Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic

Last updated

Ball-and-stick model of Ivermectin Ivermectin-B1a-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
Ball-and-stick model of Ivermectin

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug that is well established for use in animals and people. [1] The World Health Organization (WHO), [2] the European Medicines Agency (EMA), [3] the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), [4] and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) [5] all advise against using ivermectin in an attempt to treat or prevent COVID-19.

Contents

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, laboratory research suggested ivermectin might have a role in preventing or treating COVID-19. [6] Online misinformation campaigns and advocacy boosted the drug's profile among the public. While scientists and physicians largely remained skeptical, some nations adopted ivermectin as part of their pandemic-control efforts. Some people, desperate to use ivermectin without a prescription, took veterinary preparations, which led to shortages of supplies of ivermectin for animal treatment. The FDA responded to this situation by saying "You are not a horse" in a tweet to draw attention to the issue, for which they were later sued by three ivermectin-prescribing doctors. [7] [8]

Subsequent research failed to confirm the utility of ivermectin for COVID-19, [9] [10] and in 2021 it emerged that many of the studies demonstrating benefit were faulty, misleading, or fraudulent. [11] [12] Nevertheless, misinformation about ivermectin continued to be propagated on social media and the drug remained a cause célèbre for anti-vaccinationists and conspiracy theorists. [13]

Research

Some in vitro drug screening studies early in the pandemic showed that ivermectin has antiviral effects against several distinct positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. [14] Subsequent studies found that ivermectin could inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 in monkey kidney cell culture with an IC50 of 2.2–2.8 μM. [6] [15]

However, doses much higher than the maximum approved or safely achievable for use in humans would be required for an antiviral effect while treating COVID-19. [16] [17] Aside from practical difficulties, such high doses are not covered by current human-use approvals of the drug and may be toxic, as the antiviral mechanism of action is believed to be via the suppression of a host cellular process, [16] specifically the inhibition of nuclear transport by importin α/β1. [18] [19] [20] Several other drugs which inhibit importin α/β1 at therapeutic doses have failed clinical trials due to systemic toxicity and a narrow therapeutic window. [21]

To resolve uncertainties from previous small or poor-quality studies, as of June 2021, large scale trials were underway in the United States and the United Kingdom. [22] [23] A large randomised controlled trial ACTIV-6, published in October 2022, found ivermectin was not effective as a COVID-19 treatment. [24] [25]

Research limitations, ethics and fraud

Many studies on ivermectin for COVID‑19 have serious methodological limitations, resulting in very low evidence certainty. [19] [26] [27] [9] Several publications that supported the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID‑19 have been retracted due to errors, unverifiable data, and ethical concerns. [13] [28] [29]

Several high-profile publications purporting to demonstrate reduced mortality in COVID-19 patients were later retracted due to suspected data falsification. [30] [31] This only added to confusion among the media and lay public, [29] as these publications had been widely cited by ivermectin supporters and included in meta-analyses. [28] [13] [32]

In January 2022, 22 inmates at the Washington County Detention Center in Arkansas filed a lawsuit over hundreds of ivermectin pills given to them as "vitamins" in 2020. [33]

In February 2022, the American Journal of Therapeutics issued expressions of concern against two positive systematic reviews of ivermectin for COVID-19 which it had published in 2021, because of suspicions about the underlying data that would undermine these papers' findings of benefit. [34] [35] [36]

In Mexico City the government distributed ivermectin widely as a COVID-19 treatment and published the observed results on the SocArXiv archive as a research paper. The paper was subsequently withdrawn by the archive citing concerns that it was unethical, as it effectively was an experiment carried out on people without gaining informed consent. Philip N. Cohen of the SocArXiv steering committee said "the article is of very poor quality or deliberately false and misleading" and that its removal was justified to prevent public harm. [37]

Clinical guidance

COVID-19 and strongyloidiasis

There is one very specific circumstance in which ivermectin may be useful in the management of COVID-19. People infected with the Strongyloides stercoralis parasite are at risk for strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome (SHS) — a condition with a mortality rate as high as 90% — if given corticosteroids to treat COVID-19. [47] Strongyloidiasis affects as many as 370 million people worldwide, and it is usually subclinical or even asymptomatic. [48] However, it can become fatal in the setting of SHS, which can be triggered by the immunosuppression that results from the administration of corticosteroids. [49] In fact, multiple cases of SHS have been reported after the use of corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19 pneumonia. [50] For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO), [49] the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), [51] the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) [52] and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [53] all recommend presumptive treatment for strongyloidiasis with ivermectin in people at high or moderate risk of SHS before or in conjunction with corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19. [49] People who were born, resided, or had long-term travel in Southeast Asia, Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, South America, or the Caribbean are considered to be at high risk for SHS, while people from Central America, Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, Mexico, Middle East, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent are considered to be at moderate risk. [49] In such cases, ivermectin is a treatment for strongyloidiasis, not for COVID-19.

