Infectious Diseases Society of America

Last updated
Infectious Diseases Society of America
Formation1963;61 years ago (1963)
Type Professional association
Headquarters Arlington, Virginia
Location
  • United States
Membership
13,000 as of 2023
President
 Tina Tan, MD, FIDSA, FPIDS, FAAP [1]
President-Elect
Ronald G. Nahass, MD, FIDSA [1]
Website www.idsociety.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) is a medical association representing physicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals who specialize in infectious diseases. It was founded in 1963 and is based in Arlington, Virginia. As of 2018, IDSA had more than 11,000 members from across the United States and nearly 100 other countries on six different continents. [2] IDSA's purpose is to improve the health of individuals, communities, and society by promoting excellence in patient care, education, research, public health, and prevention relating to infectious diseases. It is a 501(c)(6) organization. [3]

Contents

History

The IDSA was formed from two different groups. Jay P. Sanford and a group that included members of the American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of American Physicians met each spring in Atlantic City, New Jersey to discuss infectious disease topics. Another group formed from the American Society for Microbiology's (ASM) antibiotics meetings discussed advances in antimicrobial therapy and proposed a new dinner group to discuss other topics related to infectious diseases. In 1962, Maxwell Finland, the president of ASM, expressed interest in forming an infectious diseases division within the ASM. Dr. Finland formed a planning committee. Lowell A. Rantz, MD, chaired the committee with Edward H. Kass, MS, PhD, MD, as the secretary. The committee decided to create an organization independent of ASM. In October 1963, the committee met in Warrenton, Virginia with 125 charter members and guests. Rantz was elected as president, but he nominated Finland instead, and Kass served as secretary and treasurer. Edward C. Curnen, MD, Mark H. Lepper, MD, Samuel P. Martin, MD, David E. Rogers, MD, Monroe J. Romansky, MD, and Alex J. Steigman, MD were the first councilors, and the IDSA was born. [4]

Publications and activities

IDSA publishes the following medical journals:

The IDSA holds an annual meeting featuring presentations by experts in various aspects of infectious diseases, as well as original research abstracts and panel discussions. [5] The IDSA also issues clinical practice guidelines, advocates the development of new antimicrobial drugs and attention to the problem of antibiotic resistance, and promotes the scientific study of vaccination and access to important childhood vaccines. The Society sponsors the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA), an organization of HIV researchers and specialists, and funds research fellowships for junior investigators in infectious diseases. [6] With the support of a CDC grant IDSA entertains a listserv for infectious disease physicians called Emerging Infections Network. It allows members to check on unusual clinical events, a potentially emerging infectious disease by connecting members to the CDC and other public health investigators and it is capable of queries and surveys. [7]

Support for the Prevention and Public Health Fund

On November 3, 2017, the U.S. House passed a bill, H.R. 3922 (the "CHAMPIONING Healthy Kids Act") that cuts $6.35 billion from the Prevention and Public Health Fund (PPHF). Paul Auwaerter, then-president of IDSA, said that the cut would hurt both public health and national security. The PPHF fund comprises over 12 percent of the budget of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Auwaerter said, "…a significant cut to the fund will have a very troubling impact on CDC efforts to prevent infections and respond to outbreaks in communities and health care settings." [8]

The PPHF was created under the Affordable Care Act to fund programs for prevention and public health activities. The fund supports programs that prevent, monitor, and respond to infectious diseases, including immunization programs; responses to outbreaks of "vaccine-preventable illnesses"; adult immunization registries; managing emerging health issues such as food-borne infection outbreaks and waterborne diseases; and programs that support Alzheimer's, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke prevention strategies. [8]

Several organizations such as the American Heart Association and American Lung Association joined the IDSA in opposing the cuts. [8]

Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance

The World Health Organization has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the three greatest threats to human health. [9] IDSA has identified antimicrobial resistance as a priority for the organization.

In 2010, IDSA launched the 10 x '20 Initiative, which seeks a global commitment to create an antibiotic research and development enterprise powerful enough to produce 10 new systemic antibiotics by the year 2020. The initiative was launched as a response to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and the lack of development of new antibiotics. [10]

According to IDSA, new antibiotic development has slowed to a standstill due to market failure and regulatory disincentives. Antibiotics aren't as profitable as other drugs (e.g., drugs to treat chronic conditions such as diabetes or asthma, which patients take for years). Also, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has long delayed publishing workable guidance describing how companies should design antibiotic clinical trials. Moreover, once a new antibiotic makes it to market, physicians hold it in reserve for only the worst cases rather than rushing to use it on all their patients due to fear of drug resistance. These economic and regulatory disincentives have made it far too difficult for companies to continue developing new antibiotics. It is estimated that the cost to the U.S. health care system of antibiotic resistant infections is $21 billion to $34 billion each year and more than 8 million additional hospital days. [11]

