American Heart Association

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American Heart Association
Formation
  • 1915;109 years ago (1915) in New York City, New York (as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease)
  • June 10, 1924;100 years ago (1924-06-10) in Chicago, Illinois (as the American Heart Association)
Founder Paul Dudley White, Dr. Lewis A. Conner, Dr. Robert H. Halsey, Dr. James B. Herrick, Dr. Hugh McCulloch, and Dr. Joseph Sailer
Type Nonprofit
Purpose"Building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke"
Headquarters7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, Texas
Location
Key people
 Joseph Ching-Ming Wu (President), Nancy Brown (CEO)
Website heart.org

The American Heart Association (AHA) is a nonprofit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research, educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. They are known for publishing guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention, standards on basic life support, advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), pediatric advanced life support (PALS), and in 2014 issued the first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. [1] The American Heart Association is also known for operating a number of highly visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s, and also operates several fundraising events.

Contents

Originally formed in Chicago in 1924, [2] [3] the American Heart Association is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It was originally headquartered in New York City. [2] [3] The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency. [4] The mission of the organization, updated in 2018, is "To be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives." [5] The organization's work can be divided into five key areas: research; heart and brain health; health equity; advocacy; and professional education and development.

History

1924–1980s

A health promotion coordinator at Fleet Activities Sasebo, from Augusta, Ga., checks a sailor's blood pressure. US Navy 090205-N-0807W-026 Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class Genell Cody checks a Sailor's blood pressure during a.jpg
A health promotion coordinator at Fleet Activities Sasebo, from Augusta, Ga., checks a sailor's blood pressure.

In 1924, cardiologists Paul Dudley White, Hugh D. McCulloch, Joseph Sailer, Robert H. Halsey, James B. Herrick, and, Lewis A. Conner, [6] formed the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease as a professional society for doctors. In 1948, the organization transitioned into a nationwide voluntary health organization. [7] Since 1949, it has funded over $5 billion in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health research. [8] The organization, now known as the American Heart Association, consists of over 33 million volunteers who are dedicated to improving heart health and reducing deaths from cardiovascular diseases. [7]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the American Heart Association published several reports and guidelines focused on recommended lifestyles to improve cardiovascular health. This included a 1957 report that said: (1) Diet may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, (2) The fat content and total calories in the diet are probably important factors, (3) The ratio between saturated and unsaturated fat may be the basic determinant, and (4) A wide variety of other factors besides fat, both dietary and non-dietary, may be important. [9]

By 1961, these findings had been strengthened, leading to the new 1961 American Heart Association recommendations: (1) Maintain a correct body weight, (2) Engage in moderate exercise, e.g., walking to aid in weight reduction, (3) Reduce intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Increase intake of polyunsaturated fat, (4) Men with a strong family history of atherosclerosis should pay particular attention to diet modification, and (5) Dietary changes should be carried out under medical supervision. These recommendations continued to become more precise from 1957 to 1980, but there maintained "a general coherence among them". [9]

1990s–2000s

In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy , an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that the American Heart Association was ranked as the fifth "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched with 95 percent of Americans over the age of 12 choosing the Love and Like A lot description categories. [10]

In 1998, the AHA created the American Stroke Association to help prevent strokes, improve treatments, and maximize recoveries. In 2003, the two organizations created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [11] It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [12] The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [11]

In 2004 the American Heart Association launched the "Go Red for Women" campaign [13] specifically targeting women, with information about risks and action they can take to protect their health. [14] All revenues from the local and national campaigns go to support awareness, research, education and community programs to benefit women. [15] [14]

In 2008, the AHA recommended “hands only” CPR as an option for bystanders who want to help keep a cardiac arrest victim alive. [16] [17] This method removes the practice of performing rescue breaths and depends solely on chest compressions. [16]

On November 30, 2009, The American Heart Association announced a new cardiac arrest awareness campaign called Be the Beat. [18] The campaign's aim is to teach 12- to 15-year-olds fun ways to learn the basics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and how to use an automated external defibrillator.