Regulatory status and off-label use

Misinformation, lower degrees of trust, and a sense of despair over increasing case and death counts have led to an increase in ivermectin's use in Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, [54] [55] and South Africa. A black market has also developed in many of these countries where official approval has not been granted. [56]

The viral social media misinformation about ivermectin has gained particular attention in South Africa where an anti-vaccination group called "South Africa Has A Right To Ivermectin" has been lobbying for the drug to be made available for prescription. [42] Another group, the "Ivermectin Interest Group" launched a court case against the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA), and as a result a compassionate use exemption was granted. SAHPRA stated in April 2021 that "At present, there are no approved treatments for COVID-19 infections." [42] In September 2021, SAHPRA repeated warnings against fake news and misinformation and took up the FDA's stance about ivermectin. [57] Due to lacking evidence of efficacy and growing body of retracted pro-ivermectin papers, SAHPRA revoked the compassionate use program in May 2022. [58]

Despite the absence of high-quality evidence to suggest any efficacy and advice to the contrary, some governments have allowed its off-label use for the prevention and treatment of COVID‑19. Countries that have granted such official approval for ivermectin include the Czech Republic, [56] Slovakia, [56] Mexico, [59] Peru (later rescinded), [60] [61] India [62] [63] (later rescinded), [64] and the Philippines. [65] Cities that have launched campaigns of massive distribution of ivermectin include Cali, Colombia; [66] and Itajai, Brazil. [67]

In Arkansas in 2021, a prison doctor prescribed ivermectin for inmates without their consent. A legal action brought on the inmates' behalf by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was settled with the prison authorities paying compensation. The ACLU said the outcome was "victory for civil rights and medical ethics". [68]

Ivermectin is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating any viral illness and is not authorized for use to treat COVID-19 within the European Union. [40] After reviewing the evidence on ivermectin, the EMA said that "the available data do not support its use for COVID-19 outside well-designed clinical trials". [40] The World Health Organization also said that ivermectin should not be used to treat COVID-19 except in a clinical trial. [69] The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, and Brazilian Thoracic Society issued position statements advising against the use of ivermectin for prevention or treatment of early-stage COVID-19. [44] [45] [46]

Several Latin American government health organizations recommended ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment based, in part, on preprints and anecdotal evidence; these recommendations were later denounced by the Pan American Health Organization. [29] [70]

In the United States, an analysis of prescribing data suggested the influence of political affiliation, as Republican-voting areas saw a pronounced surge in ivermectin (and hydroxychloroquine) prescription in 2020. [71]

Human use of veterinary products

Avatar of U.S. FDA Food and Drug Administration 201x logo.svg
Avatar of U.S. FDA
U.S. FDA
@US_FDA
 Logo of Twitter.svg

You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it.

21 August 2021 [72]

As people began using veterinary preparations of ivermectin for personal use stocks began to decline, requiring vendors to ration their sales and raise prices. [7] In the United States supplies of horse dewormer paste began to run low as people used it for themselves; some vendors required their customers to show a picture of themselves and their horses together, to provide assurance they were purchasing the paste for animal use. [73] [74]

In August 2021 the CDC issued a health alert prompted by a sharp rise in calls to poison control centres about ivermectin poisoning. The CDC described two cases requiring hospitalization; in one, a person had drunk an injectable ivermectin product intended for use in cattle. [75]

In August 2021, the FDA tweeted "You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it". Following a legal challenge from ivermectin-prescribing doctors, in August 2023 a US court found the FDA had exceeded its authority by posting the tweet, which they said amounted to medical advice, and that doctors could prescribe whatever they wanted. [8] Remarks made during the legal proceedings were misrepresented on social media to claim that the FDA had somehow reversed its position on ivermectin and COVID-19, which in reality remained unchanged. [76] In March 2024 the FDA settled outstanding litigation and removed all social media posts that could be construed as giving medical advice and thus exceeding its statutory authority, while re-iterating that its position remained unchanged and that "currently available clinical trial data do not demonstrate that ivermectin is effective against COVID-19". [77]

Intellectual property and economics

As the patent on ivermectin has expired, generic drug manufacturers have been able to enjoy significantly increased revenue prompted by the spike in demand. One Brazilian company, Vitamedic Industria Farmaceutica, saw its annual revenue from ivermectin sales increase more than fivefold in 2020 to, US$85 million. [78]

In Australia in 2020 Thomas Borody, a professor and gastroenterologist, announced that he had discovered a "cure" for COVID-19: a combination of ivermectin, doxycycline and zinc. In a media interview Borody stated "The biggest thing about this is no one will make money from this". [79] It later emerged that Topelia Australia, Borody's company, had filed a patent for the drug combination. [79] [80] Borody was accused of not adequately disclosing his conflict of interest. [81]

In October 2021 a large network of companies selling hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin was disclosed in the US, targeting primarily right-wing and vaccine-hesitant groups through social media and conspiracy videos by anti-vaccine activists such as Simone Gold. The network had 72,000 customers who collectively paid $15 million for consultations and medications. [82]

Misinformation and advocacy

Ivermectin became a cause célèbre for right-wing figures promoting it as a supposed COVID treatment. [13] Misinformation about ivermectin's efficacy spread widely on social media, fueled by publications that have since been retracted, [29] [28] misleading "meta-analysis" websites with substandard methods, [19] [83] and conspiracy theories about efforts by governments and scientists to "suppress the evidence." [84] [85]

Social media advocacy

Ivermectin has been championed by a number of social media influencers.

