COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands

Last updated

COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands
Militairen helpen in teststraat.png
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Disease COVID-19
Virus strain SARS-CoV-2
Location Netherlands
Index case Tilburg
Arrival date27 February 2020
(4 years, 5 months and 3 weeks)
Confirmed cases8,639,625 [1] [2]
Recovered8,585,131 [3]
Deaths
22,986 [1] [2]
Fatality rate0.3%
Vaccinations
  • 13,378,905 total vaccinated (13 March 2022) [4]
  • 4,029,669 fully vaccinated without booster (13 March 2022) [4]
  • 8,921,389 boosters administered (13 March 2022) [4]
Government website
www.rivm.nl

The COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands has resulted in 8,639,625 [1] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 22,986 [1] deaths.

Contents

The virus reached the Netherlands on 27 February 2020, when its first COVID-19 case was confirmed in Tilburg. [5] It involved a 56-year-old Dutchman who had arrived in the Netherlands from Italy. The virus was confirmed to have reached Europe on 24 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case was identified in Bordeaux - France. As of 31 January 2021, there are 978,475 confirmed cases of infections and 13,998 confirmed deaths. [6] The first death occurred on 6 March, when an 86-year-old patient died in Rotterdam. [7]

On the advice of the Outbreak Management Team (OMT), under supervision of Jaap van Dissel, measures were taken by the Third Rutte cabinet for the public health to prevent the spread of this viral disease, including the "intelligent lockdown". [8] The government strategy on pandemic control has been criticised [9] [10] for the refusal to acknowledge the role of asymptomatic spread and the role of masks in preventing spread, [11] as well as for the lack of testing capacity, in particular during the first half of 2020. [12] In March 2020, Prime Minister Mark Rutte called for herd immunity as an important method to stop the pandemic. [13] On 23 January 2021, as the government imposed a nationwide 9:00 p.m. curfew in a context of emergence of the British variant, the worst riots in 40 years broke out across the country.

Since the end of November 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is spreading in parts of Europe (i.e. UK, Denmark and France). The number of registered new infections has risen strongly. There is a lockdown in the Netherlands from 19 December 2021 to (at least) 14 January 2022. [14]

As of 10 September 2022, a total of 36,105,753 vaccine doses have been administered. [15]

Background

On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei, China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019. [16] [17]

Unlike SARS of 2003, the case fatality rate for COVID-19 [18] [19] has been much lower, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll. [20] [18]