On May 1, 2011, IDSA published a policy paper titled "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: Policy Recommendations to Save Lives" in Clinical Infectious Diseases. [12] The paper detailed the organization's recommendations for specific public policy strategies and research activities needed to promote the best interests of patients and health care professionals. Specifically, the paper urged creation of incentives to support antibiotic research and development; new rapid diagnostic tests to more quickly diagnose patients; greater coordination of government agencies to support surveillance, data collection, research, and prevention and control; and aggressive promotion of the judicious use of currently available antibiotics. IDSA's policy paper also proposed the creation of an Antimicrobial Innovation and Conservation (AIC) Fee that would help pay for antibiotic R&D and stewardship efforts necessary to make progress against antibiotic resistance. [13]

Throughout 2012, IDSA garnered support of several medical organizations and pharmaceutical companies for a new FDA approval pathway, called the Limited Population Antibacterial Drug mechanism, to address an unmet medical need by speeding up development of antibiotics to treat patients who have serious infections for which therapeutic options are insufficient. The LPAD mechanism would allow for testing a drug's safety and effectiveness in smaller, shorter, and less expensive clinical trials, similar to the Orphan Drug Program. [14]

In addition to the 10 x '20 Initiative, IDSA supports legislative and administrative efforts to strengthen the U.S. response to antimicrobial resistance, such as enhanced coordination and leadership, surveillance, prevention and control, and research efforts. IDSA also promotes the establishment of antimicrobial stewardship programs and integration of good stewardship practices in every health care facility across the United States and is working to eliminate inappropriate uses of antibiotics in food, animals and other aspects of agriculture. [15]

In a followed up policy report released on April 17, 2013, titled "10 X '20 Progress – Development of New Drugs Active Against Gram-Negative Bacilli: An Update From the Infectious Diseases Society of America", IDSA expressed grave concern over the weak pipeline of antibiotics to combat the growing ability of bacteria, especially the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), to develop resistance to antibiotics. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in United States, and the number of new antibiotics annually approved for marketing continues to decline. The report could identify only seven antibiotics currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials to treat the GNB which includes E. coli , Salmonella , Shigella and the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of the resistance developed by those bacteria. [16] Some of these seven new antibiotics are combination of existent antibiotics. There are positive signs that the governments and health authorities in US and Europe have recognized the urgency of the situation. Collaborations are formed between the regulatory bodies and pharmaceutical industry with funding and added incentives. The IDSA's prognosis for sustainable R&D infrastructure for antibiotics development will depend upon clarification of FDA regulatory clinical trial guidance which would facilitate the speedy approval of new drugs, and the appropriate economic incentives for the pharmaceuticals companies to invest in this endeavor. [16]

In 2018, the IDSA put out a new statement about antibiotic research. Low financial returns on antibiotic research caused stock prices to go down, and companies had abandoned antibiotic research and development. In turn, this put pressure on the few remaining companies to deliver new antibiotics. The IDSA proposed that the government create incentives that reward and support private sector work toward a "robust, renewable antibiotic supply." [17]

Lyme disease treatment guidelines

Since 2000, IDSA has recommended against long-term antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, finding that it is ineffective and potentially harmful. [18] [19] The American Academy of Neurology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and medical groups around the world similarly recommend against such treatment. [20] [21] [22] [23] However, a discredited view holds that chronic Lyme disease is responsible for a range of medically unexplained symptoms, mostly in people without any evidence of infection with Borrelia Burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. [24] Groups of patients and physicians who support the concept of chronic Lyme disease have organized to lobby for recognition of this diagnosis, as well as to argue for insurance coverage of long-term antibiotic therapy. [25] Such groups have been critical of the IDSA guidelines on Lyme disease.

In 2006, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal announced an antitrust investigation against the IDSA, accusing the authors of the 2006 IDSA Lyme disease guidelines of undisclosed conflicts of interest and of unduly dismissing alternative therapies and "chronic" Lyme disease. Blumenthal's investigation was closed on May 1, 2008, without charges when the IDSA agreed to submit its guidelines for review by a panel of independent scientists and physicians. [26] Though it found no relevant conflicts of interests and stood behind its guidelines, IDSA cited mounting legal costs and the difficulty of presenting scientific arguments in a legal setting as their rationale for accepting the settlement. [26] [27] A Forbes piece described Blumenthal's investigation as "intimidation" of scientists by Blumenthal, an elected official with close ties to Lyme advocacy groups. [25] The Journal of the American Medical Association described Blumenthal's investigation of the IDSA as an example of the "politicization of health policy" against the weight of scientific evidence, and voiced concern over a chilling effect on future decisions by medical associations. [28]