Bret Weinstein took ivermectin live on YouTube while co-hosting the "Dark Horse" podcast. Bret Weinstein 2018 02 (cropped).jpg
Bret Weinstein took ivermectin live on YouTube while co-hosting the "Dark Horse" podcast.

American podcaster and author Bret Weinstein took ivermectin during a livestream video and said both he and his wife Heather Heying had not been vaccinated because of their fears concerning COVID-19 vaccines. [86] In response, YouTube demonetized the channel. [87]

In the United Kingdom, retired nurse educator and YouTuber John Campbell has posted videos carrying false claims about the use of ivermectin in Japan as a possible cause of a "miracle" decline in cases. In reality, there is no evidence of ivermectin use in Japan and it is not approved as a COVID-19 treatment. [88] In February 2022, reports also appeared falsely claiming that the Japanese company Kowa had been able to evidence the efficacy of ivermectin in a phase III trial. [89]

Misleading meta-analysis websites

During the pandemic, several misleading websites appeared purporting to show meta-analyses of clinical evidence in favor of ivermectin's use in treating COVID-19. [19] [83] The sites in question had anonymous owners, multiple domains which redirected to the same content, and used many colourful, but misleading, graphics to communicate their point. [19] [90] The web servers used for these sites are the same as those previously used to spread misinformation about hydroxychloroquine. [91]

While these sites gained traction among many non-scientists on social media, they also violated many of the basic norms of meta-analysis methodology. Notably, many of these sites included studies with widely different dosages of the treatment, an open-label design (in which experimenters and participants both know who is in the control group), poor-quality control groups (such as another untested treatment which may worsen outcomes), or no control group at all. [83] Another issue is the inclusion of multiple ad-hoc unpublished trials which did not undergo peer-review, and which had different incompatible outcome measures. [92] Such methodological problems are known to distort the findings of meta-analyses and cause spurious or false findings. [93] The misinformation communicated by these sites created confusion among the public and policymakers. [19]

Fake endorsements

William C. Campbell, Nobel laureate and co-inventor of ivermectin. A fake tweet circulated purporting to show he supported ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment. William C. Campbell 4983-1-2015.jpg
William C. Campbell, Nobel laureate and co-inventor of ivermectin. A fake tweet circulated purporting to show he supported ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment.

On Twitter, a tweet spread with a photograph of William C. Campbell, the co-inventor of ivermectin, alongside a fabricated quotation saying that he endorsed ivermectin as a COVID treatment. Campbell reacted by saying "I utterly despise and deny the remarks attributed to me on social media" adding that his field of expertise was not virology so he would never comment in such a way. [94] [95]

In February 2022 a report was broadcast by Australia's Nine Network about Queen Elizabeth II having COVID-19. The segment featured Mukesh Haikerwal and included an intercut image of a box of ivermectin tablets, leading antivaxxers to spread the idea via social media that ivermectin was being specially used, as a "treatment fit for a queen". Haikerwal stated that he rejected ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment, and the network issued an apology to him, saying the ivermectin image has been included "as a result of human error". [96]

Scientists targeted

In July 2021 Andrew Hill, a senior research fellow at Liverpool University, published a meta-analysis of ivermectin use for COVID which suggested it may be beneficial. [97] [42] However, as research fraud subsequently emerged in some studies included in the meta-analysis, Hill revised his analysis to discount the suspect evidence, and found the apparent success of ivermectin evaporated as a result. Writing for The Guardian , Hill recounted how the revision led to him being attacked on social media as being supposedly in the pay of Bill Gates, and how he was sent photos of coffins and hanged nazis. [98]

Epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz has identified ivermectin as being one of the most politicized topics in the pandemic, alongside vaccination. Meyerowitz-Katz has used social media to publicize flaws in ivermectin research and as a result, he says, has received more death threats than for any other topic he has engaged with. [97]

Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance

In December 2020, the chair of the US Senate Homeland Security Committee, Ron Johnson, used a Senate hearing to promote fringe theories about, and unproven treatments for, COVID-19, including ivermectin. [99] Among the witnesses was Pierre Kory, a pulmonary and critical care doctor, who erroneously described ivermectin as "miraculous" and a "wonder drug" to be used against COVID-19. Video footage of his statements went viral on social media, receiving over one million views as of 11 December 2020. [84]

In the United States, the use of ivermectin for COVID-19 is championed by an organization led by Kory called Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC), [42] which promotes "the global movement to move #Ivermectin into the mainstream". [85] The effort went viral on social media, where it was adopted by COVID deniers, anti-vaccination proponents, and conspiracy theorists. [85] A review article by FLCCC members on the efficacy of ivermectin, which had been provisionally accepted by a Frontiers in Pharmacology , was subsequently rejected on account of what the publisher called "a series of strong, unsupported claims based on studies with insufficient statistical significance" meaning that the article did "not offer an objective [or] balanced scientific contribution to the evaluation of ivermectin as a potential treatment for COVID-19". [100] David Gorski wrote that the narrative of ivermectin as a "miracle cure" for COVID-19 is a "metastasized" version of a similar conspiracy theory around the drug hydroxychloroquine, in which unspecified powers are thought to be suppressing news of the drug's effectiveness for their own profit. [101]