Timeline

COVID-19 cases in the Netherlands  (
)
     Deaths        Confirmed cases
202020202021202120222022
FebFebMarMarAprAprMayMayJunJunJulJulAugAugSepSepOctOctNovNovDecDec
JanJanFebFebMarMarAprAprMayMayJunJunJulJulAugAugSepSepOctOctNovNovDecDec
JanJanFebFebMarMar
Last 35 daysLast 35 days
Date
# of cases (7i)
# of deaths (7i)
2020-02-271(n.a.)
2020-02-282(n.a.)
2020-02-296(n.a.)
2020-03-019(n.a.)
2020-03-0219(n.a.)
2020-03-0324(n.a.)
2020-03-0438(n.a.)
2020-03-0582(0.5)
2020-03-06
128(0.7)1(n.a.)
2020-03-07
188(1.0)1(n.a.)
2020-03-08
264(1.4)3(n.a.)
2020-03-09
321(1.7)4(n.a.)
2020-03-10
382(2.0)4(n.a.)
2020-03-11
503(2.6)5(n.a.)
2020-03-12
614(3.0)5(n.a.)
2020-03-13
804(3.8)10(0.1)
2020-03-14
959(4.4)12(0.1)
2020-03-15
1,135(4.9)20(0.1)
2020-03-16
1,413(6.2)24(0.1)
2020-03-17
1,705(7.5)43(0.2)
2020-03-18
2,051(8.8)58(0.3)
2020-03-19
2,460(10.4)76(0.4)
2020-03-20
2,994(12.4)106(0.5)
2020-03-21
3,631(15.1)136(0.7)
2020-03-22
4,204(17.4)179(0.9)
2020-03-23
4,749(18.9)213(1.1)
2020-03-24
5,560(21.8)276(1.3)
2020-03-25
6,412(24.7)356(1.7)
2020-03-26
7,431(28.1)434(2.0)
2020-03-27
8,603(31.7)546(2.5)
2020-03-28
9,762(34.7)639(2.8)
2020-03-29
10,866(37.7)771(3.3)
2020-03-30
11,750(39.6)864(3.7)
2020-03-31
12,595(39.8)1,039(4.3)
2020-04-01
13,614(40.7)1,173(4.6)
2020-04-02
14,697(41.1)1,339(5.1)
2020-04-03
15,723(40.3)1,487(5.3)
2020-04-04
16,627(38.8)1,651(5.7)
2020-04-05
17,851(39.5)1,766(5.6)
2020-04-06
18,803(39.9)1,867(5.7)
2020-04-07
19,580(39.5)2,101(6.0)
2020-04-08
20,549(39.2)2,248(6.1)
2020-04-09
21,762(40.0)2,396(6.0)
2020-04-10
23,097(41.7)2,511(5.8)
2020-04-11
24,413(44.0)2,643(5.6)
2020-04-12
25,587(43.8)2,737(5.5)
2020-04-13
26,551(43.8)2,823(5.4)
2020-04-14
27,419(44.3)2,945(4.8)
2020-04-15
28,153(43.0)3,134(5.0)
2020-04-16
29,214(42.2)3,315(5.2)
2020-04-17
30,449(41.6)3,459(5.4)
2020-04-18
31,589(40.6)3,601(5.4)
2020-04-19
32,655(40.0)3,684(5.4)
2020-04-20
33,405(38.8)3,751(5.2)
2020-04-21
34,134(38.0)3,916(5.5)
2020-04-22
34,842(37.8)4,054(5.2)
2020-04-23
35,729(36.9)4,177(4.9)
2020-04-24
36,535(34.4)4,289(4.7)
2020-04-25
37,190(31.7)4,409(4.6)
2020-04-26
37,845(29.4)4,475(4.5)
2020-04-27
38,245(27.4)4,518(4.3)
2020-04-28
38,416(24.2)4,566(3.7)
2020-04-29
38,802(22.4)4,711(3.7)
2020-04-30
39,316(20.3)4,795(3.5)
2020-05-01
39,791(18.4)4,893(3.4)
2020-05-02
40,236(17.2)4,987(3.3)
2020-05-03
40,571(15.4)5,056(3.3)
2020-05-04
40,770(14.3)5,082(3.2)
2020-05-05
41,087(15.1)5,168(3.4)
2020-05-06
41,319(14.2)5,204(2.8)
2020-05-07
41,774(13.9)5,288(2.8)
2020-05-08
42,093(13.0)5,359(2.6)
2020-05-09
42,382(12.1)5,422(2.5)
2020-05-10
42,627(11.6)5,440(2.2)
2020-05-11
42,788(11.4)5,456(2.1)
2020-05-12
42,984(10.7)5,510(1.9)
2020-05-13
43,211(10.7)5,562(2.0)
2020-05-14
43,481(9.7)5,590(1.7)
2020-05-15
43,681(9.0)5,643(1.6)
2020-05-16
43,870(8.4)5,670(1.4)
2020-05-17
43,995(7.7)5,680(1.4)
2020-05-18
44,141(7.7)5,694(1.3)
2020-05-19
44,249(7.2)5,715(1.2)
2020-05-20
44,447(7.0)5,748(1.1)
2020-05-21
44,700(6.9)5,775(1.0)
2020-05-22
44,888(6.8)5,788(0.8)
2020-05-23
45,064(6.8)5,811(0.8)
2020-05-24
45,236(7.0)5,822(0.8)
2020-05-25
45,445(7.4)5,830(0.8)
2020-05-26
45,578(7.5)5,856(0.8)
2020-05-27
45,768(7.5)5,871(0.7)
2020-05-28
45,950(7.1)5,903(0.7)
2020-05-29
46,126(7.0)5,931(0.8)
2020-05-30
46,257(6.7)5,951(0.8)
2020-05-31
46,442(6.8)5,956(0.8)
2020-06-01
46,545(6.2)5,962(0.7)
2020-06-02
46,647(6.0)5,967(0.6)
2020-06-03
46,733(5.5)5,977(0.6)
2020-06-04
46,942(5.6)5,990(0.5)
2020-06-05
47,152(5.8)6,005(0.4)
2020-06-06
47,335(6.1)6,011(0.3)
2020-06-07
47,574(6.4)6,013(0.3)
2020-06-08
47,739(6.8)6,016(0.3)
2020-06-09
47,903(7.1)6,031(0.4)
2020-06-10
48,087(7.7)6,042(0.4)
2020-06-11
48,251(7.4)6,044(0.3)
2020-06-12
48,461(7.4)6,053(0.3)
2020-06-13
48,640(7.4)6,057(0.3)
2020-06-14
48,783(6.8)6,059(0.3)
2020-06-15
48,948(6.8)6,065(0.3)
2020-06-16
49,087(6.7)6,070(0.2)
2020-06-17
49,204(6.3)6,074(0.2)
2020-06-18
49,319(6.0)6,078(0.2)
2020-06-19
49,426(5.5)6,081(0.2)
2020-06-20
49,502(4.9)6,089(0.2)
2020-06-21
49,593(4.6)6,090(0.2)
2020-06-22
