COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country

Last updated

This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 17 March 2024, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.

Contents

This data is for entire populations, and does not reflect the differences in rates relative to different age groups. For example, in the United States as of 27 April 2021, the reported case fatality ratios were 0.015%, 0.15%, 2.3%, and 17% for the age groups 0–17, 18–49, 50–74, and 75 or over, respectively. [1]

Data reliability

Variation between testing programmes worldwide results in different ascertainment rates per country: not every SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor every COVID-19-related death, will be identified, while on the other hand some deaths may be wrongly attributed to COVID (for example if all suspected COVID deaths are counted as Covid deaths, as Belgium was doing in September 2020, or when for several months after April 2020, England reported all deaths after a positive COVID-19 test "in order to be sure not to underestimate the number of COVID-19 related deaths", while Scotland reported all deaths within 28 days of such a positive test). [2] [3] Therefore, the true numbers of infections and deaths[ clarification needed ] will exceed the observed (confirmed) numbers everywhere, though the extent will vary by country. [4] These statistics are therefore less suitable for between-country comparisons. As deaths are easier to identify than infections (which are regularly asymptomatic), the true case fatality rate (CFR) is likely lower than the observed CFR.

Causes of variation in true CFRs between countries, include variations in age and overall health of the population, medical care, and classification of deaths. [5]

Excess mortality statistics provide a more reliable estimate of all COVID-19-related mortality during the pandemic, though they include both "direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths". [6] They compare overall mortality with that of previous years, and as such also include the potentially vast number of deaths among people with unconfirmed COVID-19. Data from Russia illustrates how the true death rates from COVID-19 can be far higher than visible from confirmed COVID-19 deaths: in December 2020, based on overall excess mortality during the year, total COVID-19 deaths in Russia were estimated to be over 186,000, [7] while confirmed COVID-19 deaths were at 56,271. [8] For the Netherlands, based on overall excess mortality, an estimated 20,000 people died from COVID-19 in 2020, [9] while only the death of 11,525 identified COVID-19 cases was registered. [8] The official count of COVID-19 deaths as of December 2021 is slightly more than 5.4 million, according to World Health Organization's report in May 2022. WHO also said that the real numbers are far higher than the official tally because of unregistered deaths in countries without adequate reporting. [10]

Table of total cases, deaths, and death rates by country

Note: Table is automatically updated daily. [note 1] Data source is Our World in Data. [note 2] [note 3]

