Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic

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Painted white circles spaced 8 feet (2.4 m) apart at Dolores Park in San Francisco, May 2020 Memorial Day 2020 - San Francisco Under Quarantine (49935629483).jpg
Painted white circles spaced 8 feet (2.4 m) apart at Dolores Park in San Francisco, May 2020

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures were implemented nearly worldwide in order to slow the spread of the disease. [1] This article details the history of the social distancing measures, a list of countries implementing them, when they were implemented, and other details about the measures.[ citation needed ] Except where stated otherwise, dates in this article refer to the year 2020.

Contents

Background

Social distancing measures on public ground Kastro, Kavala.jpg
Social distancing measures on public ground
The support-bubble concept used in New Zealand Covid-19-Bubble-spread-02-1.gif
The support-bubble concept used in New Zealand

Social distancing, or physical distancing, [2] [3] [4] is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures taken to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. [2] [5] It involves keeping a distance of six feet or two meters from others and avoiding gathering together in large groups. [6] [7]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and related measures were recommended by several governments as alternatives to an enforced quarantine of heavily affected areas. According to UNESCO monitoring, more than a hundred countries implemented nationwide school closures in response to COVID-19, impacting over half the world's student population. [8] In the United Kingdom, the government advised the public to avoid public spaces, and cinemas and theatres voluntarily closed to encourage the government's message. [9]

With many people at the time disbelieving that COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu, [10] it was difficult to convince the public to voluntarily adopt social distancing practices. In Belgium, media reported a rave was attended by at least 300 before it was broken up by local authorities. In France, teens making nonessential trips were fined up to US$ 150. Beaches were closed in Florida and Alabama to disperse partygoers during spring break. [11] Weddings were broken up in New Jersey and an 8;00 p.m. curfew was imposed in Newark. New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania were the first states to adopt coordinated social distancing policies which closed down non-essential businesses and restricted large gatherings. Shelter in place orders in California were extended to the entire state on 19 March. On the same day, Texas declared a public disaster and imposed statewide restrictions. [12]

These preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools in more than 120 countries. As of 23 March 2020, more than 1.2 billion learners were out of school due to school closures in response to COVID-19. [8] Given low rates of COVID-19 symptoms among children, the effectiveness of school closures has been called into question. [13] Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs. [14] However, the significance of children in spreading COVID-19 is unclear. [15] [16] While the full impact of school closures during the coronavirus pandemic are not yet known, UNESCO advises that school closures have negative impacts on local economies and on learning outcomes for students. [17]

In early March 2020, the sentiment "Stay The Fuck Home" was coined by Florian Reifschneider, a German engineer and was quickly echoed by notable celebrities such as Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande [18] [19] and Busy Philipps [20] in hopes of reducing and delaying the peak of the outbreak. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram also joined the campaign with similar hashtags, stickers and filters under #staythefhome, #stayhome, #staythefuckhome and began trending across social media. [21] [22] [23] [24] The official website claims to have reached about two million people online and says the text has been translated into 17 languages. [24]

It has been suggested that improving ventilation and managing exposure duration can reduce transmission. [25] [26]

Afghanistan

Australia

Social distancing signs at shops in Brisbane. Signs for social distancing at shops during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brisbane, Australia 02.jpg
Social distancing signs at shops in Brisbane.

China

Denmark

Germany

Indonesia

Muslims in Indonesia pray in congregation while imposing to strict protocols during the global pandemic. Physical distancing and the wearing of masks in public is mandatory in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak, including in places of worship Islamic Congregational Prayer with Physical Distancing during the Covid-19 Pandemic.jpg
Muslims in Indonesia pray in congregation while imposing to strict protocols during the global pandemic. Physical distancing and the wearing of masks in public is mandatory in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak, including in places of worship