49,658(4.0)6,090(0.1)
2020-06-23
49,722(3.6)6,095(0.1)
2020-06-24
49,804(3.4)6,097(0.1)
2020-06-25
49,914(3.4)6,100(0.1)
2020-06-26
50,005(3.3)6,103(0.1)
2020-06-27
50,074(3.2)6,105(0.1)
2020-06-28
50,147(3.1)6,105(0.1)
2020-06-29
50,223(3.2)6,107(0.1)
2020-06-30
50,273(3.1)6,113(0.1)
⋮
2020-07-07
50,694(2.4)6,132(0.1)
⋮
2020-07-14
51,146(2.6)6,135(0.0)
⋮
2020-07-21
52,073(5.2)6,136(0.0)
⋮
2020-07-28
53,374(7.4)6,145(0.1)
⋮
2020-08-04
55,955(14.6)6,151(0.0)
⋮
2020-08-11
59,973(22.7)6,159(0.0)
⋮
2020-08-18
63,973(22.6)6,175(0.1)
⋮
2020-08-25
67,543(20.2)6,207(0.2)
⋮
2020-09-01
71,129(20.3)6,231(0.1)
⋮
2020-09-08
76,548(30.7)6,244(0.1)
⋮
2020-09-15
84,778(46.6)6,258(0.1)
⋮
2020-09-22
98,240(76.2)6,291(0.2)
⋮
2020-09-29
117,551(109.2)6,393(0.6)
⋮
2020-10-06
144,999(155.3)6,482(0.5)
⋮
2020-10-13
188,876(248.2)6,631(0.8)
⋮
2020-10-20
244,391(314.1)6,814(1.0)
⋮
2020-10-27
311,889(381.9)7,142(1.9)
⋮
2020-11-03
375,890(362.1)7,576(2.5)
⋮
2020-11-10
419,412(246.2)8,141(3.2)
⋮
2020-11-17
457,003(212.7)8,616(2.7)
⋮
2020-11-24
493,744(207.9)9,035(2.4)
⋮
2020-12-01
527,523(191.1)9,438(2.3)
⋮
2020-12-08
570,437(242.8)9,775(1.9)
⋮
2020-12-15
628,577(328.9)10,168(2.2)
⋮
2020-12-22
710,683(464.5)10,633(2.6)
⋮
2020-12-29
777,902(380.3)11,212(3.3)
⋮
2021-01-05
834,064(317.7)11,826(3.5)
⋮
2021-01-12
883,135(277.6)12,563(4.2)
⋮
2021-01-19
921,580(217.5)13,162(3.4)
⋮
2021-01-26
956,867(199.6)13,665(2.8)
⋮
2021-02-02
985,224(160.4)14,108(2.5)
⋮
2021-02-09
1,009,725(138.6)14,511(2.3)
⋮
2021-02-16
1,034,795(141.8)14,929(2.4)
⋮
2021-02-23
1,064,598(168.6)15,343(2.3)
⋮
2021-03-02
1,096,433(180.1)15,649(1.7)
⋮
2021-03-09
1,128,202(179.7)15,917(1.5)
⋮
2021-03-16
1,167,563(222.7)16,119(1.1)
⋮
2021-03-23
1,213,366(259.1)16,339(1.2)
⋮
2021-03-30
1,264,983(292.0)16,509(1.0)
⋮
2021-04-06
1,313,007(271.7)16,649(0.8)
⋮
2021-04-13
1,364,025(288.6)16,822(1.0)
⋮
2021-04-20
1,417,772(304.1)16,965(0.8)
⋮
2021-04-27
1,472,674(310.6)17,093(0.7)
⋮
2021-05-04
1,524,527(293.3)17,221(0.7)
⋮
2021-05-11
1,571,398(265.2)17,383(0.9)
⋮
2021-05-18
1,606,319(197.6)17,473(0.5)
⋮
2021-05-25
1,631,384(141.8)17,566(0.5)
⋮
2021-06-01
1,651,780(115.4)17,632(0.4)
⋮
2021-06-08
1,665,846(79.6)17,695(0.4)
⋮
2021-06-15
1,674,628(49.7)17,715(0.1)
⋮
2021-06-22
1,680,228(31.7)17,730(0.1)
⋮
2021-06-29
1,684,366(23.4)17,745(0.1)
⋮
2021-07-06
1,692,834(47.9)17,758(0.1)
⋮
2021-07-13
1,744,700(293.4)17,769(0.1)
⋮
2021-07-20
1,814,148(392.9)17,783(0.1)
⋮
2021-07-27
1,851,329(210.3)17,804(0.1)
⋮
2021-08-03
1,872,093(117.5)17,832(0.2)
⋮
2021-08-10
1,889,992(101.3)17,878(0.3)
⋮
2021-08-17
1,906,434(93.0)17,920(0.2)
⋮
2021-08-24
1,923,596(97.1)17,967(0.3)
⋮
2021-08-31
1,941,055(98.8)18,010(0.2)
⋮
2021-09-07
1,958,804(100.4)18,048(0.2)
⋮
2021-09-14
1,974,662(89.7)18,083(0.2)
⋮
2021-09-21
1,987,905(74.9)18,128(0.3)
⋮
2021-09-28
1,999,592(66.1)18,162(0.2)
⋮
2021-10-05
2,011,530(67.5)18,191(0.2)
⋮
2021-10-12
2,029,289(100.5)18,215(0.1)
⋮
2021-10-19
2,054,960(145.2)18,263(0.3)
⋮
2021-10-26
2,093,606(218.6)18,340(0.4)
⋮
2021-11-02
2,147,473(304.7)18,441(0.6)
⋮
2021-11-09
2,224,096(433.5)18,612(1.0)
⋮
2021-11-16
2,334,472(624.4)18,785(1.0)
⋮
2021-11-23
2,488,244(869.9)19,048(1.5)
⋮
2021-11-30
2,643,176(876.5)19,414(2.1)
⋮
2021-12-07
2,790,830(835.3)19,770(2.0)
⋮
2021-12-14
2,906,969(657.0)20,214(2.5)
⋮
2021-12-21
3,001,461(534.6)20,534(1.8)
⋮
2021-12-28
3,085,553(475.7)20,803(1.5)
⋮
2022-01-04
3,198,835(640.9)20,990(1.1)
⋮
2022-01-11
3,400,076(1138.5)21,106(0.7)
⋮
2022-01-18
3,642,696(1372.6)21,168(0.4)
⋮
2022-01-25
4,008,459(2069.2)21,227(0.3)
⋮
2022-02-01
4,538,279(2997.3)21,293(0.4)
⋮
2022-02-08
5,350,048(4592.4)21,336(0.2)
⋮
2022-02-15
5,842,989(2788.7)21,414(0.4)
⋮
2022-02-22
6,153,207(1755.0)21,507(0.5)
⋮
2022-03-01
6,398,114(1385.5)21,570(0.4)
⋮
2022-03-08
6,837,874(2487.8)21,624(0.3)
⋮
2022-03-15
7,266,972(2427.5)21,725(0.6)
⋮
2022-03-22
7,583,852(1792.7)21,820(0.5)
Source:
  • "Actuele informatie over het nieuwe coronavirus (COVID-19)". rivm.nl (in Dutch). 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.