2012–present: Recent events and activities

Representatives from the American Heart Association meeting with US Representative Martha Roby Martha Roby with American Heart Association representatives.jpg
Representatives from the American Heart Association meeting with US Representative Martha Roby

In 2012, the AHA renewed its focus on hands-only CPR by carrying out a national campaign to educate more people on how to perform this method. Jennifer Coolidge was a spokesperson for the campaign. [19] [20]

It also carried out a campaign in 2012 to educate more people on how to carry out hands-only CPR. [19] [20] [21] The 2012 campaign, which began in New York City, had Jennifer Coolidge as the spokesperson. [22]

In 2013, the American Heart Association issued a joint guideline recognizing obesity as a disease and recommending its treatment by weight loss. [23]

In 2014, the American Heart Association issued its first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. [1] Just as heart attack systems differ between men and women, men and women also face different stroke risks. For women, the guidelines for preventing strokes focus on factors such as birth control, pregnancy, and depression. [1]

In 2015, the American Heart Association officially endorsed the Tobacco 21 campaign, urging local, state and national governments to raise the tobacco and nicotine sales age from 18 to 21. [24]

In 2016, the American Heart Association, Verily Life Sciences, and AstraZeneca invested $75 million in the One Brave Idea program. The money was awarded to institutions researching new biomarkers, such as genetic and molecular factors, that put individuals at risk for atherosclerosis. [25] [26] It was hoped that the research would help the AHA reach its goals of increasing cardiovascular health by 20% and reducing cardiovascular mortality by 20% by 2020. [26]

In 2017, the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and nine other groups redefined high blood pressure for the first time in fourteen years. [27] Under the new guidelines, the high blood pressure reading is 130 over 80, a change from the old 140 over 80. The change was made in recognition of the risk of heart disease, disability, and death faced by those with blood pressures at 130 over 80. [27] The organization said that they hoped by identifying cardiovascular risks earlier, more people would be able to address the health risks by lifestyle changes instead of medication. [27]

In 2018, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology issued new guidelines for clinicians on the management of cholesterol as a way to reduce risk for heart attack and stroke. Newly included in the guidelines is a recommendation to use coronary artery calcium score if healthcare providers are having difficulty deciding if a patient could benefit from statin medications or should focus solely on lifestyle modifications. The cholesterol guidelines were last updated in 2013. [28]

In 2020 and 2021, the annual flagship meeting of the organization was held virtually owing to the COVID-19 pandemic and resumed as an in-person conference in 2022. [29]

In June 2024, the American Heart Association celebrated its 100 year anniversary of its founding. [30] With the official celebration of its founding, the association was recognized as the nation’s oldest and largest voluntary organization dedicated to fighting heart disease and stroke. [31] The association held CPR training, where in many places the first hundred or so people to participate in the 5-minute training were given take-home CPR kits. [32]

Focus areas

Some of the American Heart Association's research, campaigns, and other work is included here.

Research

Since 1949, the association has funded over $5 billion in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health research. [33]

Strategically Focused Research Network (SFRN)

In 2014, the American Heart Association announced the Strategically Focused Research Network initiative to address "key strategic issues as determined by the AHA Board of Directors." Some of the topics focused on by SFRNs include hypertension, heart failure, heart disease, and health technologies and innovation. [34] [35]

Heart and brain health

Go Red for Women

The Go Red for Women campaign started in 2004 to raise awareness that women, and not only men, are vulnerable to heart disease. [36] Between 2016 and 2021, the American Heart Association invested $20 million in the Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network. The SFRN also received $52 million from the National Institutes of Health. [36]

In 2017, the Go Red National Leadership Council was started to engage female executives in the campaign. Additional projects associated with the campaign include Research Goes Red and National Wear Red Day. [36]

As of 2023, over 900,000 women have joined the campaign and receive updates on what they can do to improve their heart health. The campaign's social media channels had audiences of over 5.3 million in 2022. [36]

Be the Beat

The "Be the Beat" challenge encourages people to learn CPR. [36]

American Heart Association CEO Roundtable

The CEO Roundtable was formed in 2013 and focuses on implementing evidence-based approaches to workplace health. In 2020, the CEOs of CVS Health, Walgreens Boots Alliance, and US Foods joined the association. [37] In 2023, there were almost 50 Fortune 100 CEOs in the association. [38]

