COVID-19, and families have been banned from visiting prisons in the country for 14 days. [49]

Turkey

On March 13, Minister of Justice Abdulhamit Gül announced that meetings in all open and closed prisons, the use of family meeting rooms, and transfers between prisons were all delayed for two weeks. [50]

On March 20, the Human Rights Association, Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, the Association of Lawyers for Liberty, the Contemporary Lawyers Association, and the Health and Social Service Workers Union of Civil Society in the Penal System, published a statement on the COVID-19 outbreak and urged immediate action in prisons. In their article, they emphasized the importance of informing the public, especially family and prisoners' lawyers, about quarantine practices and the health status of prisoners. [51]

The Turkish parliament passed a law to free tens of thousands of prisoners on April 14. Human rights organizations criticized the law because it did not include individuals convicted under anti-terrorism laws, journalists, politicians, and lawyers in pre-trial detention. [52]

United Kingdom

The government released specific guidance to prisons in the event of COVID-19 symptoms or cases, specifically the rule that states "any prisoner or detainee with a new, continuous cough or a high temperature should be placed in protective isolation for 7 days". [53]

On March 18, the first coronavirus case was reported in a UK prison. The prisoner, who had been serving time in HMP Manchester (commonly referred to as Strangeways), was moved to a hospital. While no other prisoners or staff tested positive for the virus, thirteen prisoners and four members of staff were put into isolation as a precaution. [54] Prison visits remained open, but the situation is being monitored. [55]

On March 19, it was revealed that around 75 officers at HMP Berwyn in Wales were off work due to sickness or self-isolation, and 22 prisoners showing symptoms of coronavirus were being isolated by the prison. However, the prison had enough staff members to remain fully operational. [56]

Following the case in HMP Manchester, public services think tank Reform called for the release of 2,305 "low-risk" offenders on short sentences to reduce the risk of coronavirus within the prison population. [57] Their report argued that prison are "overcrowded [with] insanitary conditions and poor-quality healthcare". [58] Similar actions have been taken in Iran and the United States. [59]

On March 21, former Justice Secretary David Gauke called for the suspension of short sentences and early release of some prisoners to avoid the spread of COVID-19. [60]

United States

During the first half of 2020, considering U.S. outbreaks affecting clusters of over 500 people, three-quarters of these large outbreaks occurred at correctional facilities. As of July 3, 2020, the hardest hit institution was Marion Correctional Institution in Marion, Ohio with 2,439 cases, followed by Pickaway Correctional Institution in Scioto Township, Ohio (1,791 cases), San Quentin State Prison in San Quentin, California (1,483 cases), Harris County jail in Houston, Texas (1,390 cases), and Trousdale Turner Correctional Center in Hartsville, Tennessee (1,379 cases). These were the five worst outbreaks of COVID-19 in the United States up to that point. [61] At least 13 people incarcerated at Marion died of COVID-19. [62] As of late August 2021, over 2,500 people had died from COVID-19 while incarcerated in U.S. prisons; statistics on COVID-19 deaths are generally unavailable for U.S. jails. [63]

April 24, 2020: Protest event in Columbus, Ohio calling for 20,000 early prison releases Rumble In The Valley- Release 20k By May 2IMG 0419 (49814492488).jpg
April 24, 2020: Protest event in Columbus, Ohio calling for 20,000 early prison releases

On any given day, 2.3 million people are incarcerated in 6,000 facilities in the United States, presenting officials with the difficult task of preventing coronavirus outbreaks among prisoners and staff. [64] [65] Prisoners often sleep close together. Many prisons have poor sanitation, and alcohol-based hand sanitizer is often prohibited for inmates. [66] [67]

The vast majority of these prisoners are in state or local custody. State governors usually have the power to choose to release prisoners, but generally they do not do so, a trend that has not changed even given the COVID-19 crisis. For example, in response to the pandemic, California and Kentucky released less than four percent of their prisoners, while Arizona stated that it would release none. [64]

The remaining minority of prisoners are in federal custody.

Between March 22–26, 2020, 23 inmates escaped and at least one inmate tested positive for COVID-19 in each of two prisons. Judges ordered the liberation of thousands of prison inmates, and there were calls to release all medically vulnerable inmates. [68]

As of April 8, 2020, there were at least 1,300 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 32 deaths in prisons and jails across the United States. [69]

On December 18, 2020, the Associated Press and The Marshall Project stated that one in five prisoners in the United States had been infected with the COVID virus. This was over four times the infection rate of the general population around the time of the report. In some states, half of prisoners had been infected. [70]

COVID-19 has also spread at an elevated rate within immigration detention facilities in the United States.

Federal correctional system

Former Attorney General William Barr announced on March 26, 2020, that he had instructed federal prisons to free some inmates to lessen the impact of the coronavirus epidemic. This order favors inmates over 60 who have not been convicted of violent or sex crimes. This applies to about 2,000 of the 170,000 inmates in the federal correctional system. At the time of Barr's announcement, there had been about a dozen cases of COVID-19 among federal prisoners and staff. [71] A high-profile release was Paul Manafort, the former campaign chairman of President Trump, who, at age 71, left a federal prison in Pennsylvania to serve the rest of his sentence in home confinement due to coronavirus concerns. [72] Another high-profile released prisoner was Rita Crundwell (68), the biggest municipal embezzler in U.S. history, went to live on her brother's farm.