Notes:

On 20 March 2020 RIVM announced that 'the actual number of infections with COVID-19 is higher than those reported beginning with this update, because not everyone with potential infection is tested any more.

On 25 March 2020, GPs report that the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is also much higher since GPs have no way of reporting statistics on deaths of suspected patients without having them tested.

From July 2020, the number of confirmed cases and confirmed deaths will only be updated each Tuesday.

January 2020

February 2020

March 2020

1–10 March

  • 1 March: three new cases were confirmed: a 49-year-old woman from Nieuwendijk who had been hospitalised at Erasmus MC in Rotterdam, a woman in Tilburg and a man in Dalen, Coevorden. The 49-year-old woman had been admitted to the Beatrix Hospital in Gorinchem on 21 February before being transferred to Rotterdam later. She arrived at the Beatrix Hospital with respiratory problems and stayed in intensive care for a week. A test for SARS-CoV-2 was not conducted since she had no connection to infected areas or people. Therefore, her infection went unnoticed for over a week. On 1 March it was announced that she had COVID-19 and that she had been relocated to Erasmus MC due to her deteriorating condition earlier. Since then the Beatrix Hospital went into lock-down out of precaution for a few days. Only personnel was allowed to enter and leave the building. The hospital fully reopened on 5 March, after all employees had tested negative. [33] [34] [35]
  • 4 March: all of Northern Italy had an "only necessary travel"-advice. Some tourists were still in Italy, including a group of 900 students, something which received a lot of media attention. [36] In the Netherlands the total number of cases climbed to 38, which included one person passing through the Netherlands who was isolated in Hoofddorp. [37] [38] The next day this number more than doubled to 82. According to Bruno Bruins, Minister for Medical Care, this was due to a catch-up in conducted tests. [39]
  • 6 March: the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) announced the first death due to COVID-19, an 86-year-old patient. [7] [40] The RIVM stated that most COVID-19 patients were infected in northern Italy and advised inhabitants of the North Brabant province to reduce their social contacts if they showed symptoms. [41]
  • 9 March: the total number of cases was 321, of which more than one-third were found in North Brabant. [42] [43] Prime Minister Mark Rutte asked citizens to stop shaking hands and asked people in North Brabant to remote work if possible. [44]
  • 10 March: stricter measures were introduced in the province of North Brabant. Larger events were banned, including professional football, a number of dance festivals, carnival parades and concerts. A scholarship program was cancelled at the University of Eindhoven. In addition to this, Tilburg Mayor Theo Weterings called to limit social contacts for a week. [45]