American Stroke Association

In 1998, the association created the American Stroke Association to help prevent strokes, improve treatments, and maximize recoveries. In 2003, the two organizations created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [39] It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [40] The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [39]

The American Heart Association announced in October of 2024 a grant aimed at improving heart health in rural communities by funding initiatives that address healthcare access and education. This support is expected to enhance resources for prevention and treatment of heart disease in underserved areas. [41]

R.A.P.I.D.O. Campaign

This 2023 Spanish-language campaign works to raise awareness among Hispanic Americans about stroke symptoms. The acronym stands for: [42] [43]

  • Rostro caído (face drooping)
  • Alteración del equilibrio (loss of balance or lack of coordination)
  • Pérdida de fuerza en el brazo (arm weakness)
  • Impedimento visual repentino (sudden vision difficulty)
  • Dificultad para hablar (slurred or strange speech)
  • Obtén ayuda, llama al 911 (get help, call 911)

The American Stroke Association has launched a new Spanish-language website, to educate Hispanic and Latino communities about stroke recognition, prevention, and recovery. [44]

Know Diabetes By Heart

This is a joint campaign from the American heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. It works to raise awareness about the connection between diabetes and heart disease. [45] [46] The AHA reports that adults with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to die from heart disease than adults without diabetes. [45]

Check. Change. Control.

The "Check. Change. Control." program is an evidence-based hypertension management program that encourages blood pressure self-monitoring. In 2019 it was used by more than 315,000 people. [47]

Nation of Lifesavers

This program was started in 2023 to “educate and prepare teens and adults to be confident to save life in a cardiac emergency.” More than 350,000 people have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests each year, and this program wants to help improve their survival rate. [48]

Life’s Essential 8

Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) are cardiovascular health measurements shared by the AHA. Previously the measurements were known as the LE7, but in 2022, the AHA added sleep health as an additional behavioral metric. The other metrics look at body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, smoking, physical activity, and diet. [49] [50]

Health equity

The American Heart Association’s 2024 Impact Goal states, "Every person deserves the opportunity for a full, healthy life. By 2024, as champions for health equity, the American Heart Association will advance cardiovascular health for all, including identifying and removing barriers to health care access and quality." [51]

The AHA partnered with the Deloitte Health Equity Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management Foundation on the Health Equity in the Workforce initiative. The initiative provides tools to help employers improve health equity in the workplace. [52]

Social Impact Fund

The AHA's Social Impact Fund is a nationwide fund that provides financial resources for "evidence-based, community driven entrepreneurial solutions that help remove the social and economic barriers to health equity and drive economic empowerment, healthy food access, affordable housing, access to quality healthcare, transportation, educational opportunities, and reduce recidivism." [53]

Organizations that have received funding include:

  • Sakan Community Resource [53]
  • Hmong American Farmers Association [53]
  • Better Futures Minnesota [53]
  • Sidekick Mobile Technologies [54]
  • Sweet Potato Patch [55]

Hispanic Serving Institution Scholars Program

The HSI scholarship program is for students who identify as Hispanic/Latino who are enrolled in public health and healthcare focused programs at 18 Hispanic-serving colleges and universities. [56] [57] The program's goal is to increase representation in health care. [58] Students in the program are paired with volunteer mentors. They develop and present a research project that addresses basic, clinical, and educational science, receive a stipend, and participate in professional development workshops. [57]

Historically Black Colleges and Universities Scholars Program

The HBCU Scholars program pairs students with a local American Heart Association researcher and was created to "support the development of minority scientists and healthcare professionals," and increase the number of minority students who apply and are accepted into biomedical and health science programs. [59] [60] Students and researchers study the impact of cardiovascular disease in their community, learn the factors affecting vulnerable populations, and sample areas of scientific inquiry. [60] Students also receive financial stipends. [61]

HeartCorps

HeartCorps is the American Heart Association's Public Health AmeriCorps program and is designed to drive health equity in rural America. As of November 2022, twenty-six states participated in the program. [62]