Pfizer's drug development

Conspiracy theorists on the internet have claimed that Pfizer's anti-COVID-19 drug paxlovid is merely "repackaged ivermectin". Their claims are based on a narrative that Pfizer is suppressing the true benefits of ivermectin and rely on superficial correspondences between the drugs and a misunderstanding of their respective pharmokinetics. [102] Paxlovid is a combination drug of two small-molecule antiviral compounds (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) which have no connection to ivermectin. [103]

Aftermath

The widespread misconduct found in ivermectin/COVID-19 research has prompted introspection within the scientific community. [104]

Australian epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz wrote, "There are no two ways about it: Science is flawed". Meyerowitz-Katz estimates that as of December 2021, credence in flawed research had led to ivermectin being perhaps the most used medication worldwide during the pandemic and that the scale of the problem suggested a radical rethink was needed of how medical research was assessed. [105]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azithromycin</span> Antibiotic

Azithromycin, sold under the brand names Zithromax and Azasite, is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of several bacterial infections. This includes middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrhea, and certain other intestinal infections. Along with other medications, it may also be used for malaria. It is administered by mouth, into a vein, or into the eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ritonavir</span> Antiretroviral medication

Ritonavir, sold under the brand name Norvir, is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor, though it now mainly serves to boost the potency of other protease inhibitors. It may also be used in combination with other medications to treat hepatitis C and COVID-19. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oseltamivir</span> Antiviral medication used against influenza

Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. They recommend it to prevent infection in those at high risk, but not the general population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that clinicians use their discretion to treat those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. It is taken by mouth, either as a pill or liquid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivermectin</span> Medication for parasite infestations

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis. It works through many mechanisms to kill the targeted parasites, and can be taken by mouth, or applied to the skin for external infestations. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloroquine</span> Medication used to treat malaria

Chloroquine is an antiparasitic medication that treats malaria. It works by increasing the levels of haeme in the blood, a substance toxic to the malarial parasite. This kills the parasite and stops the infection from spreading. Certain types of malaria, resistant strains, and complicated cases typically require different or additional medication. Chloroquine is also occasionally used for amebiasis that is occurring outside the intestines, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus. While it has not been formally studied in pregnancy, it appears safe. It was studied to treat COVID-19 early in the pandemic, but these studies were largely halted in the summer of 2020, and the NIH does not recommend its use for this purpose. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxychloroquine</span> Antimalarial medication

Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.

Pegylated interferon alfa-2b is a drug used to treat melanoma, as an adjuvant therapy to surgery. Also used to treat hepatitis C, it is no longer recommended due to poor efficacy and adverse side-effects. Subcutaneous injection is the preferred delivery method.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baricitinib</span> Chemical compound

Baricitinib, sold under the brand name Olumiant among others, is an immunomodulatory medication used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia areata, and COVID-19. It acts as an inhibitor of janus kinase (JAK), blocking the subtypes JAK1 and JAK2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remdesivir</span> Antiviral drug

Remdesivir, sold under the brand name Veklury, is a broad-spectrum antiviral medication developed by the biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences. It is administered via injection into a vein. During the COVID‑19 pandemic, remdesivir was approved or authorized for emergency use to treat COVID‑19 in numerous countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 drug repurposing research</span> Drug repurposing research related to COVID-19

Drug repositioning is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed. This is one line of scientific research which is being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments. Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 drug development</span> Preventative and therapeutic medications for COVID-19 infection

COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop preventative therapeutic prescription drugs that would alleviate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). From early 2020 through 2021, several hundred drug companies, biotechnology firms, university research groups, and health organizations were developing therapeutic candidates for COVID-19 disease in various stages of preclinical or clinical research, with 419 potential COVID-19 drugs in clinical trials, as of April 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solidarity trial</span> Accelerated multinational clinical trial program to identify therapies against COVID-19

The Solidarity trial for treatments is a multinational Phase III-IV clinical trial organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners to compare four untested treatments for hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 illness. The trial was announced 18 March 2020, and as of 6 August 2021, 12,000 patients in 30 countries had been recruited to participate in the trial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molnupiravir</span> Antiviral medication

Molnupiravir, sold under the brand name Lagevrio, is an antiviral medication that inhibits the replication of certain RNA viruses. It is used to treat COVID‑19 in those infected by SARS-CoV-2. It is taken by mouth.

