Human coronavirus 229E | |
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Transmission electron micrograph of human coronavirus 229E | |
Virus classification ![]() | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Nidovirales |
Family: | Coronaviridae |
Genus: | Alphacoronavirus |
Subgenus: | Duvinacovirus |
Species: | Alphacoronavirus chicagoense |
Synonyms | |
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Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E, Alphacoronavirus chicagoense) [1] is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. [2] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. [3] Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. [4] [5] HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus. [6] [7]
HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.
HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen. [8] HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). [9] [10] [11]
HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed. [12] [13] However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year. [14] [15] [16] A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age. [17]
HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are: [18]
This section is missing information about alpaca virus relative, also derived from bat.(October 2021) |
Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture. [19]
Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats. [20]
A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965. [21] [22]
In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names. [23] In 2024, the species that HCoV-229E is assigned to was renamed Alphacoronavirus chicagoense. [24]
See Table 1.
See Table 1.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.