Bicaudaviridae

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Bicaudaviridae
Bicaudavirus virion.jpg
Bicaudavirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: incertae sedis
Kingdom: incertae sedis
Phylum: incertae sedis
Class: incertae sedis
Order: incertae sedis
Family:Bicaudaviridae
Genera
  • Bicaudavirus

Bicaudaviridae is a family of hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses. Members of the genus Acidianus serve as natural hosts. There is only one genus (Bicaudavirus) and one species in this family: Acidianus two-tailed virus. [1] [2] [3] However, Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped viruses 1 and 2 (STSV1 and STSV2) are regarded to belong to this family also. [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus contains one genus, which contains one species: [5]

Structure

Genome organization of Acidianus two-tailed virus showing location, sizes and transcriptional direction of the putative genes ODD.Bic.Fig2.v2.png
Genome organization of Acidianus two-tailed virus showing location, sizes and transcriptional direction of the putative genes

Viruses in Bicaudaviridae are non-enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. Genomes are circular dsDNA molecules of around 48–76 kb in length. High-resolution structure was determined by cryo-EM for Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) and a lower-resolution structure was determined for Acidianus two-tailed virus (ATV). [6] Virions of both viruses have helical symmetry, with continuous 7-start helices, composed of the single major capsid protein, forming both the tails and the spindle-shaped body. The major capsid protein structure and virion organization of bicaudaviruses are similar to those of archaeal viruses from the families Fuselloviridae, Thaspiviridae, Halspiviridae and Clavaviridae. [6]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
BicaudavirusLemon-shapedHelical (C7)Non-envelopedCircularMonopartite

Life cycle

Electron micrographs of different forms of Acidianus two-tailed virus ODD.Bic.Fig1 Acidianus two-tailed virus.jpg
Electron micrographs of different forms of Acidianus two-tailed virus

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Diverse species of hyperthermophilic archaea from the order Sulfolobales serve as the natural hosts. Transmission routes are passive diffusion. [2] It has been demonstrated that certain members of the family, namely, STSV2 and Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1), induce cell gigantism by blocking the expression of the cell division genes and arresting the cell cycle in the S phase. [7] The diameter of infected cells increases up to 20 times, resulting in 8,000-fold increase in volume compared to noninfected cells. [7]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
BicaudavirusArchea: acidianusNoneInjectionBuddingCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion

History

This family was first described by the team led by D. Prangishvili in 2005. [8] [9]

The name is derived from the Latin word 'bi' and 'cauda' meaning 'two-tail'.

Related Research Articles

Icerudivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Rudiviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped, stiff-rod-shaped viruses with linear dsDNA genomes, that infect hyperthermophilic archaea of the species Sulfolobus islandicus. There are three species in the genus.

<i>Lipothrixviridae</i> Family of viruses

Lipothrixviridae is a family of viruses in the order Ligamenvirales. Thermophilic archaea in the phylum Thermoproteota serve as natural hosts. There are 11 species in this family, assigned to 4 genera. The genus

Fuselloviridae is a family of viruses. Sulfolobus species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera and nine species in the family. The Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70 °C), acidic hot springs around the world.

Guttaviridae is a family of viruses. Archaea serve as natural hosts. There are two genera in this family, containing one species each. The name is derived from the Latin gutta, meaning 'droplet'.

<i>Globuloviridae</i> Family of viruses

Globuloviridae is a family of hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses. Crenarchaea of the genera Pyrobaculum and Thermoproteus serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this family, assigned to a single genus, Alphaglobulovirus.

<i>Ampullaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Ampullaviridae is a family of viruses that infect archaea of the genus Acidianus. Only one genus in this family has been described, Bottigliavirus, which contains three species. The name of the family and genus is derived from the Latin word for bottle, ampulla, due to the virions having the shape of a bottle. The family was first described during an investigation of the microbial flora of hot springs in Italy.

<i>Clavaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Clavaviridae is a family of double-stranded viruses that infect archaea. This family was first described by the team led by D. Prangishvili in 2010. There is one genus in this family (Clavavirus). Within this genus, a single species has been described to date: Aeropyrum pernix bacilliform virus 1 (APBV1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Prangishvili</span>

David Prangishvili is a virologist, Professor at the Pasteur Institute of Paris, and foremost authority on viruses infecting Archaea.

Alphafusellovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Fuselloviridae. Species in the genus Sulfolobus serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus.

Tristromaviridae is a family of viruses. Archaea of the genera Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum serve as natural hosts. Tristromaviridae is the sole family in the order Primavirales. There are two genera and three species in the family.

Betalipothrixvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Lipothrixviridae. Archaea serve as natural hosts. The genus contains six species.