The treatment and management of COVID-19 combines both supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support as needed, and a growing list of approved medications. Highly effective vaccines have reduced mortality related to SARS-CoV-2; however, for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for the estimated millions of immunocompromised persons who are unlikely to respond robustly to vaccination, treatment remains important. Some people may experience persistent symptoms or disability after recovery from the infection, known as long COVID, but there is still limited information on the best management and rehabilitation for this condition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Kory</span> American physician

Pierre Kory is an American critical care physician who gained attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for advocating widespread off-label use of certain drugs as treatments for COVID-19, as president and co-founder of the Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC). Kory testified twice to the U.S. Senate regarding COVID-19. During his testimony in December 2020, Kory erroneously claimed that the antiparasitic medication ivermectin was a "wonder drug" with "miraculous effectiveness" against COVID-19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Early experimental treatment efforts during the start of COVID-19 pandemic

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Administration of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients, either as monotherapies or in conjunction with azithromycin, has been associated with deleterious outcomes, such as QT prolongation. As of 2024, scientific evidence does not substantiate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, with or without the addition of azithromycin, in the therapeutic management of COVID-19.

Peter Andrew McCullough is an American cardiologist. He was vice chief of internal medicine at Baylor University Medical Center and a professor at Texas A&M University. From the beginnings of the COVID-19 pandemic, McCullough has promoted misinformation about COVID-19, its treatments, and mRNA vaccines.

The Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC) is a group of physicians and former journalists, formed in April 2020, that has advocated for various unapproved, dubious, and ineffective treatments for COVID-19. The group was led from the start by Paul E. Marik and Pierre Kory, both of whom would later join conservative or right-wing groups promoting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. In August 2024 both men had their medical board certifications revoked.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir</span> Antiviral combination medication

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, sold under the brand name Paxlovid, is a co-packaged medication used as a treatment for COVID‑19. It contains the antiviral medications nirmatrelvir and ritonavir and was developed by Pfizer. Nirmatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease, while ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor, slowing down nirmatrelvir metabolism and therefore boosting its effect. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Boulware</span> British researcher

David Boulware is a professor of medicine and a practicing infectious disease physician at the University of Minnesota Medical School. He is a member of the graduate faculty for the University of Minnesota School of Public Health Epidemiology PhD program and for the Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology (MICaB) graduate program. Boulware was the first Lois & Richard King Distinguished Assistant Professorship at the University of Minnesota. Boulware is an active medical researcher engaged in clinical trials in infectious diseases. His expertise is particularly in the realm of HIV-related meningitis, including Cryptococcosis and Tuberculous meningitis.

