Human coronavirus 229E

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Human coronavirus 229E
Human coronavirus 229E.png
Transmission electron micrograph of human coronavirus 229E
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Duvinacovirus
Species:
Alphacoronavirus chicagoense
Synonyms
  • Human coronavirus 229E
  • HCoV-229E

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E, Alphacoronavirus chicagoense) [1] is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. [2] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. [3] Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. [4] [5] HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus. [6] [7]

Contents

Transmission

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

Signs and symptoms

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published and a single unpublished case to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen. [8] HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). [9] [10] [11]

Epidemiology

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed. [12] [13] However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year. [14] [15] [16] A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age. [17]

Virology

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are: [18]

Research

Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture. [19]

Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats. [20]

History

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965. [21] [22]

In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names. [23] In 2024, the species that HCoV-229E is assigned to was renamed Alphacoronavirus chicagoense. [24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Taxon Details | ICTV". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi: 10.3390/diseases4030026 . ISSN   2079-9721. PMC   5456285 . PMID   28933406. See Table 1.
  3. ↑ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN   978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC   4369385 . PMID   25720466. See Table 1.
  4. ↑ Lau, S. K.; Lee, P.; Tsang, A. K.; Yip, C. C.; Tse, H.; Lee, R. A.; So, L. Y.; Lau, Y. L.; Chan, K. H.; Woo, P. C.; Yuen, K. Y. (2011). "Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination". Journal of Virology. 85 (21): 11325–11337. doi:10.1128/JVI.05512-11. PMC   3194943 . PMID   21849456.
  5. ↑ Gaunt, E. R.; Hardie, A.; Claas, E. C.; Simmonds, P.; Templeton, K. E. (2010). "Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (8): 2940–2947. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10. PMC   2916580 . PMID   20554810.
  6. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  7. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2010-08-24). "Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis". Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–1820. doi: 10.3390/v2081803 . ISSN   1999-4915. PMC   3185738 . PMID   21994708. Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.
  8. ↑ Vassilara, F.; Spyridaki, A.; Pothitos, G.; Deliveliotou, A.; Papadopoulos, A. (2018). "A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2018: 1–4. doi: 10.1155/2018/6796839 . PMC   5925015 . PMID   29850307.
  9. ↑ Pene, F.; Merlat, A.; Vabret, A.; Rozenberg, F.; Buzyn, A.; Dreyfus, F.; Cariou, A.; Freymuth, F.; Lebon, P. (2003). "Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (7): 929–932. doi:10.1086/377612. PMC   7107892 . PMID   13130404.
  10. ↑ Vabret, A.; Mourez, T.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Freymuth, F. (2003). "An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (8): 985–989. doi:10.1086/374222. PMC   7109673 . PMID   12684910.
  11. ↑ Woo, P. C.; Lau, S. K.; Tsoi, H. W.; Huang, Y.; Poon, R. W.; Chu, C. M.; Lee, R. A.; Luk, W. K.; Wong, G. K.; Wong, B. H.; Cheng, V. C.; Tang, B. S.; Wu, A. K.; Yung, R. W.; Chen, H.; Guan, Y.; Chan, K. H.; Yuen, K. Y. (2005). "Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 192 (11): 1898–2707. doi:10.1086/497151. PMC   7110183 . PMID   16267760.
  12. ↑ Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.). 1996. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.
  13. ↑ Van Der Hoek, L.; Pyrc, K.; Berkhout, B. (2006). "Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 30 (5): 760–773. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x. PMC   7109777 . PMID   16911043.
  14. ↑ Esper, F.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M. L.; Kahn, J. S. (2006). "Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 775–779. doi:10.3201/eid1205.051316. PMC   3374449 . PMID   16704837.
  15. ↑ Gerna, G.; Percivalle, E.; Sarasini, A.; Campanini, G.; Piralla, A.; Rovida, F.; Genini, E.; Marchi, A.; Baldanti, F. (2007). "Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients". Journal of Clinical Virology. 38 (3): 244–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008. PMC   7108341 . PMID   17222582.
  16. ↑ Kaye, H. S.; Marsh, H. B.; Dowdle, W. R. (1971). "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 94 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293. PMC   7109649 . PMID   5556222.
  17. ↑ Principi, N.; Bosis, S.; Esposito, S. (2010). "Effects of coronavirus infections in children". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 183–188. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090469. PMC   2957994 . PMID   20113545.
  18. ↑ Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019). "Coronaviruses (including SARS)". Infectious Disease Advisor. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  19. ↑ de Wilde, Adriaan H.; Jochmans, Dirk; Posthuma, Clara C.; Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Jessika C.; van Nieuwkoop, Stefan; Bestebroer, Theo M.; van den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; Neyts, Johan; Snijder, Eric J. (August 2014). "Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (8): 4875–4884. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03011-14 . PMC   4136071 . PMID   24841269.
  20. ↑ Tao, Y.; Shi, M.; Chommanard, C.; Queen, K.; Zhang, J.; Markotter, W.; Kuzmin, I. V.; Holmes, E. C.; Tong, S. (2017). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology. 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. PMC   5309958 . PMID   28077633.
  21. ↑ Knapp, Alex. "The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  22. ↑ Hamre, D.; Procknow, J. J. (1966-01-01). "A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract" . Experimental Biology and Medicine. 121 (1): 190–193. doi:10.3181/00379727-121-30734. ISSN   1535-3702. PMID   4285768. S2CID   1314901.
  23. ↑ "Binomial nomenclature for virus species (continued)". EPPO Global Database. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  24. ↑ "History of the taxon: Species: Alphacoronavirus chicagoense (2024 Release, MSL #40)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
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