Ireland

On 12 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced from Washington measures intended to stop COVID-19 spreading, including the closure of all schools, universities and childcare facilities from the following day, as well as the closure of all cultural institutions and the cancellation of "all indoor mass gatherings of more than 100 people and outdoor mass gatherings of more than 500 people". [36] After returning home earlier than anticipated from his visit to the United States, Taoiseach Varadkar addressed the nation on Saint Patrick's Night during A Ministerial Broadcast by An Taoiseach Leo Varadkar, TD , introducing television viewers to the concept of "cocooning". [37] [38] [39] On 27 March, the first stay-at-home order banned all non-essential travel and contact with others. [40] It was the longest in Europe, especially for hospitality and retail. [41]

On 15 September 2020, the Government of Ireland announced a medium-term plan for living with COVID-19 that included five levels of restrictions. [42]

LevelSocial & Family GatheringsWeddingsIndoor & Outdoor EventsSports Training, Matches & EventsGyms, Pools & Leisure CentresReligious ServicesRestaurants, Cafés & PubsHotels, Guesthouses & B&BsRetail & ServicesIndoor Cultural VenuesDomestic TravelPublic TransportSchools & Childcare
 1  [43] Maximum 10 from 3 other householdsMaximum 100 people can attendIndoor: 100/200 depending on venue size; Outdoor: 200/500 depending on venue sizeNormal training with protective measures; Matches & Events: 100 indoors/200 outdoor/500 stadiaOpen with protective measures50 people can attendOpen with protective measuresOpen with protective measuresOpen with protective measuresOpen with protective measuresNo restrictionsOff-peak hoursOpen with protective measures
 2  [44] Maximum 6 from 3 other householdsMaximum 50 people can attendIndoor: 50/100 depending on venue size; Outdoor: 100/200 depending on venue sizeIndoor training: pods of 6; Outdoor training: pods of 15; Matches & Events: 50 indoors/100 outdoors/200 stadiaOpen with protective measures50 people can attendGroups of 6 from up to 3 householdsOpen with protective measuresOpen with protective measuresOpen with protective measuresNo restrictions50% capacity / peak-hours prioritisedOpen with protective measures
 3  [45] Maximum 6 from 1 other householdMaximum 25 people can attendNo organised indoor events; Outdoor: gatherings of up to 15Indoor training: 1 individual only; Outdoor training: pods of 15 (non-contact); Matches & Events: except specific exemptionsIndividual training onlyServices move online; 25 people can attend funeralsRange of restrictions up to and including no indoor diningServices limited to residents onlyOpen with protective measuresVenues closedStay in your county50% capacity, use only when necessaryOpen with protective measures
 4  [46] No visitorsMaximum 6 people can attendNo organised indoor events; Outdoor: gatherings of up to 15Indoor training: 1 individual only; Outdoor training: pods of 15 (non-contact); Matches & Events: except specific exemptionsClosedServices move online; 25 people can attend funeralsOutdoor dining (maximum 15 people), takeaway or deliveryExisting guests & essential purposes onlyPrimarily outdoor essential retail/servicesVenues closedStay in your county25% capacity, avoid public transportOpen with protective measures
 5  [47] No visitorsMaximum 6 people can attendNo organised indoor/outdoor eventsIndividual training only & no eventsClosedServices move online; 10 people can attend funeralsTakeaway or delivery onlyEssential purposes onlyEssential retail onlyVenues closedStay at home, exercise within 5 km25% capacity, avoid public transportRecommendations based on situation & evidence at time

Netherlands

New Zealand

Pakistan

Russia

Singapore

Below is a summary of the Risk Levels being imposed by the government: [53]