Updated March 17, 2024.
COVID-19 pandemic cases and mortality by country [11]
CountryDeaths / millionDeathsCases
World [lower-alpha 1] 8827,037,007774,834,237
Peru 6,485220,8314,524,748
Bulgaria 5,70438,6911,328,885
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,06716,386403,601
Hungary 4,92049,0462,230,202
North Macedonia 4,7649,975350,555
Slovenia 4,73310,0341,355,769
Croatia 4,63618,6871,309,728
Georgia 4,57517,1321,855,289
Montenegro 4,2322,654251,280
Czech Republic 4,14443,4944,758,465
Latvia 4,0337,465977,701
Slovakia 3,76021,2241,877,558
Greece 3,75038,9455,624,522
San Marino 3,73912625,292
Moldova 3,73212,217635,061
Lithuania 3,5639,7991,364,902
Romania 3,49468,7013,524,829
United States 3,4881,180,025103,436,829
Gibraltar 3,45811320,550
United Kingdom 3,438232,11224,908,726
Italy 3,331196,70626,715,575
Brazil 3,260702,11637,519,960
Armenia 3,1568,777451,831
Chile 3,14761,7055,329,509
Poland 3,027120,6876,660,642
Martinique 3,0031,104230,354
Belgium 2,94634,3394,860,053
Paraguay 2,93119,880735,759
Argentina 2,869130,58710,090,694
Trinidad and Tobago 2,8674,390191,496
European Union [lower-alpha 2] 2,7991,260,386185,587,170
Russia 2,779402,23223,983,621
Ukraine 2,768109,9185,539,542
Colombia 2,751142,7276,380,026
Aruba 2,74229244,224
Portugal 2,73728,1135,642,833
Serbia 2,62718,0572,583,470
Mexico 2,627334,9587,702,809
France 2,599167,98538,997,490
Sweden 2,58027,2192,751,035
Guadeloupe 2,5791,021203,235
Bermuda 2,56916518,860
Spain 2,562121,85213,980,340
Austria 2,52022,5346,081,287
Guam 2,43941952,287
Tunisia 2,38129,4231,153,361
Liechtenstein 2,3129121,574
Saint Lucia 2,27340930,072
Suriname 2,2731,40582,496
Estonia 2,2582,995610,125
Uruguay 2,2277,6251,037,893
French Polynesia 2,12265079,254
Barbados 2,105593108,064
Germany 2,098174,97938,437,756
Sint Maarten 2,0819211,051
Finland 2,06911,4661,499,712
Bahamas 2,05884438,084
British Virgin Islands 2,042647,392
Ecuador 2,00136,0321,068,038
Lebanon 1,99410,9471,239,904
Andorra 1,99115948,015
Panama 1,9638,6571,039,408
Republic of Ireland 1,8999,5391,734,506
Grenada 1,89723819,693
Monaco 1,8366717,181
Bolivia 1,83122,3841,198,018
Puerto Rico 1,8255,9381,252,713
Montserrat 1,81281,403
Costa Rica 1,8089,3681,230,653
Kosovo 1,8023,212274,279
Hong Kong 1,79813,4662,876,106
South Africa 1,712102,5954,072,636
Belize 1,69768870,804
Malta 1,695904121,397
Iran 1,657146,8117,627,186
Denmark 1,6379,6313,434,511
Switzerland 1,62314,1884,452,607
Guyana 1,6071,30073,947
Seychelles 1,60517251,220
Namibia 1,5994,106172,389
Curaçao 1,59530545,883
Antigua and Barbuda 1,5561469,106
Luxembourg 1,5441,000391,176
Cyprus 1,5231,365681,110
Caribbean Netherlands 1,5154111,922
Jersey 1,45316166,391
Collectivity of Saint Martin 1,4454612,324
Canada 1,41254,3264,780,494
Isle of Man 1,37211638,008
French Guiana 1,35641398,041
Israel 1,34412,7074,841,558
United States Virgin Islands 1,32613225,389
Netherlands 1,30822,9868,635,061
Jamaica 1,2713,594156,788
Albania 1,2683,605334,863
Jordan 1,25114,1221,746,997
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,1921249,674
Turkey 1,188101,41917,004,677
Eswatini 1,1871,42775,191
Guatemala 1,13220,2001,250,290
Malaysia 1,10037,3475,274,786
Palestine 1,0875,708703,228
New Caledonia 1,08231480,064
Honduras 1,06511,114472,774
Botswana 1,0642,800330,417
Guernsey 1,0576735,326
Norway 1,0545,7321,506,934
Bahrain 1,0431,536696,614
Dominica 1,0177415,760
Oman 1,0114,628399,449
Azerbaijan 99910,353835,031
Kazakhstan 98319,0721,503,687
Saint Kitts and Nevis 964466,607
Fiji 95188569,047
Australia 94724,81011,799,677
Réunion 945921494,595
Libya 9446,437507,269
Turks and Caicos Islands 874406,750
Northern Mariana Islands 8274114,341
Mauritius 8231,070327,256
Sri Lanka 77316,897672,750
American Samoa 767348,359
Cuba 7608,5301,115,043
Anguilla 755123,904
Belarus 7467,118994,037
New Zealand 7393,8372,495,178
Taiwan 73917,6729,970,937
Cabo Verde 70341764,474
South Korea 69335,93434,571,873
Wallis and Futuna 68983,550
Mongolia 6722,2841,011,490
El Salvador 6674,230201,810
Maldives 603316186,694
Japan 60274,69433,803,572
Kuwait 6022,570667,139
Indonesia 588162,0556,828,808
Philippines 57866,8644,140,383
Mayotte 57318742,027
Iraq 57025,3752,465,545
Federated States of Micronesia 5696526,547
Cayman Islands 5383731,472
Faroe Islands 5272834,658
Iceland 498186209,903
Palau 49796,265
Thailand 48234,5694,767,700
Saint Barthélemy 45455,507
Vietnam 44043,20611,624,000
Morocco 43516,3031,278,988
Marshall Islands 4081716,138
Brunei 396178343,469
Nepal 39312,0311,003,450
Dominican Republic 3904,384661,180
India 376533,49545,030,212
Greenland 3712111,971
Myanmar 35919,494641,837
Singapore 3592,0243,006,155
Sao Tome and Principe 351806,736
Zimbabwe 3515,740266,358
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 33923,426
Lesotho 30770936,138
Solomon Islands 27419925,954
Saudi Arabia 2649,646841,469
Qatar 256690514,524
United Arab Emirates 2482,3491,067,030
Egypt 22324,830516,023
Mauritania 21099763,846
Venezuela 2065,856552,695
Zambia 2034,069349,304
Afghanistan 1947,982231,990
Comoros 1911609,109
Kiribati 182245,085
Cambodia 1823,056139,095
Macau 1741213,514
Bangladesh 17229,4912,048,588
Djibouti 16818915,690
Kyrgyzstan 1541,02488,953
Algeria 1536,881272,010
Syria 1423,16357,423
Samoa 1393116,962
Gambia 13737212,626
Malawi 1312,68689,168
Pakistan 12930,6561,580,631
Gabon 12830749,051
Cook Islands 11727,203
Senegal 1131,97189,050
Tonga 1121216,950
Equatorial Guinea 10918317,130
Sudan 1075,04663,993
Rwanda 1061,468133,208
Kenya 1055,689344,094
Timor-Leste 10213823,460
Laos 89671218,948
Tuvalu 8812,943
China [lower-alpha 3] 85121,99399,336,751
Guinea-Bissau 841779,614
Nauru 7815,393
Somalia 771,36127,334
Uganda 763,632172,149
Haiti 7486034,298
Cameroon 701,974125,137
Mozambique 682,250233,731
Papua New Guinea 6667046,864
Republic of the Congo 6538925,213
Yemen 642,15911,945
Ethiopia 617,574501,157
Liberia 552947,930
Angola 541,937107,327
Madagascar 481,42668,486
Ghana 431,462171,834
Vanuatu 421412,019
Nicaragua 3524515,731
Guinea 3346838,572
Mali 3274333,164
Togo 3229039,527
Ivory Coast 2983588,384
Uzbekistan 291,016175,081
Eritrea 2710310,189
Bhutan 262162,697
Central African Republic 2011315,440
Burkina Faso 1740022,109
Democratic Republic of the Congo 141,46899,338
Sierra Leone 141257,779
Nigeria 143,155267,188
South Sudan 1314718,819
Tanzania 1284643,223
Tajikistan 1212517,786
Benin 1216328,036
Niger 123159,515
Chad 101947,698
Burundi 11554,565
North Korea 061
Pitcairn Islands 4
Falkland Islands 1,923
Niue 993
Turkmenistan 00
Vatican City 026
Tokelau 080
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2,166
  1. Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total.
  2. Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals.
  3. Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan.

