Treatment and control groups

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In the design of experiments, hypotheses are applied to experimental units in a treatment group. [1] In comparative experiments, members of a control group receive a standard treatment, a placebo, or no treatment at all. [2] There may be more than one treatment group, more than one control group, or both.

Contents

A placebo control group [3] [4] can be used to support a double-blind study, in which some subjects are given an ineffective treatment (in medical studies typically a sugar pill) to minimize differences in the experiences of subjects in the different groups; this is done in a way that ensures no participant in the experiment (subject or experimenter) knows to which group each subject belongs. In such cases, a third, non-treatment control group can be used to measure the placebo effect directly, as the difference between the responses of placebo subjects and untreated subjects, [3] [4] perhaps paired by age group or other factors (such as being twins).

For the conclusions drawn from the results of an experiment to have validity, it is essential that the items or patients assigned to treatment and control groups be representative of the same population. [5] In some experiments, such as many in agriculture [6] or psychology, [7] [8] [9] this can be achieved by randomly assigning items from a common population to one of the treatment and control groups. [1] In studies of twins involving just one treatment group and a control group, it is statistically efficient to do this random assignment separately for each pair of twins, so that one is in the treatment group and one in the control group.[ clarification needed ]

In some medical studies, where it may be unethical not to treat patients who present with symptoms, controls may be given a standard treatment, rather than no treatment at all. [2] An alternative is to select controls from a wider population, provided that this population is well-defined and that those presenting with symptoms at the clinic are representative of those in the wider population. [5] Another method to reduce ethical concerns would be to test early-onset symptoms, with enough time later to offer real treatments to the control subjects, and let those subjects know the first treatments are "experimental" and might not be as effective as later treatments, again with the understanding there would be ample time to try other remedies.[ citation needed ]

Relevance

A clinical control group can be a placebo arm or it can involve an old method used to address a clinical outcome when testing a new idea. For example in a study released by the British Medical Journal, in 1995 studying the effects of strict blood pressure control versus more relaxed blood pressure control in diabetic patients, the clinical control group was the diabetic patients that did not receive tight blood pressure control. In order to qualify for the study, the patients had to meet the inclusion criteria and not match the exclusion criteria. Once the study population was determined, the patients were placed in either the experimental group (strict blood pressure control <150/80mmHg) versus non strict blood pressure control (<180/110). There were a wide variety of ending points for patients such as death, myocardial infarction, stroke, etc. The study was stopped before completion because strict blood pressure control was so much superior to the clinical control group which had relaxed blood pressure control. The study was no longer considered ethical because tight blood pressure control was so much more effective at preventing end points that the clinical control group had to be discontinued. [10] The clinical control group is not always a placebo group. Sometimes the clinical control group can involve comparing a new drug to an older drug in a superiority trial. In a superiority trial, the clinical control group is the older medication rather than the new medication. For example in the ALLHAT trial, Thiazide diuretics were demonstrated to be superior to calcium channel blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events in high risk patients with hypertension. In the ALLHAT study, the clinical control group was not a placebo it was ACEI or Calcium Channel Blockers. [11] Overall, clinical control groups can either be a placebo or an old standard of therapy.[ citation needed ]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Randomized controlled trial</span> Form of scientific experiment

A randomized controlled trial is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are clinical trials that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, diets or other medical treatments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinical trial</span> Phase of clinical research in medicine

Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on dosage, safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial—their approval does not mean the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted.

In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld until after the experiment is complete. Good blinding can reduce or eliminate experimental biases that arise from a participants' expectations, observer's effect on the participants, observer bias, confirmation bias, and other sources. A blind can be imposed on any participant of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. In some cases, while blinding would be useful, it is impossible or unethical. For example, it is not possible to blind a patient to their treatment in a physical therapy intervention. A good clinical protocol ensures that blinding is as effective as possible within ethical and practical constraints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scientific control</span> Methods employed to reduce error in science tests

A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method.

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Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment using randomization, such as by a chance procedure or a random number generator. This ensures that each participant or subject has an equal chance of being placed in any group. Random assignment of participants helps to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment. Thus, any differences between groups recorded at the end of the experiment can be more confidently attributed to the experimental procedures or treatment.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Observational study</span> Study with uncontrolled variable of interest

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A glossary of terms used in clinical research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Placebo-controlled study</span>

Placebo-controlled studies are a way of testing a medical therapy in which, in addition to a group of subjects that receives the treatment to be evaluated, a separate control group receives a sham "placebo" treatment which is specifically designed to have no real effect. Placebos are most commonly used in blinded trials, where subjects do not know whether they are receiving real or placebo treatment. Often, there is also a further "natural history" group that does not receive any treatment at all.

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Bexagliflozin, sold under the brand name Brenzavvy, is an antidiabetic medication used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that is taken by mouth.

References

  1. 1 2 Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN   978-0-471-72756-9. MR   2363107.
  2. 1 2 Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-68357-9. MR   2422352.
  3. 1 2 Seeley, Ellen W.; Grinspoon, Steven - Harvard Medical School (25 November 2016). "Chapter 2: Patient-Oriented Research". In David Robertson; Gordon H. Williams (eds.). Clinical and Translational Science: Principles of Human Research. Academic Press. p. 13, parag. 3 under "Clinical Trials". ISBN   978-0-12-802111-8 . Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  4. 1 2 Chaplin S (2006). "The placebo response: an important part of treatment". Prescriber. 17 (5): 16–22. doi: 10.1002/psb.344 . S2CID   72626022.
  5. 1 2 Everitt, B.S. (2002) The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, CUP. ISBN   0-521-81099-X (entry for control group)
  6. ↑ Neyman, Jerzy (1990) [1923], Dabrowska, Dorota M.; Speed, Terence P. (eds.), "On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles (Section 9)", Statistical Science, 5 (4): 465–472, doi: 10.1214/ss/1177012031 , MR   1092986
  7. ↑ Ian Hacking (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis . 79 (3): 427–451. doi:10.1086/354775. S2CID   52201011.
  8. ↑ Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education. 101 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1086/444032. S2CID   143685203.
  9. ↑ Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design" (PDF). Isis . 88 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1086/383850. PMID   9519574. S2CID   23526321.
  10. ↑ UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998). "Tight Blood Pressure Control and Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: UKPDS 38" (PDF). BMJ: British Medical Journal. 317 (7160): 703–713. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703. JSTOR   25180360.
  11. ↑ Goff, David C. (2003). "The ALLHAT Study". Clinical Diabetes. 23 (1): 102–104. doi: 10.2337/diaclin.21.3.102 .
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