References

  1. ↑ Tafoya QJ (2021). "Appendix –COVID-19-Directed Medications". In Ramadan AR, Gamaleldin O (eds.). Neurological Care and the COVID-19 Pandemic (1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 173–174. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-82691-4.00016-9. ISBN   978-0-323-82691-4. S2CID   239763031. The WHO, the European Medicines Agency, and the IDSA all recommend against the use of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19, with the NIH stating that there is insufficient data to recommend for or against its use outside the context of a clinical trial.(subscription required)
  2. ↑ "WHO advises that ivermectin only be used to treat COVID-19 within clinical trials". Newsroom. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials". News. European Medicines Agency. Amsterdam. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  4. ↑ "Why You Should Not Use Ivermectin to Treat or Prevent COVID-19". United States Food and Drug Administration. Consumer Updates. Silver Spring, Maryland: Food and Drug Administration. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  5. ↑ "IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19: Recommendations 23-24: Ivermectin". Infectious Diseases Society of America. IDSA Practice Guidelines. Arlington, Virginia. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  6. 1 2 Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM (June 2020). "The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro". Antiviral Research. 178: 104787. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787. PMC   7129059 . PMID   32251768.
  7. 1 2 Woo E (28 September 2021). "How Covid Misinformation Created a Run on Animal Medicine". New York Times . Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  8. 1 2 Langford C (1 September 2023). "Fifth Circuit sides with ivermectin-prescribing doctors in their quarrel with the FDA". Courthouse News Service.
  9. 1 2 Popp M, Reis S, Schießer S, Hausinger RI, Stegemann M, et al. (June 2022). "Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2022 (6): CD015017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3. PMC   9215332 . PMID   35726131.
  10. ↑ Reis G, Silva EA, Silva DC, Thabane L, Milagres AC, et al. (May 2022). "Effect of Early Treatment with Ivermectin among Patients with Covid-19". N Engl J Med (Randomized controlled trial). 386 (18): 1721–1731. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2115869. PMC   9006771 . PMID   35353979.
  11. ↑ Lawrence JM, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Heathers JA, Brown NJ, Sheldrick KA (November 2021). "The lesson of ivermectin: meta-analyses based on summary data alone are inherently unreliable". Nature Medicine. 27 (11): 1853–1854. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01535-y . PMID   34552263. S2CID   237607620.
  12. ↑ Schraer R, Goodman J (6 October 2021). "Ivermectin: How false science created a Covid 'miracle' drug". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Melissa Davey (15 July 2021). "Huge study supporting ivermectin as Covid treatment withdrawn over ethical concerns". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  14. ↑ Heidary F, Gharebaghi R (September 2020). "Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen". The Journal of Antibiotics. 73 (9): 593–602. doi:10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z. PMC   7290143 . PMID   32533071.
  15. ↑ Şimşek Yavuz S, Ünal S (April 2020). "Antiviral treatment of COVID-19". Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 50 (SI-1): 611–619. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-145 . PMC   7195979 . PMID   32293834.
  16. 1 2 Bray M, Rayner C, Noël F, Jans D, Wagstaff K (June 2020). "Ivermectin and COVID-19: A report in Antiviral Research, widespread interest, an FDA warning, two letters to the editor and the authors' responses". Antiviral Research. 178: 104805. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104805. PMC   7172803 . PMID   32330482.
  17. ↑ López-Medina E, López P, Hurtado IC, Dávalos DM, Ramirez O, et al. (April 2021). "Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 325 (14): 1426–1435. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3071. PMC   7934083 . PMID   33662102.
  18. ↑ Yang SN, Atkinson SC, Wang C, Lee A, Bogoyevitch MA, et al. (May 2020). "The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer". Antiviral Research. 177: 104760. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760. PMID   32135219. S2CID   212565030.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garegnani LI, Madrid E, Meza N (April 2021). "Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 27 (3): 156–158. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111678. PMID   33888547. S2CID   233354977.
  20. ↑ Wagstaff K, Sivakumaran H, Heaton S, Harrich D, Jans D (1 May 2012). "Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus". Biochemical Journal. 443 (Pt 3): 851–856. doi:10.1042/BJ20120150. ISSN   0264-6021. PMC   3327999 . PMID   22417684.
  21. ↑ Kosyna FK, Depping R (November 2018). "Controlling the Gatekeeper: Therapeutic Targeting of Nuclear Transport". Cells. 7 (11): 221. doi: 10.3390/cells7110221 . PMC   6262578 . PMID   30469340.
  22. ↑ Schraer R (23 June 2021). "Covid: Ivermectin to be studied as possible treatment in UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  23. ↑ "COVID-19 Therapeutics Prioritized for Testing in Clinical Trials". National Institutes of Health. 21 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  24. ↑ Harris GH, Adalja AA (November 2023). "Innovative approaches to COVID-19 medical countermeasure development". J Antimicrob Chemother (Review). 78 (Supplement_2): ii18–ii24. doi:10.1093/jac/dkad312. PMC   10667002 . PMID   37995353.
  25. ↑ Naggie S, Boulware DR, Lindsell CJ, Stewart TG, Gentile N, et al. (October 2022). "Effect of Ivermectin vs Placebo on Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 328 (16): 1595–1603. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.18590. PMC   9587497 . PMID   36269852.
  26. ↑ Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RA, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, et al. (April 2021). "Prophylaxis against covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ (Systematic review). 373: n949. doi:10.1136/bmj.n949. PMC   8073806 . PMID   33903131.
  27. ↑ Roman YM, Burela PA, Pasupuleti V, Piscoya A, Vidal JE, et al. (June 2021). "Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (6): 1022–1029. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab591 . PMC   8394824 . PMID   34181716.
  28. 1 2 3 Piller C, Servick K (4 June 2020). "Two elite medical journals retract coronavirus papers over data integrity questions". Science. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Surgisphere Sows Confusion About Another Unproven COVID-19 Drug". The Scientist Magazine®. 16 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  30. ↑ Servick K, Enserink M (2 June 2020). "A mysterious company's coronavirus papers in top medical journals may be unraveling". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  31. ↑ Lowe D (11 May 2020). "What's Up With Ivermectin?". science.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  32. ↑ Reardon S (August 2021). "Flawed ivermectin preprint highlights challenges of COVID drug studies". Nature. 596 (7871): 173–174. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..173R. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02081-w. PMID   34341573. S2CID   236883132.