Map of death rates

Total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people by country: [12] [note 3] [note 4]

See date at top of map. World map of total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people by country.png
See date at top of map.

See also

Notes

  1. The table this note applies to is updated daily by a bot. For more info see Template:COVID-19 data/Cite.
  2. Our World in Data (OWID). See Coronavirus Source Data for OWID sourcing info. Excerpt: "Deaths and cases: our data source. Our World in Data relies on data from Johns Hopkins University. ... JHU updates its data multiple times each day. This data is sourced from governments, national and subnational agencies across the world — a full list of data sources for each country is published on Johns Hopkins GitHub site. It also makes its data publicly available there."
  3. 1 2 "CSSEGISandData/COVID-19". GitHub . 5 August 2022. COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. The CSV files are downloaded via the "Raw" links. The "Raw" link doesn't show up until you click the csv file link. This opens into a GitHub page with the data and the "Raw" link. See How to Use our Data for more info and links. See: Pandemic Data Initiative. See more sourcing history and info.
  4. Our World in Data (OWID) maps and graphs on cases and deaths. Click on the download tab to download the image. The table tab has a table of the exact data by country. The source tab says the data is from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. The image at the source is interactive and provides more detail. For example, for maps run your cursor over the color bar legend to see the countries that apply to that point in the legend. For graphs run your cursor over the graph for more info. See Coronavirus Source Data for more OWID sourcing info.