Advocacy

Clean Indoor Air

The American Heart Association supports legislation that creates smoke-free workplaces and public spaces. [63] Starting in 2014, the AHA called for regulations for e-cigarettes to prevent young people from becoming addicted to nicotine, referencing studies that suggest the e-cigarettes can be a gateway drug. [64]

No Surprise Medical Billing

The American Heart Association supports the No Surprises Act, stating it will keep costs and premiums down and encourage more people to seek care from healthcare professionals. [65]

Food is Medicine Research Initiative

In 2022, the American Heart Association, the Rockefeller Foundation, Kroger, and other partners announced a plan to build a national Food is Medicine Research Initiative to help provide concrete evidence that food-as-medicine programs improve health. [52]

In September 2023, the AHA partnered with the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the Food is Medicine Institute at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University to launch Nourish My Health. It is a national public education campaign that promotes the protective health benefits of nutritious food. [66]

You're the Cure

You're the Cure is the national grassroots network of the American Heart Association. [67]

Professional education and development

The American Heart Association publishes healthcare guidelines, statements, and performance measures.A small sample of these professional education and development resources include:

The AHA also holds an annual Scientific Sessions meeting, which covers several days and a number of medical/healthcare topics; and hosts an International Stroke Conference. [73] [74] [75]

Second Century of Science Initiative

The Second Century of Science Initiative was announced in 2023 as part of the AHA’s plans to celebrate its first 100 years. Under the Initiative, the AHA awarded $20 million in grants to over 100 scientists in the U.S. The grants were awarded in three categories: the Second Century Implementation Science Award, the Second Century Early Faculty Independence Award, and the Clinical Fellow Research Education Program [33]

Get With the Guidelines

In 2003, the AHA and the American Stroke Association created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [76] It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [77] The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [76]

Fellowship

American Heart Association, Fellowship of the American Heart Association's Stroke Council FAHA, Fellowship of the American Heart Association, Stroke Council.jpg
American Heart Association, Fellowship of the American Heart Association's Stroke Council

Fellowship is open to wide-ranged medical professionals (physicians, scientists, etc.) who demonstrate a major and productive interest in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The association has 16 different councils. Members (at the Premium Professional or Premium Professional Plus level) of one of these councils can apply for Fellowship. All applicants from all councils will be evaluated against the same criteria. Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal designation FAmerican Heart Association (Fellow of the American Heart Association), which reflects not only the professional stature of the Fellow but also their record of valuable service to the association and the council. In addition, American Heart Association fellowship offers several benefits; e.g., reduced subscription rates for all American Heart Association print journals and reduced registration fees for American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. [78]

Key people

Nancy Brown is the CEO of the American Heart Association. [79] [80] Joseph Wu is the volunteer president and Marsha Jones is the volunteer chairperson. [81] Nancy Brown has been the chief executive officer since 2009.

Publications

Journals

The following journals are published by the American Heart Association:

CPR Standards

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiology</span> Branch of medicine dealing with the heart

Cardiology is the study of the heart. Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a sub-specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary artery disease</span> Reduction of blood flow to the heart

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. CAD can cause stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac arrest</span> Sudden failure of heart beat

Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. When the heart stops beating, blood cannot properly circulate around the body and the blood flow to the brain and other organs is decreased. When the brain does not receive enough blood, this can cause a person to lose consciousness and brain cells can start to die due to lack of oxygen. Coma and persistent vegetative state may result from cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is also identified by a lack of central pulses and abnormal or absent breathing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypertension</span> Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself. It is, however, a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heart failure</span> Failure of the heart to provide sufficient blood flow

Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiovascular disease</span> Class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypercholesterolemia</span> High levels of cholesterol in the blood

Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and dyslipidemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American College of Cardiology</span> Medical association

The American College of Cardiology (ACC), based in Washington, D.C., is a nonprofit medical association established in 1949. It bestows credentials upon cardiovascular specialists who meet its qualifications. Education is a core component of the college, which is also active in the formulation of health policy and the support of cardiovascular research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypertensive heart disease</span> Medical condition

Hypertensive heart disease includes a number of complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart. While there are several definitions of hypertensive heart disease in the medical literature, the term is most widely used in the context of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding categories. The definition includes heart failure and other cardiac complications of hypertension when a causal relationship between the heart disease and hypertension is stated or implied on the death certificate. In 2013 hypertensive heart disease resulted in 1.07 million deaths as compared with 630,000 deaths in 1990.