LevelMeasuresDate
Level 0Gatherings of up to 2 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 2 people per day.
All mask-off activities must cease (e.g. dining-in)
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 16sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 25%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 100 people are allowed in events with PET
Remote work as default
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time.
No wedding receptions allowed		May 2020 - 1 June 2020
16 May 2021 - 13 June 2021
22 July 2021 - 9 August 2021
Level 1aGatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
No dining-in is allowed.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET
Remote work as default
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time.
No wedding receptions allowed		7 April 2020 - 4 May 2020
2 June 2020 - 18 June 2020
14 June 2021 - 20 June 2021
Level 1bGatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET
Up to 50% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time.		19 June 2020 - 16 July 2020
8 May 2021 - 15 May 2021
19 July 2021 - 21 July 2021
Level 1cGatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET
Up to 50% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		26 March 2020 - 6 April 2020
17 July 2020 - 27 December 2020
8 May 2021 - 15 May 2021
12 July 2021 - 18 July 2021
Level 2Gatherings of up to 8 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 8 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 8 people.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 8sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 65%
100-250 people are allowed in events without PET, 750 people are allowed in events with PET
Up to 85-100% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30-50 persons at any one time.		29 January 2020 - 25 March 2020
28 December 2020 - 7 May 2021
Level V1Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people provided if vaccinated, if not vaccinated is up to 2 people.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET
Up to 30% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time (From 11 September 2021, workers allowed at workplace will be up to company's discretion)
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		10 August 2021 - 27 September 2021
Level S1Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		28 September 2021 - 12 October 2021
Level S2Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people if vaccinated. No dining-in for non-vaccinated.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		13 October 2021 - 10 November 2021
Level S3Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people if vaccinated (5 if same household, only for restaurants). No dining-in for non-vaccinated.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		11 November 2021 - 21 November 2021
Level V2Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops which is up to 2 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		22 November 2021 - February 2022
Level V3Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops which is up to 2 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated.
Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person
Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50%
1000 people are allowed in events
Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.		February 2022 - 29 March 2022
Level T1Gatherings of up to 10 people are allowed in public space.
Home visits are allowed up to 10 people per day.
Dining-in is allowed up to 10 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops and hawker centers which is up to 5 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated.
Capacity space is capped at 1000 people.		29 March 2022 - 26 April 2022

Turkey

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom government's guidance document on social distancing was withdrawn on 1 May 2020, [66] and as of August 2022, current guidance does not mention distancing as an objective. [67]

United States

States, territories, and counties that issued a stay-at-home order: Came into effect before 22 March Came into effect before 29 March Came into effect before 5 April Came into effect before 12 April Full map including municipalities COVID-19 outbreak USA stay-at-home order county map.svg
States, territories, and counties that issued a stay-at-home order:
  Came into effect before 22 March
  Came into effect before 29 March
  Came into effect before 5 April
  Came into effect before 12 April
Full map including municipalities

Debate

While enjoying broad support among epidemiologists, the social distancing measures are at times politically controversial. Intellectual support for the opposition tends to come from writers of other fields, although there are a few heterodox epidemiologists. [69]

See also

Related Research Articles

Events during the year 2020 in Ireland. As in most of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic dominated events in Ireland during this year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland</span>

The COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Ireland, it has resulted in 1,749,953 cases and 9,785 deaths, as of 5 October 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Israel</span>

The COVID-19 pandemic in Israel is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The first case in Israel was confirmed on 21 February 2020, when a female citizen tested positive for COVID-19 at the Sheba Medical Center after return from quarantine on the Diamond Princess ship in Japan. As a result, a 14-day home isolation rule was instituted for anyone who had visited South Korea or Japan, and a ban was placed on non-residents and non-citizens who were in South Korea for 14 days before their arrival.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Oman was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Oman on 24 February 2020 when two citizens tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from Iran. As of 21 August 2021, the total number of cases registered in the sultanate is 300,914, of which 289,450 have recovered and 4,020 have died. Initially, the majority of the cases and deaths occurred in the expatriate community. By July 2020, as the pandemic entered its fourth month in the country, the majority of the cases and deaths had occurred among the citizens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been varied, and have included containment measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and curfews. As of 13 October 2024, 776,470,880 cases of COVID-19 have been reported, resulting in 7,068,664 reported deaths. The most affected countries in terms of confirmed cases are the United States, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa, Peru, Mexico, Chile, the United Kingdom, and Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Paraguay

The COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Paraguay on March 7, 2020, in a 32-year-old man from Guayaquil, Ecuador, living in San Lorenzo, Central Department. Three days later, on March 10, 2020, a second case was confirmed in a 61-year-old man who traveled from Argentina; the same day three more cases were confirmed. Due to this spike, the government began imposing the first measures to stop the disease from spreading.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Montserrat

The COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat was a part of the ongoing global viral pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was confirmed to have reached the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat on 17 March 2020. The first death occurred on 24 April 2020. By 15 May, all patients had recovered. On 10 July, a new case was discovered. On 7 August, there were no more active cases.