  33. ↑ Cohen L (17 January 2022). "Arkansas inmates who were given ivermectin to treat COVID in jail file federal lawsuit: "They used us as an experiment" - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  34. ↑ "Ivermectin papers slapped with expressions of concern". Retraction Watch. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  35. ↑ Manu P (7 February 2022). "Expression of Concern for Bryant a, Lawrie TA, Dowswell T, Fordham EJ, Mitchell S, Hill SR, Tham TC. Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines. Am J Ther. 2021;28(4): e434-e460". American Journal of Therapeutics. 29 (2): e232. doi: 10.1097/CND.0000000000000400 . PMC   9946064 . PMID   35142702.
  36. ↑ Manu P (7 February 2022). "Expression of Concern for Kory P, Meduri GU, Varon J, Iglesias J, Marik PE. Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19. Am J Ther. 2021;28(3) e299–e318". American Journal of Therapeutics. 29 (2): e231. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001481 . PMC   10501341 . PMID   35142703. S2CID   246701186.
  37. ↑ Cuenca A (4 February 2022). "Falso y engañoso estudio del GobCDMX sobre Ivermectina para tratar Covid". Capital CDMX (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  38. ↑ Gorski DH (15 April 2021). "Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  39. ↑ "Merck Statement on Ivermectin use During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Merck. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials" (Press release). European Medicines Agency. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  41. 1 2 "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel's Statement on the Use of Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19". National Institutes of Health. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Wadvalla BA (April 2021). "Covid-19: Ivermectin's politicisation is a warning sign for doctors turning to orphan treatments". BMJ. 373: n747. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n747 . PMID   33795225. S2CID   232484313.
  43. ↑ "WHO updates its guidance on treatments for COVID-19". BMJ (Press release). 9 November 2023.
  44. 1 2 de Oliveira Quintanilha D (13 July 2020). "Anvisa se manifesta contra o uso da ivermectina na Covid-19" [Anvisa speaks out against the use of ivermectin in Covid-19]. PEBMED (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  45. 1 2 "Atualizações e Recomendações sobre a Covid-19" [Updates and recommendations on Covid-19](PDF) (in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. 9 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  46. 1 2 "Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia Sobre o Colapso em Manaus e Tratamento Preventivo e Precoce da Covid-19" [Brazilian Thoracic Society Position Statement on the Collapse in Manaus and the Preventive and Early Treatment of Covid-19] (in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  47. ↑ Bitterman A, Martins CP, Cices A, Nadendla MP (2022). "Comparison of Trials Using Ivermectin for COVID-19 Between Regions With High and Low Prevalence of Strongyloidiasis: A Meta-analysis". JAMA Network Open. 5 (3): e223079. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3079. PMC   8938718 . PMID   35311963.
  48. ↑ Eslahi AV, Badri M, Nahavandi KH, Houshmand E, Dalvand S, et al. (2021). "Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in the general population of the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Pathogens and Global Health. 115 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1080/20477724.2020.1851922. PMC   7850468 . PMID   33433291.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Ashok Moloo (17 December 2020). "A parasitic infection that can turn fatal with administration of corticosteroids". News. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  50. ↑ Czeresnia JM, Weiss LM (2022). "Strongyloides stercoralis". Lung. 200 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1007/s00408-022-00528-z. PMC   8994069 . PMID   35396957.
  51. ↑ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2018). "Strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis". Public health guidance on screening and vaccination for infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants within the EU/EEA (PDF) (Report). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. p. 40. doi:10.2900/154411. ISBN   978-92-9498-280-3 . Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  52. ↑ Covid - O, Table SA, Biologics Clinical Practice Guidelines Working Group (2021). "Ivermectin treatment for Strongyloides infection in patients with COVID-19". Canada Communicable Disease Report. 47 (7/8): 316–321. doi:10.14745/ccdr.v47i78a04. PMC   8454299 . PMID   34667442.
  53. ↑ "Presumptive Treatment and Screening for Strongyloidiasis, Infections Caused by Other Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomiasis among Newly Arrived Refugees". Division of Global Migration and Quarantine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immigrant, Refugee, and Migrant Health. Atlanta. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  54. ↑ Mega ER (October 2020). "Latin America's embrace of an unproven COVID treatment is hindering drug trials". Nature. 586 (7830): 481–482. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..481M. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02958-2. PMID   33077974. S2CID   224812404.
  55. ↑ Molento MB (December 2020). "COVID-19 and the rush for self-medication and self-dosing with ivermectin: A word of caution". One Health. 10. Elsevier BV: 100148. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100148 . PMC   7313521 . PMID   32632377.
  56. 1 2 3 "The rise and fall of a coronavirus 'miracle cure'". Politico. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  57. ↑ "FDA's stance on ivermectin aligned to SAHPRA's position". SAHPRA. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  58. ↑ "SAHPRA statement on the termination of the "Ivermectin Controlled Compassionate Use Access Programme" -". SAHPRA. 30 May 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  59. ↑ Ferrer A (22 January 2021). "Médicos en CDMX suministran ivermectina y azitromicina para tratar pacientes con COVID-19". El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  60. ↑ Andina (13 October 2020). "Covid-19: Minsa aprueba resolución que deja sin efecto el uso de tres medicamentos" (in Spanish). Agencia Peruana de Noticias. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  61. ↑ Calderon D (22 January 2021). "Ivermectina vuelve a ser incluida en tratamiento covid-19". Diario Extra (in Spanish). Extra. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  62. ↑ Mishra M (13 May 2021). "Indian states turn to anti-parasitic drug to fight COVID-19 against WHO advice". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  63. ↑ "Fact check: No link between India's falling COVID-19 cases and hydroxychloroquine". USA Today. 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  64. ↑ Mordani S (7 June 2021). "DGHS drops Ivermectin, Doxycycline from Covid-19 treatment; ICMR rules unchanged". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  65. ↑ "FDA approves drug company's request to manufacture ivermectin". The Manila Times. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  66. ↑ Casa Editorial El País Cali. "Empezarán a usar Ivermectina en tratamiento de pacientes covid en Cali, dice Ospina". elpais.com.co (in Spanish). El País. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  67. ↑ Prefeitura de Itajaí (6 July 311). "Itajaí vai implantar tratamento profilático à COVID-19 | Município de Itajaí". Prefeitura de Itajaí. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  68. ↑ Salam E (10 October 2023). "US prisoners who did not consent to ivermectin Covid treatment win payout". The Guardian.