Related Research Articles

In epidemiology, case fatality rate (CFR) – or sometimes more accurately case-fatality risk – is the proportion of people who have been diagnosed with a certain disease and end up dying of it. Unlike a disease's mortality rate, the CFR does not take into account the time period between disease onset and death. A CFR is generally expressed as a percentage. It is a measure of disease lethality, and thus may change with different treatments. CFRs are most often used for with discrete, limited-time courses, such as acute infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Excess mortality</span> Public health measurements

In epidemiology, the excess deaths or excess mortality is a measure of the increase in the number deaths during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period or in a reference population. It may typically be measured in percentage points, or in number of deaths per time unit.

<i>Our World in Data</i> Website that presents data and statistics of socially relevant topics

Our World in Data (OWID) is a scientific online publication that focuses on large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, climate change, war, existential risks, and inequality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic</span> Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, and spread to other areas of Asia and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed the outbreak had become a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The WHO ended the PHEIC on 5 May 2023. As of 17 March 2024, the pandemic has caused 7,037,007 confirmed deaths, ranking it fifth in the list of the deadliest epidemics and pandemics in history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</span>

This is a general overview and status of places affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei in China in December 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic cases</span> Number of confirmed cases of COVID-19

The article contains the number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported by each country, territory, and subnational area to the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in WHO reports, tables, and spreadsheets. As of 17 March 2024, 774,834,237 cases have been stated by government agencies from around the world to be confirmed. For more international statistics in table and map form, see COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</span>

In the United States, the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in 103,436,829 confirmed cases with 1,180,025 all-time deaths, the most of any country, and the 20th-highest per capita worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks first on the list of disasters in the United States by death toll; it was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer. From 2019 to 2020, U.S. life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic and Latino Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans. These effects persisted as U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020, and life expectancy continued to fall from 2020 to 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Asia</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Asia

The COVID-19 pandemic began in Asia in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and has spread widely through the continent. As of 17 March 2024, at least one case of COVID-19 had been reported in every country in Asia except Turkmenistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Sweden

The COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden is a part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As of 22 March 2023, there have been 2,701,192 confirmed cumulative cases and 23,851 deaths with confirmed COVID-19 in Sweden. Sweden ranks 57th in per capita deaths worldwide, and out of 47 European countries, Sweden places 30th. A 2022 estimate of excess mortality during the pandemic using IHME COVID model estimated 18,300 excess deaths during 2020-2021 The Economist model value estimated 13,670 excess deaths between 16th 2020-Mar 6th 2022.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was reported to have spread to Ecuador on 29 February 2020, when a woman in her 70s tested positive for the virus. Ecuador was described in April as emerging as a possible "epicentre" of the pandemic in Latin America, with the city of Guayaquil overwhelmed to the point where bodies were being left in the street.

The COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached San Marino in February 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Cyprus on 9 March 2020. Data released by the Cypriot government includes cases in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, but does not include cases in Northern Cyprus due to the long-running Cyprus dispute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in South America</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in South America

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020 when Brazil confirmed a case in São Paulo. By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus was a part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic deaths</span> Human mortality as a result of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

This article contains the monthly cumulative number of deaths from the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported by each country, territory, and subnational area to the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in WHO reports, tables, and spreadsheets. There are also maps and timeline graphs of daily and weekly deaths worldwide.

This article contains statistics about the COVID-19 pandemic in India. COVID-19 cases, deaths, recoveries, and other statistics are shown in nationwide and regional maps and graphs.