A stay-at-home order, safer-at-home order, movement control order – also referred to by loose use of the terms quarantine, isolation, or lockdown – is an order from a government authority that restricts movements of a population as a mass quarantine strategy for suppressing or mitigating an epidemic or pandemic by ordering residents to stay home except for essential tasks or for work in essential businesses. The medical distinction between such an order and a quarantine is that a quarantine is usually understood to involve isolating only selected people who are considered to be possibly infectious rather than the entire population of an area. In many cases, outdoor activities are allowed. Non-essential businesses are either closed or adapted to remote work. In some regions, it has been implemented as a round-the-clock curfew or called a shelter-in-place order, but it is not to be confused with a shelter-in-place situation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Responses of Indian state governments towards ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in India

The Indian state governments have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in India with various declarations of emergency, closure of institutions and public meeting places, and other restrictions intended to contain the spread of the virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 lockdowns</span> Restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions, particularly lockdowns, were implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world. These restrictions were established with the intention to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments. Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years, the scale of those implemented in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 lockdown in India</span> Quarantine effort in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in India

On the evening of 24 March 2020, the Government of India ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, limiting the movement of the entire 1.38 billion population of India as a preventive measure against the COVID-19 pandemic in India. It was ordered after a 14-hour voluntary public curfew on 22 March, followed by enforcement of a series of regulations in COVID-19 affected countries. The lockdown was placed when the number of confirmed positive coronavirus cases in India was approximately 500. Upon its announcement, a mass movement of people across the country was described as the largest since the partition of India in 1947. Observers stated that the lockdown had slowed the growth rate of the pandemic by 6 April to a rate of doubling every six days, and by 18 April, to a rate of doubling every eight days. As the end of the first lockdown period approached, state governments and other advisory committees recommended extending the lockdown. The governments of Odisha and Punjab extended the state lockdowns to 1 May. Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal, and Telangana followed suit. On 14 April, Prime minister Narendra Modi extended the nationwide lockdown until 3 May, on the written recommendation of governors and lieutenant governors of all the states, with conditional relaxations after 20 April for the regions where the spread had been contained or was minimal.

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Wales on 28 February 2020, with a case being reported in the Swansea area; this first known case was a person who had recently returned from Italy. The first known case of community transmission was reported on 11 March in the Caerphilly area.

The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

The first responses of the government of India to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country involved thermal screenings of passengers arriving from China, the country from which the coronavirus disease 2019 originated, as well as of passengers arriving from other countries. As the pandemic spread worldwide, the Indian government recommended social distancing measures and also initiated travel and entry restrictions. Throughout March 2020, several shutdowns and business closures were initiated, and by the end of the month, the Indian government ordered a widespread lockdown. An economic package was announced in May 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa</span>

Africa's first confirmed case of COVID-19 was announced in Egypt on 14 February 2020. Many preventive measures have been implemented in different countries in Africa, including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations, school closures, and border closures. Other measures to contain and limit the spread of the virus has included curfews, lockdowns, and enforcing the wearing of face masks. The virus has spread throughout the continent. Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland</span> Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and affected the political system of the Republic of Ireland, causing suspensions of legislative activities and isolation of multiple politicians due to fears of spreading the virus. Several politicians have tested positive for COVID-19 in 2020, 2021 and 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

The federal government of Nigeria has initially responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country with preventive measures to curb the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom</span>

The COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom was a series of stay-at-home orders introduced by the British and devolved governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 lockdowns by country</span>

Countries and territories around the world enforced lockdowns of varying stringency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland, the Irish government introduced various public health and economic measures to mitigate its impact.

References

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