Patrick Jones, a 49-year old inmate at a minimum-security prison in Oakdale, Louisiana, became the first fatality of COVID-19 in a federal prison on March 28. Five other inmates were infected. [73] The federal Bureau of Prisons is locking all its 146,000 inmates in their cells from April 1 to 14. COVID-19 is so common at Federal Correctional Complex, Oakdale in Louisiana that authorities stopped testing for it and instead assume that anyone with symptoms is infected with it. [74]

On July 14, 2020, Daniel Lewis Lee became the first federal prisoner to be executed in 17 years. His victims' family had sued to delay the execution, citing their desire to witness it but asserting their fears of contracting COVID-19. Several days before the scheduled execution, a court ruled that it could be rescheduled to allow his victims' family to attend, but the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently denied that extension. [75] [76]

On January 7, 2021, Joseph Lee Fultz arrived at a federal prison in Indiana to begin a 27-year sentence. There was a COVID-19 outbreak at the prison, and Fultz was diagnosed within days. Although the government recorded his health status as "recovered," he died in his cell on February 8, 2021, raising questions about the overall accuracy of data from federal prisons. [77]

Effects of COVID-19 on Minority Groups

Although as of May 13, 2020, Black prisoners make up 1⁄3 of the prison population in Missouri, they have had 58% of the positive tests for the state's prison population. [78] 43 prison agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Prisons, have refused to provide any demographic information (besides ages) of prisoners affected by COVID-19. This makes knowing which prisons have larger populations of non-English speaking prisoners who need help understanding preventive measures, such as social distancing, much more difficult. [79] Populations that are more likely to be incarcerated are generally disproportionately affected by pre-existing health conditions such as HIV, hepatitis C and tuberculosis. This creates high concentrations of these diseases within prison populations, with those affected by them having a higher susceptibility to contracting COVID. [80]

Health Services

Many incarcerated people have preexisting conditions that worsen within prisons because of the settings such as lack of proper sanitation procedures and sharing close spaces in many already overcrowded prisons. [81] The cost of medical services disincentivizes prisons from responding to incarcerated people's illnesses. [81] Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, prisons had difficulties with managing incarcerated people's illnesses for reasons such as the inability to triage. [81] "Punitive solitary confinement" has also been employed as opposed to medical isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. [82] With the use of solitary confinement, incarcerated people are less likely to report any sickness because they do not want to experience solitary confinement since it is often enforced in inhumane ways that have many damaging effects, especially emotional/psychological ones. [82] This means that there are incarcerated people with unreported symptoms interacting with other incarcerated people and staff, which leads to higher chances of the spread of illness. [82] With the COVID-19 pandemic, there is also a lack of testing, trained and informed health services staff, and treatment resources available. [82]

Immigration detention facilities

In the past decades, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has turned to private, for profit companies to house the growing detainee population. Facilities operated by private companies are not subject to the same standards of accountability and oversight as government-operated facilities. [83] Prior to the coronavirus, conditions in ICE detention facilities were described as overcrowded, unsanitary, understaffed, and dangerous. [84] Detainees were not given sufficient access to medical care, and outbreaks of diseases such as mumps occurred. [85] Over the course of the coronavirus pandemic, ICE has reported that 7,583 detention center detainees have tested positive for COVID-19, and 8 have died (as of 12/03/2020). [86] However, ICE data has been criticized for having gaps and flaws. [87]

In March, detainees at several U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities went on strike to demand sanitary supplies. [88] Federal judges in California and Pennsylvania have ordered ICE to release several detainees who have sued. Lawsuits are pending in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington state. As of April 2, there were 35,000 people in ICE custody. [89]

Twenty-seven migrant children held by the Office of Refugee Resettlement have tested positive for COVID-19 as of April 13. Six have recovered; three are in isolation in Texas and Illinois. [90]

In April and May, a series of letters were penned and signed by detainees in neighboring detention facilities in Eloy, AZ. The letters described a lack of food, medical treatment, and adequate safety measures as well as inhumane conditions in quarantine. One detainee stated they were going to ask to be deported in order to escape the facility's conditions. [91] [92]

The Vera Institute of Justice released a peer-reviewed model based on ICE data from late May. Of the 80,655 people Vera estimates to be held in ICE detention at any point over a 60-day time period, they calculate that 15,549 would contract COVID-19. 235 of these would require hospitalization. 2-17 people would die in the first 60 days. [93]

Arizona

On March 21, it was reported that 50 inmates had been released in Coconino County to reduce coronavirus risks. In Pima County, the sheriff proposed measures to reduce the inmate population, such as releasing 135 people jailed for probation violations or relocating some prisoners to state prisons. [94] July 15: 569 inmates at 13 of the states 16 prisons have tested positive. [95]

California

Georgia

The Georgia Department of Corrections (DOC) suspended visitations and announced additional sanitation measures, but The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that inmates had seen no extra soap. [102] A prison worker was confirmed to have COVID-19 on March 18—the DOC, citing "security and HIPAA restrictions", declined to name the affected prison. The first detected case of COVID-19 in a prison inmate was at Lee State Prison two days later, on March 20. [103]

On March 21, CNN reported that three inmates tested positive for COVID-19 at Lee State Prison in Leesburg. Three other prisoners were under observation with similar symptoms. [104]

Illinois

Testing for COVID-19 revealed the first case of infection on March 22 in Cook County Jail, Chicago. 10% of the 5,000 inmates were released as a cautionary measure, but the number of infections had risen to 134 by March 30. Fifteen inmates and eleven staff have tested positive at other facilities in the state, with at least 80 waiting for test results. One prisoner died on March 30 at Stateville Correctional Center in Crest Hill, Illinois. [105]