11–20 March

  • 12 March: the government announced new measures that will be in effect through the end of the month. All events (concerts, sports) and all meetings with more than 100 people are now forbidden and the RIVM is encouraging people to remote work. The restriction also applies to museums. All Dutch universities will suspend physical teaching until 1 April, but online teaching will continue. Schools remain open. [46]
This press conference was the first time the government used a sign language interpreter to ensure good communication to deaf people. Irma Sluis filled this position and quickly gained some fame with her performance. [47] [48]
  • 13 March, the government cancelled all flights from China, Iran, Italy, and South Korea, the countries with the highest number of coronavirus cases, for two weeks. Flights leaving the destinations before 18:00 on that day could still land in the Netherlands. [49]
  • 15 March: the total number of cases was 1,135. The Municipal Health Service (Gemeentelijke gezondheidsdienst, GGD) estimated that as of this day, 6,000 people in the Netherlands had been infected, as since 12 March people with mild complaints had not been tested any more. [50] Public measures were also tightened up. Schools and childcare centres will remain closed until 6 April, as well as cafés, restaurants, sports clubs, saunas, sex clubs and coffeeshops. [51]
  • 16 March: in the evening Prime Minister Mark Rutte addressed the nation about the coronavirus. It was the first time a Prime Minister had addressed the nation since the 1973 oil crisis. [52] In his speech he announced that the government chooses not to resort to population confinement measures, but to rely on the measures taken earlier to try to assert maximum control over the spread of the virus. Reasoning that the virus is here to stay, the preferred approach would be to tackle the epidemic by building population immunity. [53]
  • 17 March: the total number of confirmed cases was 1,705, of which 314 patients had been admitted to the hospital. [54] [2] Arie Slob notified that schools could stay open for the sole purpose of letting final exam candidates finish their last schoolwork. Schools will only open if certain conditions are met. This measure is taken to ensure that final exam candidates are prepared for the national exam at the start of May.[ citation needed ]
  • 18 March: the Minister for Medical Care, Bruno Bruins, became unwell during a parliamentary debate and collapsed. [55] On 19 March he resigned from his position. In a press conference it was announced that Health Minister Hugo de Jonge would from then on handle the coronavirus pandemic in the Netherlands. [56]
  • 19 March: a traveller from the Netherlands was described as "Patient Zero of the Winelands" in South Africa. [57]
  • 20 March: in a press conference it was announced that Martin van Rijn would become the new Minister for Medical Care. [58] In the evening, King Willem-Alexander addressed the nation due to the coronavirus outbreak. [59]

21–31 March

Empty city centre of Amsterdam on 27 March Corona - Empty streets in Amsterdam - Nieuwe Hoogstraat.jpg
Empty city centre of Amsterdam on 27 March
  • 22 March: the NOC*NSF (Dutch Olympic Committee*Dutch Sports Federation) sent a letter to the IOC stating the advice that the 2020 Summer Olympics only can take place when the coronavirus crisis is under control worldwide. [60] The NOC also asked for more certainty for the athletes. The letter was supported by most of the National Sport Federations. [61]
  • 23 March: stricter social distancing rules were announced in a press conference. [62]
  • 24 March: in a press conference, the Minister for Primary and Secondary Education announced all final examinations (centraal eindexamen) for secondary education would be cancelled. [63]
  • 26 March: the NOC*NSF (Dutch Olympic Committee*Dutch Sports Federation) provided hundreds of cooling vests for healthcare personnel at the intensive care departments in several hospitals. Doctors have to work in warm conditions among others due to the protective clothing they have to wear. The vests would initially be used by the Dutch athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics. [64]
  • 29 March: the total number of positive coronavirus cases in the country surpassed 10,000. Upon the announcement, RIVM stated that 'the number of hospitalised patients and the number of deaths are increasing less quickly than would have been expected without measures'. It further said that since testing was done mostly only for the very sick and healthcare workers, the actual number of infections is likely to be far higher. [65]
  • 31 March: in a press conference it was announced that all measures initiated on 15 March will be extended until 28 April. [66]