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the sum of activity and interventions required to ensure the best possible physical, mental, and social conditions so that patients with chronic or post-acute cardiovascular disease may, by their own efforts, preserve or resume their proper place in society and lead an active life". CR is a comprehensive model of care delivering established core components, including structured exercise, patient education, psychosocial counselling, risk factor reduction and behaviour modification, with a goal of optimizing patient's quality of life and reducing the risk of future heart problems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary ischemia</span> Medical condition

Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac ischemia, is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries. Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease, and heart attacks. Coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Reduced blood flow to the heart associated with coronary ischemia can result in inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle. When oxygen supply to the heart is unable to keep up with oxygen demand from the muscle, the result is the characteristic symptoms of coronary ischemia, the most common of which is chest pain. Chest pain due to coronary ischemia commonly radiates to the arm or neck. Certain individuals such as women, diabetics, and the elderly may present with more varied symptoms. If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myocardial infarction</span> Interruption of cardiac blood supply

A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is retrosternal chest pain or discomfort that classically radiates to the left shoulder, arm, or jaw. The pain may occasionally feel like heartburn. This is the dangerous type of Acute coronary syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrial fibrillation</span> Irregular beating of the atria of the heart

Atrial fibrillation is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart. It often begins as short periods of abnormal beating, which become longer or continuous over time. It may also start as other forms of arrhythmia such as atrial flutter that then transform into AF.

Jonathan L. Halperin is an American cardiologist and the author of Bypass (ISBN 0-89586-509-2), among the most comprehensive works on the subject of coronary artery bypass surgery. In addition, he is the Robert and Harriet Heilbrunn Professor of Medicine at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine as well as Director of Clinical Cardiology in the Zena and Michael A. Wierner Cardiovascular Institute at The Mount Sinai Medical Center, both in New York City. Halperin was the principal cardiologist responsible for both the design and execution of the multi-center Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) clinical trials, funded by the National Institutes of Health, which helped develop antithrombotic strategies to prevent stroke, and he subsequently directed the SPORTIF clinical trials, which evaluated the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Srihari S. Naidu is an American physician and Professor of Medicine at New York Medical College who is known for his work on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy including the procedure known as alcohol septal ablation, and for helping to construct the universal diagnostic criteria for cardiogenic shock.

Alice K. Jacobs is a Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine. She specializes in interventional cardiology, coronary revascularization, and sex-based differences in cardiovascular disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erin D. Michos</span> American cardiologist and researcher

Erin Kathleen Donnelly Michos is an American cardiologist. She is an associate professor of Medicine and Director of Women's Cardiovascular Health at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Michos is also an Associate Faculty of the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research at Johns Hopkins, and has a joint faculty appointment in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Cardiovascular disease in women is an integral area of research in the ongoing studies of women's health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term for a wide range of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, including but not limited to, coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarctions, and aortic aneurysms.

Michelle Asha Albert is an American physician who is the Walter A. Haas Lucie-Stern Endowed Chair in Cardiology and professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Albert is director of the UCSF Center for the Study of Adversity and Cardiovascular Disease. She is president of the American Heart Association. She served as the president of the Association of Black Cardiologists in 2020–2022 and as president of the Association of University Cardiologists (2021–2022). Albert is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, the American Society of Clinical Investigators and the Association of American Physicians.

Deepak L. Bhatt is a US interventional cardiologist, researcher, and educator. He is known for novel clinical trials in cardiovascular prevention, intervention, and heart failure. As of 2024, he is the director of Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital in New York City and the Dr. Valentin Fuster Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System. Prior, he served as the executive director of Interventional Cardiovascular programs at Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. He was given the American College of Cardiology's Distinguished Mentor Award in 2018, and in 2019, the American Heart Association presented him with its Distinguished Scientist award. As of 2024, Google Scholar reports that he has been cited 294,036 times, has an h-index of 201, and an i10-index of 1,261.

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