Louisiana

As of April 9, six out of nine deaths among prisoners in federal prisons in the United States had occurred within a single prison at Oakdale, Louisiana. [106]

Twenty-seven youths aged 13 to 20, and 14 staff have tested positive in Louisiana's four secure juvenile detention facilities—the Bridge City Center near New Orleans, the Acadiana Center for Youth in Bunkie, the Swanson Center for Youth in Columbia, and the Swanson Center for Youth in Monroe. Children are confined to their rooms, they do not get schooling or visits from case managers or clergy. [107]

Massachusetts

The first prison case of COVID-19 in Massachusetts was reported on March 21 at Massachusetts Treatment Center. The prisoner and his roommate were placed in quarantine on March 19. [108] As of March 31, 17 prisoners had tested positive at the Massachusetts Treatment Center as well as six Department of Correction staff—four at the treatment center, one at MCI-Shirley, and one at the Department of Correction central office. Two prisoners have tested positive at the Middlesex Jail and House of Correction in Billerica, as have 14 employees in the state's county jail systems. [109]

Michigan

The Michigan Department of Corrections banned visitors to prisons, along with prohibiting any volunteers from working in them. Staff at prisons were required to have their temperatures taken and them to be under 100.4 °F (38.0 °C) along with other measures. [110] The Michigan Career and Technical Institute suspended all programs until April 5. [111]

New Jersey

On March 24, a 31-year-old male Mexican national in custody by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in Hackensack, New Jersey, was held in isolation after being tested positive for COVID-19. He was the first migrant to test positive, and ICE suspended the intake of new migrants. [112]

New York

After a guard and a prisoner tested positive for coronavirus at the Rikers Island prison, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio stated that city officials will identify individuals for release, including persons arrested for minor crimes and those most vulnerable to infection due to chronic health problems. In addition to the cases at Rikers, other prisons in the state, including Sing Sing, have recorded positive tests among prisoners, and one member of the correction's department has died from the virus. [97] Rikers Island released 51 non-criminals with underlying conditions on April 14. [113]

As of March 25, 75 New York City inmates had tested positive for COVID-19 and 37 city corrections staff members, up from 50 inmates and 30 staffers the previous day. [68]

North Carolina

The Wayne County Health Department reported their first recorded death on April 23 after testing positive on April 18, and that as of April 20, Neuse Correctional Institution had approximately 450 of its 700 inmates test positive, and all inmates were to be tested; few reported symptoms. All of the staff could be tested as well. As of April 24, positive cases had risen to 465. [114]

Pender Correctional Institution, in Burgaw reported the state's first death in a prison. [115]

As of December 13, 6,059 cases, more than 1 in 6 people in custody, has tested positive for COVID-19. [116]

Ohio

Protester at an April 24 event with a sign referencing the Marion County prison Rumble In The Valley- Release 20k By May 4IMG 0451 (49815028701).jpg
Protester at an April 24 event with a sign referencing the Marion County prison

On April 8, the National Guard arrived at Elkton Federal Prison in Columbiana County to assist the medical staff when a large number of prisoners became ill with the virus. [117] On April 18, the National Guard and Highway Patrol arrived at the state prison in Marion county to assist with "mission critical functions" after infections of correctional workers and prisoners. [118] By April 19, over 1800 prisoners at Marion Correctional Institution, approximately 3/4ths of the population, plus 100 staff had tested positive. [119] Overall, the prison system had almost 2500 cases by April 19, representing almost a fifth of Ohio's cases. [119]

On April 22, the Marion County prison was first-ranked as the hot-spot for the virus in the country, followed by the Pickaway Correctional Institution. Marion County was first in cases per capita in the nation, while Pickaway County was fourth. [120] The Ohio prison system is designed to hold about 35,000 inmates, but held about 49,000 in April 2020. [121]

On April 22, federal judge James S. Gwin ordered the Elkton prison to identify vulnerable inmates and transfer them from the facility. He also ordered officials to "evaluate each subclass member's eligibility for transfer out of Elkton through any means, including but not limited to compassionate release, parole or community supervision, transfer furlough or non-transfer furlough within two weeks". He noted, "with the shockingly limited available testing and the inability to distance inmates, COVID-19 is going to continue to spread, not only among the inmate population, but also among the staff". He condemned the Federal Department of Corrections, asking: "Why has the Justice Department allocated Elkton an entirely insignificant number of tests while Ohio has been able to pull off mass testing across not only Marion, but at multiple institutions?" [122]

Pennsylvania

Due to ongoing public health concerns related to the coronavirus, on March 13, the Eastern State Penitentiary (a historic site which stopped operating as a prison in 1971) was closed to the public. [123]

South Dakota

Nine prisoners escaped from a minimum-security women's prison on March 23, the same day a fellow inmate tested positive for COVID-19. Three were captured on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and one was captured in Rapid City. It was not immediately clear if the diagnosis prompted the prisoners to escape. [124]

Texas

As of July 2020, at least 84 inmates have died in Texas prisons. [125]

Washington

Fourteen inmates escaped from the county jail in Yakima County on March 23. They used a table to break down an exit door and then climbed a fence. The U.S. Marshals Service offered rewards of up to $1,000 for information leading to the arrests of these escaped inmates. [124]