Pursuant to their agreement with Blumenthal, the IDSA guidelines were reviewed by an independent panel subject to strict conflict-of-interest guidelines and vetted by a medical ethicist. The panel unanimously supported the original IDSA guidelines, finding that "chronic Lyme disease" and "post Lyme syndrome" lack clear definitions and convincing biological evidence. Further, the report emphasized that several prospective clinical trials of prolonged antibiotic therapy for persistently symptomatic patients uniformly showed evidence of harm without convincing evidence of benefit. [29] [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibiotic</span> Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza. Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi. Drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antimicrobial resistance</span> Resistance of microbes to drugs directed against them

Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from antimicrobials, which are drugs used to treat infections. This resistance affects all classes of microbes, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Together, these adaptations fall under the AMR umbrella, posing significant challenges to healthcare worldwide. Misuse and improper management of antimicrobials are primary drivers of this resistance, though it can also occur naturally through genetic mutations and the spread of resistant genes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ciprofloxacin</span> Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. This includes bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, certain types of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others. For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vancomycin</span> Antibiotic medication

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat certain bacterial infections. It is administered intravenously to treat complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Blood levels may be measured to determine the correct dose. Vancomycin is also taken orally to treat Clostridioides difficile infections. When taken orally, it is poorly absorbed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Levofloxacin</span> Antibiotic

Levofloxacin, sold under the brand name Levaquin among others, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. It is the left-handed isomer of the medication ofloxacin. It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia, H. pylori, urinary tract infections, Legionnaires' disease, chronic bacterial prostatitis, and some types of gastroenteritis. Along with other antibiotics it may be used to treat tuberculosis, meningitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. It is available by mouth, intravenously, and in eye drop form.

<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Species of bacterium

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar.

The Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1981 by Stuart B. Levy (1938–2019), Professor of Medicine at Tufts University and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. APUA's mission is to strengthen society's defenses against infectious disease by promoting appropriate access and use to antimicrobial agents and controlling antimicrobial resistance on a worldwide basis. APUA has a network of affiliated chapters in over 50 countries, and conducts applied antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grassroots levels.

Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to, for humans, the prevention of infection complications using antimicrobial therapy. Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical microbiology</span> Branch of medical science

Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.

Merle Alden Sande was a leading American infectious-diseases expert whose early recognition of the looming public health crisis posed by AIDS led to the development of basic protocols for how to handle infected patients. He graduated from Washington State University and received his MD degree from the University of Washington, School of Medicine in Seattle.

<i>Under Our Skin</i> 2008 film about chronic Lyme disease

Under Our Skin: The Untold Story of Lyme Disease is a 2008 film advocating for the existence of "chronic Lyme disease", a controversial and unrecognized diagnosis. The film was directed by Andy Abrahams Wilson, who became interested in the subject after his sister claimed to be afflicted by "chronic Lyme." The film had its theatrical premiere on June 19, 2009 at the IFC Center in New York City.

The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society is a non-profit advocacy group which advocates for greater acceptance of the controversial and unrecognized diagnosis "chronic Lyme disease". ILADS was formed by advocates for the recognition of "chronic Lyme disease" including physicians, patients and laboratory personnel, and has published alternative treatment guidelines and diagnostic criteria due to the disagreement with mainstream consensus medical views on Lyme disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibiotic misuse</span> Improper use of antibiotic medications

Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance, including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs": relatively harmless bacteria can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infectious diseases (medical specialty)</span> Medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections

Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determines the cause of a disease. Once the cause is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best drug to treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines.

Chronic Lyme disease (CLD) is the name used by some people with non-specific symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle pain, and cognitive dysfunction to refer to their condition, even if there is no evidence that they had Lyme disease. Both the label and the belief that these people's symptoms are caused by this particular infection are generally rejected by medical professionals. Chronic Lyme disease is distinct from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, a set of lingering symptoms which may persist after successful antibiotic treatment of infection with Lyme-causing Borrelia bacteria, and which may have similar symptoms to those associated with CLD.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) refers to coordinated efforts to promote the optimal use of antimicrobial agents, including drug choice, dosing, route, and duration of administration. AMS has been an organized effort of specialists in infectious diseases, both in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics with their respective peer-organizations, hospital pharmacists, the public health community and their professional organizations since the late 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinvigorating Antibiotics and Diagnostic Innovation Act</span>

The Reinvigorating Antibiotics and Diagnostic Innovation (READI) Act is a bipartisan bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by Congressman Erik Paulsen (R-MN) and Congressman Mike Thompson (D-CA). The bill would give a tax credit to organizations that create new antibiotics and "rapid diagnostic tests" that treat serious or life-threatening infections.

The Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) is a non-profit organization comprising pharmacists and other allied health professionals specializing in infectious diseases and antimicrobial stewardship. According to the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties, clinical pharmacists specializing in infectious diseases are trained in microbiology and pharmacology to develop, implement, and monitor drug regimens. These regimens incorporate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials for patients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Souha Kanj</span> An academitian, a medical researcher and award winning doctor

Souha Kanj Sharara is a Professor of Medicine, Head of Infectious Disease Department, and Chair of the Infection Control and Prevention Program at the American University of Beirut (AUB).

References

  1. 1 2 "Board of Directors". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  2. ↑ "Forming The Society". www.idsociety.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-04. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
  3. ↑ "IRS Form 990 for 2018" (PDF). idsociety.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  4. ↑ IDSA history Archived 2016-11-26 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 2017-01-25
  5. ↑ "IDSA Meeting Website". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Facts About IDSA". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Emerging Infections Network". Emerging Infections Network. IDSA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 Williams, Terri (2017-11-29). "Steep cuts to Prevention and Public Health Fund as part of House bill draws concerns". Homeland Preparedness News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
  9. ↑ Sinha, Vidushi (May 17, 2010). "Antibiotic Resistance Called Growing Threat to Human Health". Voice of America News. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Antibiotic Development: The 10 x '20 Initiative". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Facts about Antibiotic Resistance". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  12. ↑ Spellberg, Blaser, Guidos; et al. (May 2011). "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: Policy Recommendations to Save Lives". Clin. Infect. Dis. 52 (suppl 5): S397–S428. doi:10.1093/cid/cir153. PMC   3738230 . PMID   21474585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: Policy Recommendations to Save Lives" (PDF). Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Drug Companies, Health Groups Back IDSA Proposal" (Press release). Infectious Diseases Society of America. April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Antimicrobial Resistance". Infectious Diseases Society of America. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  16. 1 2 Boucher, Helen; Talbot, George; Benjamin, Daniel; Bradley, John; Guidos, Robert; Jones, Ronald; Murray, Barbara; Bonomo, Robert; et al. (2013). "10 X '20 Progress – Development of New Drugs Active Against Gram-Negative Bacilli: An Update From the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases . 56 (12). Oxford University Press: 1685–1694. doi:10.1093/cid/cit152. PMC   3707426 . PMID   23599308.
  17. ↑ "Fewer companies support antibiotic drug research, development". Homeland Preparedness News. 2018-11-27. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  18. ↑ Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. (November 2006). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1089–134. doi: 10.1086/508667 . PMID   17029130.
  19. ↑ Wormser, Gary P.; Strle, Franc; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Auwaerter, Paul G. (1 October 2021). "Comparison of the clinical practice guidelines for Lyme disease from the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2000, 2006, and 2020". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 101 (2): 115446. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115446. PMID   34256207.
  20. ↑ Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E, Belman AL, Dotevall L, Wormser GP, Krupp L, Gronseth G, Bever CT (2007). "Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 69 (1): 91–102. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28 . PMID   17522387. Archived from the original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
  21. ↑ ""Chronic Lyme Disease" Fact Sheet". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. April 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010.
  22. ↑ "Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-11-08. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  23. ↑ O'Connell, Sue. "Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of Lyme borreliosis: guidelines and consensus papers guidelines and consensus papers from specialist societies and ex from specialist societies and expert groups in pert groups in Europe and North America Europe and North America" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  24. ↑ Feder HM, Johnson BJ, O'Connell S; et al. (October 2007). "A critical appraisal of "chronic Lyme disease"". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (14): 1422–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMra072023. PMID   17914043.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. 1 2 Whelan, David (2007-03-12). "Lyme Inc". Forbes . Archived from the original on 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  26. 1 2 Landers, Susan J (2008-06-09). "Lyme treatment accord ends antitrust probe". American Medical News. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  27. ↑ Klein JO (November 2008). "Danger ahead: politics intrude in Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline for Lyme disease". Clin. Infect. Dis. 47 (9): 1197–9. doi: 10.1086/592247 . PMID   18821849.
  28. ↑ Kraemer JD, Gostin LO (February 2009). "Science, politics, and values: the politicization of professional practice guidelines". JAMA. 301 (6): 665–7. doi:10.1001/jama.301.6.665. PMID   19211474.
  29. ↑ "IDSA Final Report of the Lyme Disease Review Panel of the Infectious diseases Society of America". Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  30. ↑ "Special Review Panel Unanimously Upholds Lyme Disease Treatment Guidelines". Infectious Diseases Society of America. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
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