Viral disease

Last updated

Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
Viral infections and involved species.svg
Types of viral diseases
Specialty Infectious disease
Causes Virus
Medication Antiviral drugs

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. [1]

Contents

Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies. [2]

Structural characteristics

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands for SARS-CoV-1 or COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox. Virus size.png
Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands for SARS-CoV-1 or COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[ citation needed ]

Pragmatic rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[ citation needed ]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[ citation needed ]

Baltimore group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[ citation needed ]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I [4] [5] Adenovirus [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Herpesviridae I [4] [5] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8 [6] [7] [8] Y [4] [5]
Papillomaviridae I [4] [9] Human papillomavirus [4] [9] N [4] [9]
Polyomaviridae I [4] [10] BK virus, JC virus [4] [10] N [4] [10]
Poxviridae I [4] [5] Smallpox [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Parvoviridae II [4] [5] Parvovirus B19 [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Reoviridae III [11] Rotavirus, [11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N [5]
Astroviridae IV [12] Human astrovirus [5] N [5]
Caliciviridae IV [11] Norwalk virus [5] N [5]
Coronaviridae IV [13] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, [5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y [5]
Flaviviridae IV [4] [5] [14] Hepatitis C virus, [4] yellow fever virus, [4] dengue virus, [4] West Nile virus, [4] TBE virus, [5] Zika virus Y [4] [5]
Hepeviridae IV [15] Hepatitis E virus [5] N [5] [15]
Matonaviridae IV [4] [5] [16] Rubella virus [4] [17] Y [4] [5]
Picornaviridae IV [18] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, [5] rhinovirus N [5]
Arenaviridae V [19] Lassa virus [5] [19] Y [5] [19]
Bunyaviridae V [20] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus [5] Y [5] [20]
Filoviridae V [21] Ebola virus, [21] Marburg virus [21] Y [5]
Orthomyxoviridae V [4] [22] Influenza virus [4] [22] Y [4] [22]
Paramyxoviridae V [23] Measles virus, [4] Mumps virus, [4] Parainfluenza virus [4] [5] Y [4] [23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus [4] Y [4]
Rhabdoviridae V [25] Rabies virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Unassigned [26] V [26] Hepatitis D [26] Y [26]
Retroviridae VI [4] [27] HIV [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Hepadnaviridae VII [4] Hepatitis B virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

TypeFamily Transmission DiseasesTreatmentPrevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
  • fecal-oral [4]
  • venereal [4]
  • direct eye contact [4]
None [4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis) [4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual [33]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions [4]
  • safe sex [4]
HIV Retroviridae HAART, [4] such as protease inhibitors [35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors [35]
  • zidovudine (perinatally) [4]
  • blood product screening [4]
  • safe sex [4]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage [4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae
  • fecal-oral [4]
None [4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis [4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin) [4]
  • hand washing [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick [4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals [4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae
  • Respiratory [37] droplet contact [4]
None [4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

  1. ↑ Taylor M, Kobiler O, Enquist LW (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 (42). PNAS: 17046–17051. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10917046T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1212926109 . PMC   3479527 . PMID   23027939.
  2. ↑ see below in this article
  3. ↑ Hunt M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (PDF). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366. ISBN   978-0-7817-8215-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Table 1 in: Dimitrov DS (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 109–22. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN   1740-1526. PMC   7097642 . PMID   15043007.
  6. ↑ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)" (PDF). Arch. Virol. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6 . PMC   7086667 . PMID   22481600.
  7. ↑ Whitley RJ (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN   0-9631172-1-1. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007.
  8. ↑ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN   978-0-323-03303-9.
  9. 1 2 3 de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology. 324 (1): 17–27. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033 . PMID   15183049.
  10. 1 2 3 "Polyomavirus". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  11. 1 2 3 Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN   978-1420084962.
  12. ↑ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells". J. Virol. 89 (20): 10359–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.01225-15. PMC   4580174 . PMID   26246569.
  13. ↑ Stapleford KA, Miller DJ (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function". Viruses. 2 (5): 1055–68. doi: 10.3390/v2051055 . ISSN   1999-4915. PMC   3187604 . PMID   21994671.
  14. ↑ Cook S, Moureau G, Harbach RE, Mukwaya L, Goodger K, Ssenfuka F, Gould E, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda". Journal of General Virology. 90 (11): 2669–78. doi:10.1099/vir.0.014183-0. ISSN   0022-1317. PMC   2885038 . PMID   19656970.
  15. 1 2 "Hepeviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  16. ↑ Simon-Loriere E, Holmes EC (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–26. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN   1740-1526. PMC   3324781 . PMID   21725337.
  17. ↑ "2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  18. ↑ Tuthill TJ, Groppelli E, Hogle JM, Rowlands DJ (2010). Picornaviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 343. pp. 43–89. doi:10.1007/82_2010_37. ISBN   978-3-642-13331-2. ISSN   0070-217X. PMC   3018333 . PMID   20397067.
  19. 1 2 3 "Arenaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  20. 1 2 "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  21. 1 2 3 "Filoviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  24. ↑ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Deltavirus". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  27. ↑ "Retroviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Enterovirus". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  29. ↑ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132 . PMID   25183845.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Herpesviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Babies Born with CMV (Congenital CMV Infection)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
  32. 1 2 3 4 "Picornaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  34. 1 2 "Flaviviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "Human immunodeficiency virus 1". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Papillomaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  37. 1 2 3 "Togaviridae". ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
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