Wisconsin

The first COVID-19 positive case in the Wisconsin state prison system, an employee at Waupun Correctional Institution, was reported on March 18 by warden Brian Foster. Inmate advocacy groups called on the Department of Corrections and Governor Tony Evers to change prison policies to protect prisoners and guards during the epidemic. [126]

Venezuela

Reuters reported that Venezuela's notoriously overcrowded and unsanitary prisons could spread the coronavirus "like a fast-moving fire." Venezuelan prisons frequently lack bathrooms, people sleep on floors, and many inmates spend their days without shirts or shoes on, in part to combat the heat of windowless facilities. [127] This has caused US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to demand the Maduro government release six Citgo executives, held in prison since 2017, on humanitarian grounds. [128] [129] Pompeo said that all six men have weakened immune systems and "face a grave health risk if they become infected" with COVID-19. [129] The Venezuelan Medical Federation asked for the release of political prisoners in the country, specifically Roberto Marrero, Juan Requesens and other lawmakers. [130]

On March 18, 84 out of 518 inmates escaped from a prison in San Carlos, Zulia, after restrictions against the pandemic were announced, including jail visits. Mayor Bladimir Labrador declared that ten prisoners were killed during the prison break and that two policemen were detained for complicity. According to Carlos Nieto Palma from the NGO Ventana a la Libertad, the suspension of visits directly affects the prisoner's nutrition, given that there was no state-sponsored program to feed them. [131] The NGO Provea denounced "grave human rights violations" after a military spokesperson announced the "neutralization" of 35 escapees. State authorities later declared that there were eight deaths. [132]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rikers Island</span> New York City island and jail complex

Rikers Island is a 413-acre (167.14-hectare) prison island in the East River in the Bronx that contains New York City's largest jail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Bureau of Prisons</span> Corrections agency of the US federal government

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is responsible for all Federal prisons and provide for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prisoner abuse</span> Mistreatment of imprisoned people by authorities

Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Prisoner abuse can include physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, torture, or other acts such as refusal of essential medication, and it can be perpetuated by either fellow inmates or prison faculty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CoreCivic</span> U.S. prison-operating company

CoreCivic, formerly the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), is a company that owns and manages private prisons and detention centers and operates others on a concession basis. Co-founded in 1983 in Nashville, Tennessee by Thomas W. Beasley, Robert Crants, and T. Don Hutto, it received investments from the Tennessee Valley Authority, Vanderbilt University, and Jack C. Massey, the founder of Hospital Corporation of America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Medical Center, Carswell</span> Womens federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.

The Federal Medical Center, Carswell is a United States federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas, for female inmates of all security levels, primarily with special medical and mental health needs. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has a prison camp for minimum-security female inmates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cook County Jail</span> Penitentiary in Illinois, US

The Cook County Jail, located on 96 acres in South Lawndale, Chicago, Illinois, is operated by the Sheriff of Cook County. It is sometimes referred to as California or Hotel California, as its address is on California Avenue. A city jail has existed on this site since after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, but major County prisoners were not generally collocated here until closure of the old Hubbard Street Criminal Court Building and jail in 1929. Since then, a 1920s neoclassical and art deco courthouse for the criminal division of the Cook County Circuit Court has operated at the South Lawndale complex.

Infectious diseases within American correctional settings are a concern within the public health sector. The corrections population is susceptible to infectious diseases through exposure to blood and other bodily fluids, drug injection, poor health care, prison overcrowding, demographics, security issues, lack of community support for rehabilitation programs, and high-risk behaviors. The spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), and tuberculosis, result largely from needle-sharing, drug use, and consensual and non-consensual sex among prisoners. HIV and hepatitis C need specific attention because of the specific public health concerns and issues they raise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Iran</span>

The COVID-19 pandemic in Iran has resulted in 7,627,863 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 146,837 deaths.

The first confirmed case relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States was announced by the state of Washington on January 21, 2020. Washington made the first announcement of a death from the disease in the U.S. on February 29 and later announced that two deaths there on February 26 were also due to COVID-19. Until mid-March, Washington had the highest absolute number of confirmed cases and the highest number per capita of any state in the country, until it was surpassed by New York state on April 10, 2020. Many of the deceased were residents of a nursing home in Kirkland, an Eastside suburb of Seattle in King County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

The public health measures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic effectively contained and reduced the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on a global scale between the years 2020–2023, and had several other positive effects on the natural environment of planet Earth and human societies as well, including improved air quality and oxygen levels due to reduced air and water pollution, lower crime rates across the world, and less frequent violent crimes perpetrated by violent non-state actors, such as ISIS and other Islamic terrorist organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire</span>

The COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire is part of an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The first confirmed case was reported on March 2, 2020. A state of emergency was declared March 13, which included a ban on gatherings of 50 or more people. A small group filed a lawsuit claiming the order infringed on their right to assemble and worship; a judge dismissed the suit. On March 26, all nonessential businesses were closed and Governor Chris Sununu advised people to only leave home for essential necessities. That stay-at-home order was extended several times before being allowed to expire on June 15. Through November 22, a total of 74 emergency orders had been issued by Sununu. Sununu lifted the mask mandate as of April 16, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia</span>

The U.S. state of West Virginia reported its first confirmed case relating to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 17, 2020, becoming the last state to do so. The patient had shown symptoms for several days prior. On March 29, 2020, the state reported its first COVID-19 death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Industrial action relating to the emergency