April 2020

Exercise machines have been taken outside of a gym in Delft and placed on safe distance apart so that people could exercise while the gym itself is closed Delft gym exercise machines outdoors.jpg
Exercise machines have been taken outside of a gym in Delft and placed on safe distance apart so that people could exercise while the gym itself is closed

May 2020

Waiting lines in theme park Toverland Toverland Corona 03.jpg
Waiting lines in theme park Toverland

June 2020

Thousands of protesters at Dam Square in Amsterdam on 1 June in response to the murder of George Floyd Solidarity Protest Against Anti-black violence in the US and EU DSC02745.jpg
Thousands of protesters at Dam Square in Amsterdam on 1 June in response to the murder of George Floyd

July 2020–present: second wave

An ICVP issued in the Netherlands, recording proof of vaccination against COVID-19 with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (Netherlands) - proof of vaccination against COVID-19.png
An ICVP issued in the Netherlands, recording proof of vaccination against COVID-19 with the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine

Since mid-July, there has been a large increase in positive cases, from about 50 positive tested people/day to over 7,000 positive tested people per day. Measures were tightened in late September to achieve control over the spread again. About 1 in 120 people were deemed infectious in late September. A record number of 11,107 new cases in one day was reported on 30 October. [85]

From 14 October 22:00, a partial lockdown came into effect. [86] Cafes, restaurants, and bars were to be closed for at least two weeks. Starting 1 December, masks were made compulsory to wear while indoors. [87]

From 15 December 2020 through at least 15 March 2021, a hard lockdown is in effect, and all non-essential shops are closed.

On 19 December 2020, it was discovered that a mutant strain of COVID-19, Variant of Concern 202012/01, had entered the Netherlands. The Dutch government banned flights from the United Kingdom, where the strain was originally identified, in response. The travel ban is scheduled to remain in place until at least 1 January. [88] [89] [90]

Shortly after Christmas 2020, most European countries started COVID-19 vaccination programs, however the Netherlands expected to start vaccination on 8 January 2021. [9] The government cited issues with the digital registration system as the cause of the delayed vaccination start. [91]

As of 9 January 2021, a total of 30,000 healthcare workers had been vaccinated, [92] and 96 cases of the Lineage B.1.1.7 variant have been reported. As of 16 January 2021, 200 cases of that variant have been reported. [93] These cases cause extra concern, as this variant is suspected to be more contagious, with a reproduction number estimated to 1.3. [94]

As of 26 January 2021, over 173,000 people had gotten vaccinated. [95]

In January 2021, it was discovered that personal data of people in the contact tracing database was illegally sold to fraudsters by call center employees having access to them. [96] A few days earlier, employees of testing company U-diagnostics were found to have shared personal data in a WhatsApp group of 300 employees, violating the GDPR privacy regulations. [97]

January 2021 curfew and protests

Starting on 23 January 2021, the Dutch government introduced a curfew as means to curb the epidemic. On 24 January 2021, violent protests erupted as a reaction. [98] [99] The curfew, imposed between 9 pm to 4:30 am, was the first of its kind to be enacted in the country since the Second World War. [98] [100] Protests took place in most major cities, including Amsterdam and Eindhoven. Police made hundreds of arrests and issued thousands of fines. [98] [101] [99] The Dutch Police Association described the riots at the worst violence in Netherlands in the last 40 years. [98] The protests have been described as being composed of mostly young men. [98] [101]

An opinion poll by public broadcaster NOS indicated that the curfew was supported by seven out of 10 Dutch respondents, with just 18% of the population opposing it. [101] A lawsuit started by Willem Engel's Viruswaanzin (later renamed Viruswaarheid) challenged the legal justification for the curfew, and while a lower court found that the government's justification was lacking, the matter was quickly remedied. [102]

Exceptions to the curfew have been made for several groups of people, including medical emergencies, essential jobs, including delivery, and walking dogs on a leash. [103]

June 2021

On June 5, an openingsplan [104] cancelled many COVID restrictions. Three weeks later, the number of new infections rose massively.

