Partitiviridae

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Partitiviridae
Emd-5161.jpg
CryoEM of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S capsid, EMD-5161 [1]
ODR.Partiti.Fig1.v1.png
TEM of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family:Partitiviridae

Partitiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. [2] Plants, fungi, and protozoa serve as natural hosts. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria. [3] The name comes from the Latin partitius, which means divided, and refers to the segmented genome of partitiviruses. There are five genera and 60 species in the family, 15 of which are unassigned to a genus. [4] [5]

Contents

Structure

Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), Gammapartititvirus, and PsV-F CP dimer Viruses-10-00481-g004-AB.png
Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), Gammapartititvirus, and PsV-F CP dimer

Viruses in the family Partitiviridae are non-enveloped with icosahedral geometries and T=1 symmetry. [6] The diameter of partitiviruses is around 25–43 nm. [4]

Genome

Genome of atkinsonella hypoxylon virus (AhV) of genus Betapartitivirus ODR.Partiti.Fig2.v4.png
Genome of atkinsonella hypoxylon virus (AhV) of genus Betapartitivirus

Partitiviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes divided into two genomic segments, and there may be additional subgenomic segments. The two genome segments are packaged in separate virus particles. They code for two separate proteins. The first segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the second segment codes for the coat protein. The segments are around 1.4–3.0 kbp in length, while the total genome length is around 3.0–4.8 kbp. [4] [6]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi and plants serve as the natural host. [4] [6] Cryspoviruses infect apicomplexian protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium , [7] while viruses of the other genera infect plants and fungi. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria.

Phylogenetics

Based on the RNA polymerase gene this group can be divided into four clades (I-IV). [8] Four isolates from animals and protozoans form a fifth clade. Clades I–IV consist of mixtures of partitivirus-like sequences from plants and fungi.[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of Partitiviridae ODR.Partiti.Fig4.v4.png
Phylogenetic tree of Partitiviridae

There are five recognized genera within the Partitiviridae family. There are an additional fifteen species in the family unassigned to a genus: [4] [5]

Alphapartitivirus

Betapartitivirus

Cryspovirus

Deltapartitivirus

Gammapartitivirus

Unassigned to a genus:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major classes: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV).

<i>Nanoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Nanoviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 12 species in this family, divided among 2 genera and one unassigned species. Diseases associated with this family include: stunting. Their name is derived from the Greek word νᾶνος, because of their small genome and their stunting effect on infected plants.

<i>Closteroviridae</i> Family of viruses

Closteroviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four genera and 59 species in this family, seven of which are unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this family include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem.

<i>Tombusviridae</i> Family of viruses

Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).

<i>Closterovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Closterovirus, also known as beet yellows viral group, is a genus of viruses, in the family Closteroviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 17 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem. This genus has a probably worldwide distribution and includes among other viral species the Beet yellows virus and Citrus tristeza virus, rather economically important plant diseases. At least some species require vectors such as aphids or mealybugs for their transmission from plant to plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycovirus</span> Virus that infects fungi

Mycoviruses, also known as mycophages, are viruses that infect fungi. The majority of mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes and isometric particles, but approximately 30% have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes.

<i>Totivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Totivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Totiviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. The name of the group derives from Latin toti which means undivided or whole. There are seven species in this genus.

<i>Nepovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Nepovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae, in the subfamily Comovirinae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 40 species in this genus. Nepoviruses, unlike the other two genera in the subfamily Comovirinae, are transmitted by nematodes.

<i>Alphachrysovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphachrysovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is one of two genera in the family Chrysoviridae. They infect fungi, in particular Penicillium. Their name is derived from the Greek word chrysos which means yellow-green. There are 20 species in this genus.

Dianthovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Dianthoviruses are plant viruses. There are three species in this genus. The virus probably has a worldwide distribution, and can be transmitted via nematodes, by mechanical inoculation, by grafting of plants and by contact between infected hosts with previously uninfected host.

Endornaviridae is a family of viruses. Plants, fungi, and oomycetes serve as natural hosts. There are 31 species in this family, assigned to 2 genera. Members of Alphaendornavirus infect plants, fungi and the oomycete Phytophthora sp., members of Betaendornavirus infect ascomycete fungi.

Hypovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hypoviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Infection reduces the virulence of its parasitic host, making it a hyperparasite useful for blight control.

<i>Betaflexiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Betaflexiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Tymovirales. Plants and fungi serve as natural hosts. There are 108 species in this family, assigned to 13 genera in two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

Amalgaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted vertically via seeds. The name derives from amalgam which refers to amalgaviruses possessing characteristics of both partitiviruses and totiviruses. There are ten species in the family.

<i>Victorivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Victorivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Totiviridae. Filamentous fungi serve as natural hosts. There are 14 species in this genus.

<i>Megabirnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Megabirnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses with one genus Megabirnavirus which infects fungi. The group name derives from member's bipartite dsRNA genome and mega that is greater genome size than families Birnaviridae and Picobirnaviridae. There is only one species in this family: Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus 1. Diseases associated with this family include: reduced host virulence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadriviridae</span> Family of viruses

Quadriviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses with a single genus Quadrivirus. The fungi Rosellinia necatrix serves as a natural host. The name of the group derives from the quadripartite genome of its members where in Latin quad means four. There is only one species in this family: Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1.

Cryspovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Partitiviridae. Protists serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1.

<i>Orthornavirae</i> Kingdom of viruses

Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), those genomes encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA) and to replicate the genome. Viruses in this kingdom also share a number of characteristics involving evolution, including high rates of genetic mutations, recombinations, and reassortments.

References

  1. ↑ Tang, J.; Pan, J.; Havens, W. M.; Ochoa, W. F.; Guu, T. S. Y.; Ghabrial, S. A.; Nibert, M. L.; Tao, Y. J.; Baker, T. S. (2010). "Backbone Trace of Partitivirus Capsid Protein from Electron Cryomicroscopy and Homology Modeling". Biophysical Journal. 99 (2): 685–694. Bibcode:2010BpJ....99..685T. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.04.058. PMC   2905076 . PMID   20643089.
  2. ↑ Vainio, EJ; Chiba, S; Ghabrial, SA; Maiss, E; Roossinck, M; Sabanadzovic, S; Suzuki, N; Xie, J; Nibert, M; Ictv Report, Consortium (January 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Partitiviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (1): 17–18. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000985. PMC   5882087 . PMID   29214972.
  3. ↑ Neri U, Wolf YI, Roux S, Camargo AP, Kazlauskas D, Min Chen I, Lee B, Ivanova N, Allen LZ, Paez-Espino D, Bryant DA, Bhaya D, Krupovic M, Dolja VV, Kyrpides NC, Koonin EV, Gophna U (17 February 2022). "A five-fold expansion of the global RNA virome reveals multiple new clades of RNA bacteriophages". bioRxiv   10.1101/2022.02.15.480533 .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "ICTV Online Report Partitiviridae".
  5. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  7. ↑ Nibert ML, Woods KM, Upton SJ, Ghabrial SA (2009) Cryspovirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Partitiviridae. Arch Virol 154(12):1959–1965
  8. ↑ Liu H, Fu Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Ghabrial SA, Li G, Yi X, Jiang D (2012) Discovery of Novel dsRNA Viral Sequences by In Silico Cloning and Implications for Viral Diversity, Host Range and Evolution. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42147.
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