Strikes occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic due to many factors including: hazard pay or low pay, unsafe working conditions, inability to pay rent. These strikes are separate from the various protests that occurred over responses to the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the United States' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in March 2020. Since April 2020, the United States Department of Defense has directed bases to not publicize case statistics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decarceration in the United States</span> Overview article

Decarceration in the United States involves government policies and community campaigns aimed at reducing the number of people held in custody or custodial supervision. Decarceration, the opposite of incarceration, also entails reducing the rate of imprisonment at the federal, state and municipal level. As of 2019, the US was home to 5% of the global population but 25% of its prisoners. Until the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. possessed the world's highest incarceration rate: 655 inmates for every 100,000 people, enough inmates to equal the populations of Philadelphia or Houston. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinvigorated the discussion surrounding decarceration as the spread of the virus poses a threat to the health of those incarcerated in prisons and detention centers where the ability to properly socially distance is limited. As a result of the push for decarceration in the wake of the pandemic, as of 2022, the incarceration rate in the United States declined to 505 per 100,000, resulting in the United States no longer having the highest incarceration rate in the world, but still remaining in the top five.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus reached Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines on March 24, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Zamboanga City. All provinces including the cities of Zamboanga and Isabela have recorded at least a single case.

Carlos Ernesto Escobar Mejía was a 57-year-old man from El Salvador who had immigrated to the United States in 1980 and lived in Los Angeles for over 20 years. He had left the country after the Salvadoran Civil War, a US-backed military conflict, broke out. In an article on Escobar Mejía's death, Graig Graziosi of The Independent reported on the tragic web of violence that surrounded his life, after "US-backed death squads terrorized civilians and were accused of raping and murdering American missionaries" while using "scorched earth" tactics contributed to the scattering of civilian populations. Carlos and his sister Rosa Escobedo Mejía fled to the US to live with their older sister Maribel. His status in the US was undocumented. On May 6, 2020, he was reportedly the first immigrant to die from COVID-19 in the custody of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the 11th immigrant to die in government custody in the fiscal year. He died at the Paradise Valley Hospital in National City.

The COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention has been covered extensively since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. More than 38,000 people were detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States. ICE's response to the outbreak in detention facilities has been widely characterized as substandard and dangerous. Harmful practices have been reported in numerous facilities managed by third-party private contractors with ICE. For example, reports found that HDQ Neutral disinfectant was used over 50 times per day in un-ventilated areas, which caused pain, bleeding, and severe illness to numerous people held in Adelanto Detention Center, a private prison managed by GEO Group Inc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</span> Indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has had far-reaching consequences in the country that go beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manila City Jail</span> Jail in Manila

The Manila City Jail, popularly known as Old Bilibid Prison, is a detention center in Manila, Philippines. It is one of the most overcrowded jails in the world.