July 2021

On July 10, 2021, the government reintroduced a series of restrictive measures due to a rapid increase in infections. All restaurants and bars must be closed from midnight until 06.00. [105] [106] The measures will remain in place until 14 August 2021. [107]

November 2021 protests and riots

In November 2021, the government proposed implementing the "2G rule", a measure to only allow individuals who are vaccinated (gevaccineerd) or have recovered from a COVID-19 infection (genezen) from being able to enter hotels, restaurants, cafes, cultural and artistic places, and events, and to use non-essential services. [108] On November 19, a protest against the 2G rule was announced on social media, which turned into a riot. The police shot several people. [109] [110]

Most notably, riots occurred in Rotterdam, where 51 people were arrested. There were also riots in Stein, Roermond, Urk, The Hague, Enschede, Leeuwarden and Tilburg. The authorities used water cannons, police dogs and mounted police against the rioters. Three rioters were seriously injured when police opened fire on them, while a fourth sustained minor injuries. Additionally, four rioters and five police officers sustained minor injuries during the unrest. Peaceful protests also took place in Amsterdam and Breda. [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117]

December 2021

On 19 December, a lockdown began. It lasted until 14 January 2022. [14] Only essential facilities, such as food stores and pharmacies, stayed open, and only during reduced hours. Schools and educational facilities were closed; in particular, the school Christmas holidays started one week earlier. Public transport continued to operate, although schedules were adjusted.

January 2022

On January 3, 2022, following winter break, the government opened primary and secondary schools again. Tertiary schools — middle and higher education — remained closed. [118]

Spring 2022

The face mask requirement on public transport was removed on 23 March 2022. The move was further relaxed in airports and on planes on 21 May 2022. [119]

Prevention measures and response

Temporary sign mandating physical distance by the entrance of Westerpark, Amsterdam

In late March, the government announced strict social distancing rules as cases surged over 5,000. All large public events and gatherings are banned until 1 September. Furthermore, in public space a distance of at least 1.5 metres between people not from the same household must be observed, and shops and other venues are to enforce this distancing among their visitors. Fines will be issued to those not complying with the new rules. Companies may face a fine up to €4,000, individuals risk a fine up to €400. Prime Minister Mark Rutte repeated his call to keep distance from each other. [62] Final examinations of secondary school were cancelled on 24 March. [63] Other measures were that schools and day-cares were closed, except for children whose parents work in the 'vital' sectors, like health care. People were required to remote work as much as possible. These measures also resulted in modified schedules for public transport, as much less transportation of individuals was necessary. [120]

Reaction to second wave

As a response to the large increase in positive tests since July, the Dutch government released additional regulations on 13 October. These include: [121]

Additionally the government advised people to remote work and limit unnecessary travel. [86]

Holiday season

The Dutch government also stated that people should be mindful of the regulations during the holiday season. Sint Maarten, a holiday where children collect sweets from neighbours, was still held with social distancing and maximum group size regulations in place. Sinterklaas was also held with the same regulations, with people also being advised not to delay holiday shopping to the last possible moment. [122]

In November 2020, the government also announced that it would ban fireworks on New Year's Eve (traditionally the only time of the year that consumers are allowed to purchase and ignite fireworks), citing that firework-related injuries would put too much stress on the healthcare system during the pandemic. [123] [124] [125]

Reaction to the B.1.1.7 variant

In January 2021, the government extended its regulations and considered tightening them to limit the spread of Lineage B.1.1.7, which is estimated to be more contagious. [126]

Contact tracing application

The Dutch Ministry of Public Health officially maintains an application called CoronaMelder for Android and iOS. [127] The applications, including the backend are open source software under the European Union Public License. [127] [128]

CoronaMelder launched nationwide on 10 October 2020, and was downloaded 2.6 million times two days later. The maintainers stated that they are unable to track the number of users that actively use the application owing to privacy reasons. [129] Later that month on 26 October the app had reportedly 3.5 million downloads and around 14,000 reports of positive test results. [130]

Testing

By mid-March, the country could test about 1,000 samples per day, which is less than the capabilities of other European countries. [131] This also explains a relatively large ratio of the number of deaths to the number of confirmed cases. [132] As of 25 March, 2,500 samples have been tested daily and a total number of 38,000 tests performed. Because of the limited availability of testing capacity, certain groups were prioritised in testing, such as healthcare workers, elderly, and people with acute symptoms. [133] A lack of testing capacity causes a distinct number of deaths by COVID-19 that are not registered as such, although local doctors can recognise the symptoms. [134] By the end of March, the country was testing about 4,000 people per day, with the goal of expanding the testing capacity to about 17,500 daily tests in a couple of weeks. Once such a testing capacity has been reached the Dutch government wants to expand its testing capacity to 29,000 tests a day. [135] According to a report by the RIVM, an average of 4,280 tests per day have been performed in the period between 9 March and 26 April. [136] Several health organisations have started testing themselves, claiming the procedures of the GGD testing centers take too long. [137]

