Potyviridae

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Potyviridae
Viruses-04-02853-g002.png
Genome of plum pox virus of genus Potyvirus with transmission electron micrograph and model of virions
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family:Potyviridae
Genera

see text

Potyviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses that encompasses more than 30% of known plant viruses, [1] [2] many of which are of great agricultural significance. The family has 12 genera and 235 species, three of which are unassigned to a genus. [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Structure

Genomic map of a typical member of the genus Potyvirus. OPSR.Pot.Fig2.v3.png
Genomic map of a typical member of the genus Potyvirus.

Potyvirid virions are nonenveloped, flexuous filamentous, rod-shaped particles. The diameter is around 11–20 nm, with a length of 650–950 nm. [4] [5]

Genome

Genomes are linear and usually nonsegmented, around 8–12kb in length, [4] [5] consisting of positive-sense RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called cylindrical inclusions (‘pinwheels’) in their hosts. These consist of a single protein (about 70 kDa) made in their hosts from a single viral genome product.[ citation needed ]

Member viruses encode large polypeptides that are cleaved into mature proteins. In 5'–3' order these proteins are

There may be some variation in the number of the proteins depending on the genera and species. [7] For instance some genera lack P1, some virus of the genus Ipomovirus lack HC and have a P1 tandem. Pretty interesting sweet potato potyviral ORF (PISPO), alkylation B (AlkB), and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (known as ITPase or HAM1) are protein domains identified in atypical members. [7] [8]

Life cycle

Replication and movement of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) Plants-09-00219-g001.png
Replication and movement of soybean mosaic virus (SMV)

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by −1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. [4] [5] Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (often an insect or mite). Transmission routes are vector and mechanical. [4] [5]

Transmission

Potyvirus is the largest genus in the family, with 183 known species. [9] These viruses are 720–850 nm in length and are transmitted by aphids. They can also be easily transmitted by mechanical means. These viruses shared a common ancestry 6,600 years ago [10] and are transmitted by over 200 species of aphids.[ citation needed ]

The species in the genus Macluravirus are 650–675 nm in length and are also transmitted by aphids. The plant viruses in the genus Ipomovirus are transmitted by whiteflies and they are 750–950 nm long. Tritimovirus and the Rymovirus viruses are 680–750 nm long and are transmitted by eriophydid mites. (The rymoviruses are closely related to the potyviruses and may eventually be merged with the potyviruses. [11] ) The Bymovirus genome consists of two particles instead of one (275 and 550 nm) and these viruses are transmitted by the chytrid fungus, Polymyxa graminis .[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of family Potyviridae Viruses-12-00132-g002.png
Phylogenetic tree of family Potyviridae

The following genera are recognized: [6]

The following species are unassigned to a genus: [6]

Related Research Articles

<i>Geminiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are 520 species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication. According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.

<i>Potyvirus</i> Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae

Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains 190 species and potyviruses account for about thirty percent of all currently known plant viruses.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae, and one of the most important plant viruses affecting potato production.

<i>Tobacco etch virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) is a plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, TEV has a monopartite positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 730 nm in length. It is transmissible in a non-persistent manner by more than 10 species of aphids including Myzus persicae. It also is easily transmitted by mechanical means but is not known to be transmitted by seeds.

Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. It is most widely recognized as one of the most regularly occurring causal agents of sweet potato viral disease (SPVD) and is currently observed in every continent except Antarctica. The number of locations where it is found is still increasing; generally, it is assumed that the virus is present wherever its host is. The virus has four strains that are found in varying parts of the world.

<i>Potexvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Potexvirus is a genus of pathogenic viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Alphaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 48 species in this genus, three of which are assigned to a subgenus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms. The genus name comes from POTato virus X).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iflaviridae</span> Family of viruses

Iflaviridae is a family of positive sense RNA viruses insect-infecting viruses. Some of the insects commonly infected by iflaviruses include aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, silkworms and wasps. The name "Ifla" is derived from the name "Infectious flacherie virus", a member species. There is one genus (Iflavirus) and 16 species in this family.

<i>Alphaflexiviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Tymovirales affecting plants and fungi

Alphaflexiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Tymovirales. Plants and fungi serve as natural hosts. There are 65 species in this family, assigned to six genera. Diseases associated with this family include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, ClYVV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 760 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.

Ipomovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted by whiteflies. The name of the genus is derived from Ipomoea – the generic name of sweet potato. There are seven species in this genus.

Cilevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Kitaviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are two species: Citrus leprosis virus C and Citrus leprosis virus C2.

<i>Watermelon mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) also known as Marrow mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, and until recently Watermelon mosaic virus type 2 (WMV-2), is a plant pathogenic virus that causes viral infection in many different plants. The virus itself is referred to as Watermelon Mosaic Virus II or WMV-2 and is an isolate of the U.S. WMV-2 is a ssRNA positive strand virus that is part of the Potyviridae or Potyvirus clade. Like all RNA viruses, it contains a protein capsid which protects the inner viral RNA. First described on squash in Florida, WMV arose from a unique recombination of genetic material contributed by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) along with Peanut Stripe virus (PSV).

Vitivirus is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in this genus.

Macluravirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are ten species in this genus.

Tritimovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadriviridae</span> Family of viruses

Quadriviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses with a single genus Quadrivirus. The fungi Rosellinia necatrix serves as a natural host. The name of the group derives from the quadripartite genome of its members where in Latin quad means four. There is only one species in this family: Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1.

Cassava brown streak virus is a species of positive-strand RNA viruses in the genus Ipomovirus and family Potyviridae which infects plants. Member viruses are unique in their induction of pinwheel, or scroll-shaped inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Cylindrical inclusion bodies include aggregations of virus-encoded helicase proteins. These inclusion bodies are thought to be sites of viral replication and assembly, making then an important factor in the viral lifecycle. Viruses from both the species Cassava brown streak virus and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), lead to the development of Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) within cassava plants.

The cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) is a mosaic virus that affects the production of green cardamom (E. cardamomum). It is a member of the genus Macluravirus (recognized under the family Potyviridae by ICTV in 1988), and is transmitted through aphids (P.caladii) and infected rhizomes, the former in a non-persistent manner.

Carrot virus Y (CarVY) is a (+)ss-RNA virus that affects crops of the carrot family (Apiaceae), such as carrots, anise, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill and parsnip. Carrots are the only known crop to be infected in the field. Infection by the virus leads to deformed roots and discolored or mottled leaves. The virus is spread through insect vectors, and is currently only found in Australia.

<i>Botourmiaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Botourmiaviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants and fungi. The family includes four genera: Ourmiavirus, Botoulivirus, Magoulivirus and Scleroulivirus. Members of genus Ourmiavirus infect plants and the other genera infect fungi. The member viruses have genomes which range from 2900 to 4800 nucleotides.

References

  1. ↑ Riechmann, JL; Lain, S; Garcia, JA (1992). "Highlights and prospects of potyvirus molecularbiology". J Gen Virol. 73: 1–16. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-1-1 . PMID   1730931.
  2. ↑ Berger PH, et al. (2005) in Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the InternationalCommittee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, eds Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Elsevier Academic, San Diego), pp 819–841.
  3. ↑ Wylie, SJ; Adams, M; Chalam, C; Kreuze, J; López-Moya, JJ; Ohshima, K; Praveen, S; Rabenstein, F; Stenger, D; Wang, A; Zerbini, FM; ICTV Report Consortium (March 2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Potyviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 98 (3): 352–354. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000740. PMC   5797945 . PMID   28366187.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Potyviridae". ICTV Online (10th) Report.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  7. 1 2 Pasin, Fabio; Daròs, José-Antonio; Tzanetakis, Ioannis E (2022). "Proteome expansion in the Potyviridae evolutionary radiation". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 46 (4): fuac011. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuac011 . ISSN   1574-6976. PMC   9249622 . PMID   35195244.
  8. ↑ Yue, Jianying; Wei, Yao; Sun, Zhenqi; Chen, Yahan; Wei, Xuefeng; Wang, Haijuan; Pasin, Fabio; Zhao, Mingmin (October 2022). "AlkB RNA demethylase homologues and N6 -methyladenosine are involved in Potyvirus infection". Molecular Plant Pathology. 23 (10): 1555–1564. doi:10.1111/mpp.13239. ISSN   1364-3703. PMC   9452765 . PMID   35700092.
  9. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses: Family Potyviridae
  10. ↑ Nigam D, LaTourrette K, Souza PFN, Garcia-Ruiz H (2019) Genome-wide variation in Potyviruses. Front Plant Sci 10:1439
  11. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses: Family Potyviridae figure
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