  69. ↑ "WHO advises that ivermectin only be used to treat COVID-19 within clinical trials". World Health Organization. 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  70. ↑ "Lancet, NEJM Retract Surgisphere Studies on COVID-19 Patients". The Scientist Magazine®. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  71. ↑ Barnett ML, Gaye M, Jena AB, Mehrotra A (February 2022). "Association of County-Level Prescriptions for Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin With County-Level Political Voting Patterns in the 2020 US Presidential Election". JAMA Intern Med. 182 (4): 452–454. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0200. PMC   8980920 . PMID   35179552. S2CID   246943373.
  72. ↑ U.S. FDA [@US_FDA] (21 August 2021). "You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 21 August 2021 – via Twitter.
  73. ↑ Milman O (20 September 2021). "US horse owners face ivermectin shortage as humans chase unproven Covid 'cure'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  74. ↑ Pengelly M (23 August 2021). "'You are not a horse': FDA tells Americans stop taking dewormer for Covid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  75. ↑ "Rapid Increase in Ivermectin Prescriptions and Reports of Severe Illness Associated with Use of Products Containing Ivermectin to Prevent or Treat COVID-19" (Health alert). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  76. ↑ "Ivermectin still not FDA-approved to treat COVID" (Fact check). Reuters. 30 August 2023.
  77. ↑ Bond P (22 March 2024). "FDA settles lawsuit over Ivermectin social media posts". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  78. ↑ Einhorn B, Kay C (13 October 2021). "Ivermectin Doesn't Help Covid, But Generic Drug Makers Are Cashing In". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  79. 1 2 Alexander H (22 October 2021). "How a false science 'cure' became Australia's contribution to the pandemic". Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  80. ↑ "Topelia Australia launches US$25M Series A call for COVID-19 ATT Ziverdox". BioSpace. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  81. ↑ "Doctor who advocated Covid-19 therapy including ivermectin applied for patent on same unproven treatment". The Guardian. 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  82. ↑ Lee M (28 September 2021). "Network of Right-Wing Health Care Providers Is Making Millions Off Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin, Hacked Data Reveals". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  83. 1 2 3 Molento MB (December 2021). "Ivermectin against COVID-19: The unprecedented consequences in Latin America". One Health. 13: 100250. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100250. PMC   8050401 . PMID   33880395.
  84. 1 2 Dupuy B (11 December 2020). "No evidence ivermectin is a miracle drug against COVID-19" (Fact check). AP News. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  85. 1 2 3 Sharma R (24 February 2021). "What is Ivermectin? Why social media creates Covid 'miracle drugs' – and why you shouldn't trust the crowd". inews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  86. 1 2 Merlan A (24 June 2021). "Why Is the Intellectual Dark Web Suddenly Hyping an Unproven COVID Treatment?". Vice. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  87. ↑ Merlan A (1 July 2021). "The Ivermectin Advocates' War Has Just Begun". Vice. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  88. ↑ Satherley D (26 November 2021). "Did mutations or ivermectin help stamp out Delta in Japan?". Newshub (Fact check). Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  89. ↑ Marjanović, Petar (4 February 2022). "Ivermectin-Studie geht viral – sie ist aber irreführend". watson.ch (Fact check) (in German). Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  90. ↑ Chaccour C. "Ivermectin and COVID-19: How a Flawed Database Shaped the Pandemic Response of Several Latin-American Countries - Blog". ISGlobal. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  91. ↑ Merlan A (24 June 2021). "Why Is the Intellectual Dark Web Suddenly Hyping an Unproven COVID Treatment?". Vice. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  92. ↑ Davis JJ. "Will Ivermectin Cure COVID-19?". opmed.doximity.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  93. ↑ Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG, et al. (Cochrane Statistical Methods Group) (26 September 2008). "Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses". Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. pp. 243–296. doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch9. ISBN   9780470712184.
  94. ↑ "Drew University Nobel Prize Winner Refutes Ivermectin Meme". Drew University. September 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  95. ↑ Kessler G (8 September 2021). "False meme: Nobel laureate did not say ivermectin 'cures' covid-19". Washington Post (Fact check). Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  96. ↑ Butler J (22 February 2022). "Nine Network apologises for 'error' suggesting Queen may have used ivermectin to treat Covid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  97. 1 2 Nogrady B (13 October 2021). "'I hope you die': how the COVID pandemic unleashed attacks on scientists". Nature (News feature). 598 (7880): 250–253. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..250N. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02741-x. PMID   34645996. S2CID   238858471. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  98. ↑ Hill A (13 October 2021). "How my ivermectin research led to Twitter death threats". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  99. ↑ Qiu L (17 December 2020). "The election is over, but Ron Johnson keeps promoting false claims of fraud" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  100. ↑ Offord C (2 March 2021). "Frontiers Removes Controversial Ivermectin Paper Pre-Publication". The Scientist. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  101. ↑ Gorski DH (28 December 2020). "2020 and the pandemic: A year of (some) physicians behaving badly". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  102. ↑ Gorski D (15 November 2021). "Pfizer's new COVID-19 protease inhibitor drug is not just 'repackaged ivermectin'". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  103. ↑ "Pfizer's new pill to prevent COVID-19 is not the same as ivermectin". AP NEWS. 1 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  104. ↑ Piper K (17 December 2021). "How bad research clouded our understanding of Covid-19". Vox. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  105. ↑ Meyerowitz-Katz G (11 December 2021). "'Science is flawed': COVID-19, ivermectin, and beyond". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.