In a press conference on 6 May, the government announced that starting from 1 June it wants to test all people with COVID-19 symptoms. The coordination has been criticised, with the regional GGD offices stating there is no clear national plan to scale up testing. [138] Nonetheless, the test capacity was increased to 30,000 per day with the GGDs being able to conduct 600 to 2400 contact traces for positively tested applicants with 2-8% of the tests done assumed to result positive for the virus. [139] On 1 June, a national telephone number was made public through which a test time and location could be scheduled. The new system, although initially overwhelmed by the number of callers on the first day, tested 50,000 people in the first week and had 100,000 applicants by 11 June. [140] [141] By 9 June, most regions where successful in handling the increased demand, with people often being able to schedule a test the same day or the day after. [142] The GGDs strive for a test result to be made known to the applicant within 48 hours, with 96% of results being successfully returned within that time by 11 June. [141]

Impact

Empty shelves in a supermarket in Delft as a result of hoarding, 15 March Empty chips shelves in AH Delft 02.jpg
Empty shelves in a supermarket in Delft as a result of hoarding, 15 March

In response to regulations announced on 12 March, panic buying of food, toilet paper and medicines, resulted in empty shelves in supermarkets. Prime Minister Mark Rutte appealed to the nation to stop this behaviour. [143] On 12 March it was announced that all public events with more than 100 people will be cancelled until 6 April. [144] On 24 March this period was extended to 1 June for all permit-requiring events. [145] Three days later it was announced in a press conference that all restaurants, museums, sport clubs and schools had to close. [51] A Dutch "grassroots" initiative, Mond Kapjes Nodig [146] was formed to address the local PPE shortages. More than 400,000 masks [147] were delivered within weeks to those fighting the pandemic in the Netherlands. This helped relieve the coordination efforts on a national level.

Economic

On 26 March, the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis published the first calculations of the economic expectations. These expectations are based on the length of the prevention measures against the coronavirus pandemic. If these measures are present for three months, the Dutch economy is expected to shrink by 1.2 per cent in 2020. If these measures are required for a year the economy would decline by 10 per cent. [148] In all cases it is expected that the economy will slightly grow the following year.[ citation needed ]

On 8 June, three months into the crisis, an analysis of Rabobank was published. They expected that the economy between March and June shrunk by 8%, with the catering sector being hit the most. They expected that, whereas the crisis was over the peak, the economy would continue shrinking, and the industries, in particular the construction industry, which were doing relatively well, would be hit as well. The forecast was that the unemployment rate would grow from 3% to 7% by the end of 2020. [149]

As a result of the ban on fireworks for the 2020-2021 New Year's Eve the Dutch government has compensated the fireworks industry for around 40 million euros. [125]

Statistics

Total confirmed cases, hospitalisations and deaths

Total confirmed cases, hospitalisations and deaths [150] [151]

  Confirmed cases  Hospitalisations  Deaths

New confirmed cases per day

New deaths per day

New hospitalisations per day

New IC admissions per day

Growth rate of confirmed cases

Growth rate of confirmed cases [150]
(a rising straight line indicates exponential growth, while a horizontal line indicates linear growth)

Confirmed COVID-19 cases by GGD district

Notable deaths

NameKnown forDate (Aged)
Harry Aarts Politician25 March 2020 (aged 90)
Kees Bakker Football chairman and police officer25 March 2020 (aged 76)
Kim H. Veltman Historian1 April 2020 (aged 71)
Hans Prade Surinamese diplomat and politician3 April 2020 (aged 81)
Frits Flinkevleugel Footballer10 April 2020 (aged 80)
Ing Yoe Tan Lawmaker10 April 2020 (aged 71)
Bas Mulder Dutch-Surinamese priest10 April 2020 (aged 88)
Kishen Bholasing Surinamese singer12 April 2020 (aged 35)
Martine Crefcoeur Actress18 April 2020 (aged 84)
Ton van den Heuvel Make-up artist19 April 2020 (aged 94)
Koos van den Berg Politician21 April 2020 (aged 77)
Henk Overgoor Footballer23 April 2020 (aged 75)
Chavalit Soemprungsuk Thai painter27 April 2020 (aged 80)
Hans Cohen Microbiologist14 May 2020 (aged 97)
Bram van der Vlugt Actor19 December 2020 (aged 86)

See also

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