Podoviridae

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Podoviridae
Podoviridae.svg
Typical structure of a podovirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Uroviricota
Class: Caudoviricetes
Order: Caudovirales
Family:Podoviridae
Subfamilies and genera

see text

Podoviridae was a family of bacteriophage in the order Caudovirales often associated with T-7 like phages. [1] The family and order Caudovirales have now been abolished, with the term podovirus now used to refer to the morphology of viruses in this former family [2] . There were 130 species in this family, assigned to 3 subfamilies and 52 genera. [3] [4] This family was characterized by having very short, noncontractile tails. Many former phages in the former family Podoviriade are now classified in the Autographiviridae

Contents

Structure

Electron micrograph of podovirus PhCP7R of Clostridium perfringens. CP7Remj.jpg
Electron micrograph of podovirus ΦCP7R of Clostridium perfringens.
Genomes of some podoviruses of Clostridium perfringens CP7Rgenesj.png
Genomes of some podoviruses of Clostridium perfringens

Viruses in the former familiy Podoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm, [3] and consists of 72 capsomers. The head protein has a molecular mass of ~38 kilodaltons and is present in 460 copies per virion. There are 9 structural proteins. The tail is non-contractile and has 6 short subterminal fibers. It is thick and rod-shaped and built of stacked disks. The maximum length is ~17 nm.[ citation needed ]

The double stranded DNA genome is linear, around 40-42kb in length, [3] and encodes ~55 genes. The guanine + cytosine content is ~50%. It has terminally redundant sequences and is nonpermuted. By weight, the genome constitutes ~50% of the viron. The genome encodes 9 structural proteins, an adenylated transferase B type DNA polymerase and an RNA polymerase. Three internal proteins constitute the polymerase complex. Two classes of genes are recognized (early and late). This classification is based on the timing of transcription that is temporally regulated. Genes with related functions are clustered together. Genome replication is bidirectional.[ citation needed ]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins. Bacteria serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion. [3] Phage infection is considered self-dosing thus self-limiting. After host lysis, new phages trigger a new infection cycle with surrounding bioavailable host species resulting in growth and expansion. [5]

Taxonomy

Genera within this family have ~40% identity between corresponding proteins. Subfamilies have ~20% identity between corresponding proteins.

The following subfamilies and their genera are recognized (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus): [4]

The following genera are not assigned to a subfamily: [4]

Lastly, the species Pseudomonas virus 119X is unassigned to a genus or subfamily. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Myoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Myoviridae was a family of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales. The family Myoviridae and order Caudoviraleshave now been abolished, with the term myovirus now used to refer to the morphology of viruses in this former family. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There were 625 species in this family, assigned to eight subfamilies and 217 genera.

Microviridae is a family of bacteriophages with a single-stranded DNA genome. The name of this family is derived from the ancient Greek word μικρός (mikrós), meaning "small". This refers to the size of their genomes, which are among the smallest of the DNA viruses. Enterobacteria, intracellular parasitic bacteria, and spiroplasma serve as natural hosts. There are 22 species in this family, divided among seven genera and two subfamilies.

<i>Geminiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are 520 species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication. According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.

<i>Fiersviridae</i> Family of viruses

Fiersviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect prokaryotes. Bacteria serve as the natural host. They are small viruses with linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes that encode four proteins. All phages of this family require bacterial pili to attach to and infect cells. The family has 185 genera, most discovered by metagenomics. In 2020, the family was renamed from Leviviridae to its current name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tectivirus</span> Family of viruses

Tectiviridae is a family of viruses with 10 species in five genera. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. Tectiviruses have no head-tail structure, but are capable of producing tail-like tubes of ~ 60×10 nm upon adsorption or after chloroform treatment. The name is derived from Latin tectus.

<i>Corticovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Corticovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Corticoviridae. Corticoviruses are bacteriophages; that is, their natural hosts are bacteria. The genus contains two species. The name is derived from Latin cortex, corticis. However, prophages closely related to PM2 are abundant in the genomes of aquatic bacteria, suggesting that the ecological importance of corticoviruses might be underestimated. Bacteriophage PM2 was first described in 1968 after isolation from seawater sampled from the coast of Chile.

<i>Autographiviridae</i> Subfamily of viruses

Autographiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are 373 species in this family, assigned to 9 subfamilies and 133 genera.

Phikmvvirus is a genus of viruses that infect bacteria. There are currently 16 species in this genus including the type species Pseudomonas virus phiKMV. Bacteriophage phiKMV and its relatives are known to be highly virulent phages, producing large clear plaques on a susceptible host. The only reported exception is phage LKA1, which yields small plaques surrounded by a halo. While all other P. aeruginosa-specific phikmvviruses use the Type IV pili as primary receptor, LKA1 particles attach to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide layer.

Rauchvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. The genus contains only one species: Bordetella virus BPP1.

Enquatrovirus is a genus of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Escherichia virus N4.

Uetakevirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. These phages are temperate and infect Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Peduovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Myoviridae, in the subfamily Peduovirinae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are 15 species in this genus.

<i>Phikzvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Phikzvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Myoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus.

<i>Teseptimavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Teseptimavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Autographiviridae, in the subfamily Studiervirinae. Bacteria serve as the natural host, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are currently 17 species in this genus, including the type species Escherichia virus T7.

Salasvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Salasmaviridae, in the subfamily Picovirinae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.

Lederbergvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are six species in this genus.

Lambdavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Siphoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are five species in this genus. The genus also includes several unclassified viruses—including the corynephages β and ω, which infect Corynebacterium diphtheriae and carry the deadly diphtheria toxin.

Spbetavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Siphoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Bacillus virus SPbeta.

Tequintavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Demerecviridae. Bacteria serve as the natural host, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are currently 22 species in this genus, including the type species Escherichia virus T5.

Tunavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Drexlerviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 14 species in this genus, including the type species Escherichia virus T1.

References

  1. ↑ Nguyen D, Ely B (June 2018). "A Genome Comparison of T7-like Podoviruses That Infect Caulobacter crescentus". Current Microbiology. 75 (6): 760–765. doi:10.1007/s00284-018-1445-9. PMID   29423729. S2CID   253813804.
  2. ↑ Turner D, Shkoporov AN, Lood C, Millard AD, Dutilh BE, Alfenas-Zerbini P, et al. (January 2023). "Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee". Archives of Virology. 168 (2): 74. doi:10.1007/s00705-022-05694-2. PMC   9868039 . PMID   36683075.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Unresolvable Taxon:10744". Viral Zone. ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Criscuolo E, Spadini S, Lamanna J, Ferro M, Burioni R (2017). "Bacteriophages and Their Immunological Applications against Infectious Threats". Journal of Immunology Research. 2017: 3780697. doi: 10.1155/2017/3780697 . PMC   5412166 . PMID   28484722.
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