References

  1. ↑ Li, Lili; Taeihagh, Araz; Tan, Si Ying (February 3, 2023). "A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 599. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..599L. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36267-9. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   897623 . PMID   36737447.
  2. ↑ Flagg, Anna; Neff, Joseph (March 31, 2020). "Why Jails Are So Important in the Fight Against Coronavirus". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  3. ↑ "COVID-19 Guidance for Correctional & Detention Facilities". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 30, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  4. ↑ Afghanistan to release up to 10,000 prisoners to slow coronavirus spread AFP, 26 March 2020
  5. ↑ "Second coronavirus case in Canberra prompts ACT Government to declare public health emergency - ABC News". www.abc.net.au. March 15, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Canberra coronavirus cases increase as Health Minister halts prison visits". ABC News. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  7. ↑ "(OFFICIAL) UAE, Bahrain make Pfizer/BioNTech shot available to those who got Sinopharm vaccine". Reuters. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Profile in Persecution: Sadeq AbdAli AlAsfoor". ADHRB. June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Virus besets Belarus prisons filled with president's critics". AP NEWS. December 26, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  10. ↑ Phillips, Dom (March 17, 2020). "'Come back Monday, OK?' Hundreds of prisoners escape in Brazil amid Covid-19 anger". The Guardian– via www.theguardian.com.
  11. ↑ Wang, Vivian; McNeil, Donald G. Jr.; Fassihi, Farnaz; Myers, Steven Lee (February 21, 2020). "With 4 Deaths in Iran and More Cases on 3 Continents, Fears of Coronavirus Pandemic Rise". The New York Times . Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  12. ↑ "Colombia coronavirus: 23 killed in prison riot". aljazeera.com. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  13. ↑ Vera, Amir. "23 dead in prison riot in Colombia prompted by coronavirus fears, Ministry of Justice says". CNN. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  14. ↑ "At least 23 killed in Colombia prison unrest". BBC News. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  15. ↑ Colombia prepares a massive release of prisoners for the advance of the coronavirus (in Spanish) by Jorge Cantillo, Infobae, retrieved 3 April 2020
  16. ↑ "přijetí krizového opatření" (PDF). Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  17. ↑ Salinas, Jacobo García, Carlos (April 27, 2020). "Bukele autoriza a la policía a matar pandilleros en El Salvador tras un sangriento fin de semana". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved April 30, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ "El Salvador gangs: 'No ray of sunlight for inmates'". BBC News . April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  19. 1 2 "El Salvador: Inhumane Prison Lockdown Treatment". Human Rights Watch. April 29, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  20. ↑ Kahn, Carrie (April 27, 2020). "El Salvador's President Takes On The Country's Gangs Amid Coronavirus Pandemic". National Public Radio . Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Ethiopia pardons more than 4,000 prisoners to help prevent coronavirus spread". cnn.com. March 26, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  22. ↑ Sahle-Work Zewde [@SahleWorkZewde] (March 26, 2020). "In order to reduce prison overcrowding and prevent the spread of #COVID19, I have, in accordance with article 71/7 of our Constitution, granted pardon to 4011 prisoners convicted of minor crimes serving a sentence up to 3 years and those about to be released" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  23. ↑ "Mort d'un détenu à Fresnes : les prisons à l'épreuve de l'épidémie de coronavirus". leparisien.fr. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Mutinerie à la prison d'Uzerche, en Corrèze : près de 250 cellules inutilisables". leparisien.fr. March 22, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Coronavirus: Iran temporarily frees 54,000 prisoners to combat spread". BBC News . March 3, 2020.
  26. ↑ Prisoners riot in Iran; Netanyahu goes into self-quarantine By AMIR VAHDAT and ARON HELLER, Associated Press, 30 March 2020
  27. ↑ Daly, Adam (March 20, 2020). "Covid-19: Temporary release of 200 prisoners was 'not an easy decision to make'". TheJournal.ie . Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  28. ↑ Reynolds, Paul (April 7, 2020). "Prisons and inmates adapt to restrictions posed by Covid-19". RTÉ News and Current Affairs . Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  29. ↑ Conneely, Ailbhe (June 10, 2020). "Prison Service submits best practice paper to WHO after no inmate tests Covid-19 positive". RTÉ News and Current Affairs . Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  30. ↑ Hogan, Laura (August 22, 2020). "Irish prison system records first positive Covid-19 case". RTÉ News and Current Affairs . Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  31. ↑ Halpin, Hayley; McGrath, Dominic (August 22, 2020). "Woman becomes first confirmed Covid-19 case in Irish prison system". TheJournal.ie . Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Covid-19 outbreak at Midlands Prison in Portlaoise". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  33. ↑ Lally, Conor (October 30, 2020). "Staff and prisoners to be tested at Midlands Prison following Covid-19 outbreak". The Irish Times . Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  34. ↑ Kierans, John (October 30, 2020). "Multiple inmates test positive after Covid-19 outbreak at Midlands Prison". Irish Mirror . Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  35. ↑ "Caos nelle carceri per il coronavirus, 6 morti a Modena per overdose: aperta indagine. Fiamme a San Vittore e Prato. Fuga dei detenuti a Foggia". open.online. March 9, 2020.
  36. 1 2 3 "家族や友人はNG、拘置所・刑務所で面会制限 法務省：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). April 9, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  37. ↑ 日本放送協会. "「特定警戒都道府県」の刑務所など 弁護士以外面会中止". NHKニュース. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  38. ↑ "出入国在留管理庁ホームページ". www.moj.go.jp.
  39. ↑ "新型コロナ:大阪拘置所刑務官が感染 矯正施設で初、接触者隔離". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). April 5, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  40. ↑ "矯正施設、新入所者は隔離 コロナ対策で２週間―法務省：時事ドットコム". 時事ドットコム (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  41. ↑ Riot in Tabasco immigration station leaves one dead and four wounded (in Spanish) EFE/Informador, 1 April 2020
  42. ↑ CDMX penalties are sanitized and visits are reduced due to coronavirus by Israel Zamarrón, El Sol de México, 4 April 2020