This article presents official statistics gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</span> Statistics relating to COVID-19 in the United States

The CDC publishes official numbers of COVID-19 cases in the United States. The CDC estimates that, between February 2020 and September 2021, only 1 in 1.3 COVID-19 deaths were attributed to COVID-19. The true COVID-19 death toll in the United States would therefore be higher than official reports, as modeled by a paper published in The Lancet Regional Health – Americas. One way to estimate COVID-19 deaths that includes unconfirmed cases is to use the excess mortality, which is the overall number of deaths that exceed what would normally be expected. From March 1, 2020, through the end of 2020, there were 522,368 excess deaths in the United States, or 22.9% more deaths than would have been expected in that time period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country</span>

Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths has been witnessed around the world. Global mortality excess estimates by the World Health Organization are significantly different from official figures, pointing to undercounting– "while 1,813,188 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 2020... WHO estimates suggest an excess mortality of at least 3,000,000." The global average for underreporting COVID-19 deaths in cities is 30%. The aim of arriving at a truer death count is ultimately linked to improving national and international abilities and responses to fighting the virus. Undercounting can cause a number of problems such as delay in vaccines to priority populations.

Below you can find many detailed tables and graphs that show the historical spread and trends of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Data from 26 February 2020 – 9 March 2020 was taken by compiling news reports about the pandemic in Pakistan that minutely covered the pandemic. From 10 March 2020 – 2 April 2020, data was taken from the NIH's daily reports on COVID-19 that were published from 11 March – 3 April. Since 3 April 2020, data has been taken from the federal government's live tracker. A more detailed list of sources and data covering the national and provincial levels can be found here. Sources regarding the district level can be found in their subsection.

References

  1. "Demographic Trends of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC". 2021-04-27.
  2. John Newton (12 August 2020). "Behind the headlines: Counting COVID-19 deaths". UK Health Security Agency . Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  3. Beaney, Thomas; Clarke, Jonathan M; Jain, Vageesh; Golestaneh, Amelia Kataria; Lyons, Gemma; Salman, David; Majeed, Azeem (2020). "Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 113 (9): 329–334. doi:10.1177/0141076820956802. ISSN   0141-0768. PMC   7488823 . PMID   32910871. Russia's case definition for a COVID-19 death, for example, relies solely on results from autopsy, unlike most European countries.6 Death must have been due directly to COVID-19, so it is not counted if a patient was found to have COVID-19 but it did not cause their death.6,7 This will lead to significant underreporting, especially as Russia has one of the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases worldwide and yet has a case fatality rate of only 1.7% as of 31 July 2020.3 Spain's definition requires a positive polymerase chain reaction or antibody test for COVID-19, with only hospital deaths included in the death count despite a significant number of deaths from COVID-19 in the community and care homes.8,9 Belgium, by contrast, has one of the broadest definitions for a COVID-19 death, including all suspected cases. Care home deaths in Belgium account for around half of all excess deaths, but only 26% of care home deaths were confirmed (rather than suspected) COVID-19,10 leading to possible overcounting relative to other countries.11
  4. Verity, Robert (March 30, 2020). "Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 20 (6): 669–677. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7 . PMC   7158570 . PMID   32240634.
  5. Aravindan, John Geddie (18 September 2020). "Why is Singapore's COVID-19 death rate the world's lowest". Reuters.
  6. Beaney, Thomas; Clarke, Jonathan M; Jain, Vageesh; Golestaneh, Amelia Kataria; Lyons, Gemma; Salman, David; Majeed, Azeem (2020). "Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 113 (9): 329–334. doi:10.1177/0141076820956802. ISSN   0141-0768. PMC   7488823 . PMID   32910871. Under the assumption that the incidence of other diseases remains steady over time, then excess deaths can be viewed as those caused both directly and indirectly by COVID-19 and gives a summary measure of the 'whole system' impact. ... Despite this, when seeking to understand the full impact of deaths due to COVID-19 and explain why excess deaths vary, there is a need to distinguish the component parts – of direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths.
  7. Agence France-Presse (December 28, 2020). "Russia admits to world's third-worst Covid-19 death toll". The Guardian.
  8. 1 2 "COVID-19 Data Explorer". Our World in Data.
  9. "CBS: afgelopen jaar ruim 20.000 coronadoden". nos.nl (in Dutch). 7 April 2021.
  10. Rigby, Jennifer (2022-05-05). "Almost three times as many died as a result of COVID than officially reported - WHO". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  11. Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Dattani, Saloni; Roser, Max (2020–2022). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data . Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  12. World map of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people. From Our World in Data.