Spiraviridae is a family of viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Aeropyrum, specifically Aeropyrum pernix. The family contains one genus, Alphaspiravirus, which contains one species, Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus. The virions of Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus (ACV) are non-enveloped and in the shape of hollow cylinders that are formed by a coiling fiber that consists of two intertwining halves of the circular DNA strand inside a capsid. An appendage protrudes from each end of the cylindrical virion. The viral genome is positive-sense, single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA) and encodes for significantly more genes than other known ssDNA viruses. ACV is also unique in that it appears to lack its own enzymes to aid replication, instead likely using the host cell's replisomes. ACV has no known relation to any other archaea-infecting viruses, but it does share its coil-like morphology with some other archaeal viruses, suggesting that such viruses may be an ancient lineage that only infect archaea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus</span> Species of virus

Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1 (STSV1) is a DNA virus of the family Bicaudaviridae. It infects the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tengchongensis which can be found in the volcanic area of Tengchong, Baoshan City, in western Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.

Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2, also referred to as SIRV2, is an archaeal virus whose only known host is the archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus. This virus belongs to the family Rudiviridae. Like other viruses in the family, it is common in geothermal environments.

Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (SIFV) is an archaeal virus, classified in the family Lipothrixviridae within the order Ligamenvirales. The virus infects hypethermophilic and acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus.

In virology, realm is the highest taxonomic rank established for viruses by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which oversees virus taxonomy. Six virus realms are recognized and united by specific highly conserved traits:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeal virus</span>

An archaeal virus is a virus that infects and replicates in archaea, a domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms. Archaeal viruses, like their hosts, are found worldwide, including in extreme environments inhospitable to most life such as acidic hot springs, highly saline bodies of water, and at the bottom of the ocean. They have been also found in the human body. The first known archaeal virus was described in 1974 and since then, a large diversity of archaeal viruses have been discovered, many possessing unique characteristics not found in other viruses. Little is known about their biological processes, such as how they replicate, but they are believed to have many independent origins, some of which likely predate the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portogloboviridae</span> Family of viruses

Portogloboviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect archaea. It is a proposed family of the realm Varidnaviria. Viruses in the family are related to Halopanivirales. The capsid proteins of these viruses and their characteristics are of evolutionary importance for the origin of the other Varidnaviria viruses since they seem to retain primordial characters.

<i>Thaspiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Thaspiviridae is a family of spindle-shaped viruses that is not assigned to any higher taxonomic ranks. The family contains a single genus, Nitmarvirus, which contains a single species, Nitmarvirus NSV1.

<i>Adnaviria</i> Realm of viruses

Adnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes archaeal viruses that have a filamentous virion and a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. The genome exists in A-form (A-DNA) and encodes a dimeric major capsid protein (MCP) that contains the SIRV2 fold, a type of alpha-helix bundle containing four helices. The virion consists of the genome encased in capsid proteins to form a helical nucleoprotein complex. For some viruses, this helix is surrounded by a lipid membrane called an envelope. Some contain an additional protein layer between the nucleoprotein helix and the envelope. Complete virions are long and thin and may be flexible or a stiff like a rod.

References

  1. ↑ Prangishvili, D; Krupovic, M; ICTV Report Consortium (7 June 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bicaudaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (7): 864–865. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001106 . PMID   29877786.
  2. 1 2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "ICTV Report Bicaudaviridae".
  4. ↑ Krupovic, M; Quemin, ER; Bamford, DH; Forterre, P; Prangishvili, D (2014). "Unification of the globally distributed spindle-shaped viruses of the Archaea". Journal of Virology. 88 (4): 2354–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.02941-13. PMC   3911535 . PMID   24335300.
  5. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  6. 1 2 Wang, F; Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V; Vos, M; Beltran, LC; Kreutzberger, MAB; Winter, JM; Su, Z; Liu, J; Schouten, S; Krupovic, M; Egelman, EH (2022). "Spindle-shaped archaeal viruses evolved from rod-shaped ancestors to package a larger genome". Cell. 185 (8): 1297–1307.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.019. PMC   9018610 . PMID   35325592.
  7. 1 2 Liu, J; Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V; Baquero, DP; Yang, Y; Zhang, Q; Shen, Y; Krupovic, M (2021). "Virus-induced cell gigantism and asymmetric cell division in archaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (15): e2022578118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2022578118 . PMC   8054024 . PMID   33782110.
  8. ↑ Häring M, Vestergaard G, Rachel R, Chen L, Garrett RA and Prangishvili D (2005) Independent virus development outside a host. Nature 436, 1101–1102
  9. ↑ Prangishvili, D., Vestergaard G, Häring M, Aramayo R, Basta T, Rachel R and Garrett RA (2006) Structural and genomic properties of the hyperthermophilic archaeal virus ATV with an extracellular stage of the reproductive cycle. J. Mol. Biol. 359, 1203–1216
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