  43. ↑ "Pakistan Confirms 1st Prisoner with COVID-19 in Crowded Jail | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  44. ↑ "89 prisoners contract coronavirus in Punjab jails". 24 News HD. April 14, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  45. ↑ "کوئٹہ: ڈسٹرکٹ جیل میں قیدی کا کورونا ٹیسٹ مثبت". jang.com.pk. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  46. ↑ Sajid, Islamuddin (July 22, 2020). "COVID-19: Philippines releases nearly 22,000 inmates". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  47. ↑ "COVID-19: Somaliland releases 574 prisoners". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  48. ↑ IS militants riot in eastern Syria prison, some escape By The Associated Press/ABC News, 30 March 2020
  49. ↑ Coronavirus rumors alleged to have set off Thai prison riot By The Associated Press/ABC News, 29 March 2020
  50. ↑ "Adalet Bakanı Gül: Açık ve kapalı tüm cezaevlerindeki görüşler iki hafta süreyle ertelenmiştir". Anadolu Agency. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Covid-19 Salgını ve Hapishanelerde Acilen Alınması Gereken Önlemler".
  52. ↑ Turkey to release thousands of prisoners over coronavirus AFP, 14 Apr 2020
  53. ↑ "COVID-19: prisons and other prescribed places of detention guidance". GOV.UK. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  54. ↑ Bulman, May (March 18, 2020). "First UK prisoner infected with coronavirus". The Independent . Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  55. ↑ Slater, Chris (March 18, 2020). "Strangeways prisoner tests positive for coronavirus". Manchester Evening News . Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  56. ↑ Rees, Jenny (March 19, 2020). "Seventy-five prison officers off sick or isolating". BBC News . Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  57. ↑ Cowburn, Ashley (March 20, 2020). "Ministers urged to release hundreds of prisoners on short sentences to combat coronavirus". The Independent. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Reducing the prison population: Extending Home Detention Curfew and scrapping short sentences | Reform". reform.uk. March 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  59. ↑ "US jails begin releasing prisoners amid pandemic". BBC News. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Prisons could see 800 deaths from coronavirus without protective measures," The Guardian, March 21, 2020
  61. ↑ "Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count". The New York Times. March 3, 2020. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  62. ↑ Schulberg, Jessica (July 9, 2020). "Inside The Prison Where 8 In 10 Of The Incarcerated Have Gotten Coronavirus". HuffPost. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  63. ↑ Schulberg, Jessica (August 28, 2021). "Delta Is Coming For Jails And Prisons, And The System Isn't Ready To Protect The Incarcerated". HuffPost. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  64. 1 2 Chapin, Angelina (April 10, 2020). "Governors Are Too Cowardly To Solve The Coronavirus Outbreak In Prisons". HuffPost . Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  65. ↑ Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter. "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020". www.prisonpolicy.org. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  66. ↑ "Coronavirus and Prisons: A Toxic Combination". The Marshall Project . March 6, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  67. ↑ Williams, Timothy; Weiser, Benjamin; Rashbaum, William K. (March 30, 2020). "'Jails Are Petri Dishes': Inmates Freed as the Virus Spreads Behind Bars". The New York Times . Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  68. 1 2 Releases, infections, fear: U.S. coronavirus crisis in jails and prisons looms By Chris Francescani, ABC News, 26 March 2020
  69. ↑ Williams, Timothy; Ivory, Danielle (April 8, 2020). "Chicago's Jail Is Top U.S. Hot Spot as Virus Spreads Behind Bars". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  70. ↑ Schwartzapfel, Beth; Park, Katie (December 18, 2020). "1 in 5 prisoners in the US has had COVID-19, 1,700 have died". AP NEWS. AP. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  71. ↑ U.S. to free some prisoners amid coronavirus threat AFP, 26 March 2020
  72. ↑ Faulders, Katherine; Barr, Luke (May 13, 2020). "Former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort released to home confinement amid coronavirus concerns". ABC News. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  73. ↑ Inmate dies after contracting coronavirus at Louisiana federal prison by Rich Schapiro, NBC News, 29 March 2020
  74. ↑ Federal inmates to be locked in cells for 14 days amid virus AP, 31 March 2020
  75. ↑ Shortell, David, Greg Clary and Caroline Kelly (July 13, 2020). "First US federal execution in 17 years is back on, for now". CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ↑ de Vogue, Ariane; Duster, Chandelis; Shortell, David (July 14, 2020). "Daniel Lewis Lee executed after Supreme Court clears the way". CNN. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  77. ↑ Jeltsen, Melissa (February 19, 2021). "He Got COVID In Prison. The Government Said He Was 'Recovered.' Then He Died". HuffPost. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  78. ↑ Ortiz/The Detroit, Max (May 28, 2020). "Is COVID-19 Falling Harder on Black Prisoners? Officials Won't Tell Us". The Marshall Project. Associated Press. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  79. ↑ "Racial Disparities in Jails and Prisons: COVID-19's Impact on the Black Community". ACLU West Virginia. June 12, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  80. ↑ Akiyama, Matthew J.; Spaulding, Anne C.; Rich, Josiah D. (May 28, 2020). "Flattening the Curve for Incarcerated Populations — Covid-19 in Jails and Prisons". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (22): 2075–2077. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2005687. ISSN   0028-4793. PMC   7398586 . PMID   32240582.
  81. 1 2 3 Prisons are "in no way equipped" to deal with COVID-19. (2020). The Lancet, 395(10234), 1411-1412. doi:
  82. 1 2 3 4 Cloud, D.H., Ahalt, C., Augustine, D. et al. Medical Isolation and Solitary Confinement: Balancing Health and Humanity in US Jails and Prisons During COVID-19. Journal of General Internal Medicine 35, 2738–2742 (2020).
  83. ↑ "Privatized Immigration Detention". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  84. ↑ "Conditions in Migrant Detention Centers". American Oversight. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  85. ↑ Trovall, Elizabeth (September 23, 2019). "Why Immigration Facilities Are Struggling To Contain A Mumps Outbreak Among Detained Migrants". Houston Public Media. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  86. ↑ "ICE Guidance on COVID-19". www.ice.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  87. ↑ Jawetz, Tom; Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal (June 16, 2020). "Data on the Coronavirus Outbreak in Immigration Detention Offer More Questions than Answers". Center for American Progress. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  88. ↑ Cheney-Rice, Zak (March 27, 2020). "Coronavirus Fears Spark Prison Strikes, Protests, and Riots Around the World". Intelligencer.
  89. ↑ Judge in Maryland weighs release of 2 detained immigrants by Michael Kuzelman, Associated Press, 2 April 2020
  90. ↑ 27 migrant children in US government custody test positive for coronavirus By Priscilla Alvarez, CNN, 14 Apr 2020
  91. ↑ "#LettersForLiberation from La Palma". tqpueblo (in Spanish). Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  92. ↑ Currier, Cora (July 27, 2020). "Letters From ICE Detainees Expose Desperate Prison Conditions Amid Coronavirus Pandemic". The Intercept. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  93. ↑ Hyperakt (June 29, 2020). "The Hidden Curve". Vera. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  94. ↑ Jacques Billeaud, "Some sheriffs ask to reduce jail population amid virus worry," Archived March 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine azfamily.com, March 21, 2020
  95. ↑ "'They're scared': A look inside the COVID-19 crisis in Arizona prisons", Tucson Sentinel, July 22, 2020
  96. ↑ Marua Dolan, Alene Tchekmedyian, Piage St. John, "California releases more jail inmates amid coronavirus crisis," Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2020
  97. 1 2 "US jails begin releasing prisoners to stem Covid-19 infections," BBC News, March 19, 2020
  98. ↑ Teri Figueroa, Karen Kucher, "Jails to release some inmates, adjust booking criteria amid coronavirus concerns," The San Diego Union-Tribune, March 16, 2020.
  99. ↑ Osgood, Brian (April 18, 2020). "COVID-19 Hits Santa Barbara's Main Jail Population". The Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  100. ↑ "About half of California prison inmates killed by COVID-19 were disabled, advocates say". Sacramento Bee. July 18, 2020.
  101. ↑ Saloner, Brendan; Parish, Kalind; Ward, Julie A.; DiLaura, Grace; Dolovich, Sharon (August 11, 2020). "COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Federal and State Prisons". JAMA. 324 (6): 602–603. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12528. ISSN   0098-7484. PMC   7344796 . PMID   32639537.
  102. ↑ Boone, Christian; Sharpe, Joshua (March 19, 2020). "'No extra soap': Georgia inmates say prisons not ready for COVID-19". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  103. ↑ Blau, Max; Sharpe, Joshua (March 20, 2020). "NEW FINDINGS: Georgia prison inmate tests positive for COVID-19". ajc.com. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  104. ↑ Faith Karimi, "Three inmates test positive for coronavirus in Georgia as concerns grow over unprepared prison system," CNN Health, March 21, 2020
  105. ↑ Concerns grow at Cook County Jail as COVID-19 spreads by Mike Lowe, WGN-TV 9, 30 March 2020
  106. ↑ , CBS News
  107. ↑ 'I'm scared for my child': Coronavirus hits Louisiana juvenile detention centers NBC News, 14 Apr 2020
  108. ↑ "First case of COVID-19 in Bridgewater Prison," Channel 22 News, March 21, 2020
  109. ↑ "Arguments At SJC Tuesday Over Petition To Reduce Prison Populations Due To Pandemic". wgbh.org. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  110. ↑ MDOC Halts All Visits at State Prisons Michigan.gov
  111. ↑ Michigan Career & Technical Institute to Close to Protect Against COVID-19 Michigan.gov
  112. ↑ Mexican man becomes 1st in immigration detention to test positive for COVID-19 Fox 44 News/AP, 24 March 2020, retrieved 26 March 2020
  113. ↑ Rikers Island: 51 additional people released due to underlying health concern By Ganesh Setty, CNN, 14 Apr 2020
  114. ↑ Alexander, Ames (April 20, 2020). "As massive COVID-19 outbreak hammers prison, NC sends reinforcements". The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  115. ↑ Wilkie, Jordan (April 23, 2020). "First NC inmate dies from COVID-19, prison outbreaks grow". Carolina Public Press . Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  116. ↑ Fowler, Hayley. "Coronavirus live updates: Here's what to know in North Carolina on Dec. 10". Charlotte Observer.
  117. ↑ Ricciutti, Gerry (April 8, 2020). "Ohio National Guard arrives to help sick Elkton inmates". WKBN. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  118. ↑ "National Guard called to Marion prison as county coronavirus cases near 1,000". Marion Star. April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  119. 1 2 Cooley, Patrick. "Coronavirus in Ohio: More than 1,800 inmates at Marion Correctional test positive". The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  120. ↑ Kandisky, Catherine (April 22, 2020). "Coronavirus surges at Pickaway prison, now No. 2 hot spot in nation - behind Marion prison". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  121. ↑ Stewart, Chris; Bischoff, Laura (April 20, 2020). "Coronavirus in Ohio prisons: For Hamilton woman, 'The stress … is horrible'". Journal-News . Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  122. ↑ Balint, Ed (April 22, 2020). "Judge orders transfer of some Elkton prisoners due to COVID-19 risks". The Repository . Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  123. ↑ Eastern State Penitentiary," accessed March 21, 2020
  124. 1 2 9 inmates bolt from South Dakota prison on the same day a prisoner tested positive for coronavirus By Bill Hutchinson, ABC News, 25 March 2020
  125. ↑ "He was supposed to be in prison less than a year. Instead, he died after catching the coronavirus." Texas Tribune, July 7, 2020
  126. ↑ Emily Hamer, "Wisconsin prison employee tests positive for COVID-19; inmate advocates call for protections amid pandemic," State Journal, March 20, 2020
  127. ↑ Ellsworth, Brian; Sequera, Vivian (March 18, 2020). "Overcrowded and unsanitary, Venezuela's prisons brace for coronavirus". Reuters . Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  128. ↑ Secretary Pompeo [@SecPompeo] (March 19, 2020). "It is past time for the Maduro regime to release the #Citgo6 who are currently languishing in the notorious Helicoide prison in #Venezuela. 2+ years in prison with no evidence brought against them; 18 hearings cancelled. Unacceptable" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  129. 1 2 "US demands Venezuela free Citgo executives as virus hits". France 24 . Agence France-Presse. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  130. ↑ "Presidente de la FMV exhorta a que se liberen a presos políticos por coronavirus". La Patilla (in Spanish). March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  131. ↑ "Las restricciones por el coronavirus provocan una fuga de presos que deja 10 muertos en Venezuela". El Mundo (in Spanish). AFP. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  132. ↑ "Provea denuncia asesinato de 35 presos fugados de retén en Zulia". Tal Cual (in Spanish). March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.