Canine coronavirus

Last updated
Canine coronavirus
Canine coronavirus.jpg
Canine coronavirus antigen (arrows) in canine lung tissue
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Tegacovirus
Species:
Alphacoronavirus 1
Virus:
Canine coronavirus
Strains [1]

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1. It causes a highly contagious intestinal disease worldwide in dogs. [2] The infecting virus enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. [3] It was discovered in 1971 in Germany during an outbreak in sentry dogs. [2] The virus is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Tegacovirus. [4]

Contents

Canine enteric coronavirus

Pathology

The virus invades and replicates in the villi of the small intestine. Intestinal disease may be related to virus-induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells of the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine. [5] Canine coronavirus was originally thought to cause serious gastrointestinal disease, but now most cases are considered to be very mild or without symptoms. [6] A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus infection of the intestinal villi makes the cells more susceptible to parvovirus infection. This causes a much more severe disease than either virus can separately. [7] However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still occasionally reported. [8] [9] This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one. [2]

Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and control

The incubation period is one to three days. [7] The disease is highly contagious and is spread through the feces of infected dogs, who usually shed the virus for six to nine days, but sometimes for six months following infection. [6] Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia. Diagnosis is through detection of virus particles in the feces. Treatment usually only requires medication for diarrhea, but more severely affected dogs may require intravenous fluids for dehydration. Fatalities are rare. The virus is destroyed by most available disinfectants. There is a vaccine available (ATCvet code: QI07AD11 ( WHO )), and it is usually given to puppies, who are more susceptible to canine coronavirus, and to dogs that have a high risk of exposure, such as show dogs. [7]

Canine respiratory coronavirus

Recently, a second type of canine coronavirus (Group II) has been shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs. [10] Known as canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and found to be similar to strain OC43 of bovine and human coronaviruses, it was first isolated in the United Kingdom in 2003 from lung samples of dogs [11] and has since been found on the European mainland [12] and in Japan. [13] A serological study in 2006 has also shown antibodies to CRCoV to be present in dogs in Canada and the United States. [14] However, a retrospective study in Saskatchewan found that CRCoV may have been present there as far back as 1996. [13]

Human infection

A study published on May 20, 2021, analyzed samples from eight patients with pneumonia (seven of whom were children) in hospitals of Sibu and Kapit, Malaysia, taken between 2017 and 2018 and found a novel coronavirus. This coronavirus is a species of Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which was named CCoV-HuPn-2018 and was found to have multiple similarities to feline coronavirus, swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and some human and SARS-like coronaviruses. Most of these affect the spike protein and it is thought the virus could have undergone genetic recombination to achieve those traits. If this strain is confirmed to be associated with human disease then it would become the eighth known coronavirus to cause disease in humans. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<i>Carnivore protoparvovirus 1</i> Species of parvovirus

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is a species of parvovirus that infects carnivorans. It causes a highly contagious disease in both dogs and cats separately. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: CPV-1 containing the classical feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), and CPV-2 containing the canine parvovirus (CPV) which appeared in the 1970s.

Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have been classified as this single species. The strain of avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the only coronavirus that infects chickens. It causes avian infectious bronchitis, a highly infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive system. IBV affects the performance of both meat-producing and egg-producing chickens and is responsible for substantial economic loss within the poultry industry. The strain of avian coronavirus previously classified as Turkey coronavirus causes gastrointestinal disease in turkeys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine parvovirus</span> Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs

Canine parvovirus is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases. Treatment often involves veterinary hospitalization. Canine parvovirus often infects other mammals including foxes, wolves, cats, and skunks. Felines (cats) are also susceptible to panleukopenia, a different strain of parvovirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SARS-CoV-1</span> Virus that causes SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the epithelial cells within the lungs. The virus enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. It infects humans, bats, and palm civets.

<i>Human coronavirus NL63</i> Species of virus

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a species of coronavirus, specifically a Setracovirus from among the Alphacoronavirus genus. It was identified in late 2004 in patients in the Netherlands. The virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to ACE2. Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), formerly Canine herpesvirus (CHV), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies less than two to three weeks old. It is known to exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, England and Germany. CHV was first recognized in the mid-1960s from a fatal disease in puppies.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a virus in the species Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 of genus Protoparvovirus in the virus family Parvoviridae, causes reproductive failure of swine characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death, usually in the absence of outward maternal clinical signs. The disease develops mainly when seronegative dams are exposed oronasally to the virus anytime during about the first half of gestation, and conceptuses are subsequently infected transplacentally before they become immunocompetent. There is no definitive evidence that infection of swine other than during gestation is of any clinical or economic significance. The virus is ubiquitous among swine throughout the world and is enzootic in most herds that have been tested. Diagnostic surveys have indicated that PPV is the major infectious cause of embryonic and fetal death. In addition to its direct causal role in reproductive failure, PPV can potentiate the effects of porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) infection in the clinical course of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Approximately 38 peoples have died of the virus.

Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1, formerly Canine minute virus is a species of Bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae that infects dogs. It is similar to bovine parvovirus in its protein structure and DNA. A virus causing respiratory disease in humans has been called human bocavirus due to its similarity to these viruses. Canine minute virus was originally discovered in Germany in 1967 in military dogs, although it was originally thought to not cause disease. Dogs and puppies are infected orally, and the virus is spread transplacentally to the fetuses. Symptoms are seen most commonly between the ages of one to three weeks and include severe diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and anorexia. In severe cases, illness can be fatal.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is the name given to all viruses in the genus Bocaparvovirus of virus family Parvoviridae that are known to infect humans. HBoV1 and HBoV3 are members of species Primate bocaparvovirus 1 whereas viruses HBoV2 and HBoV4 belong to species Primate bocaparvovirus 2. Some of these viruses cause human disease. HBoV1 is strongly implicated in causing some cases of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in young children, and several of the viruses have been linked to gastroenteritis, although the full clinical role of this emerging infectious disease remains to be elucidated.

Mink enteritis virus (MEV) is a strain of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 that infects mink and causes enteritis. Like all parvoviruses, it is a small, spherical virus, and has a single-stranded DNA genome. The signs and symptoms of enteritis usually appear within 4–7 days after infection. The virus replicates in the cells of the crypt epithelium in the duodenum and jejunum and, to a lesser extent the ileum, colon and caecum. The severity of the disease is directly related to necrosis of the crypt epithelium.

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that infects cats worldwide. It is a coronavirus of the species Alphacoronavirus 1 which includes canine coronavirus (CCoV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV). It has two different forms: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) that infects the intestines and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that causes the disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

Bovine coronavirus is a coronavirus which is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1. The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid recepter. Infection causes calf enteritis and contributes to the enzootic pneumonia complex in calves. It can also cause winter dysentery in adult cattle. It can infect both domestic and wild ruminants and has a worldwide distribution. Transmission is horizontal, via oro-fecal or respiratory routes. Like other coronaviruses from genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, it has a surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE) in addition to the four structural proteins shared by all coronaviruses.

Cats with Avian Influenza exhibit symptoms that can result in death. They are one of the few species that can get Avian Influenza. The specific virus that they get is H5N1, which is a subtype of Avian Influenza. In order to get the virus, cats need to be in contact with waterfowl, poultry, or uncooked poultry that are infected. Two of the main organs that the virus affects are the lungs and liver.

<i>Alphacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV) are members of the first of the four genera of coronaviruses. They are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals, including humans. They have spherical virions with club-shaped surface projections formed by trimers of the spike protein, and a viral envelope.

<i>Human coronavirus 229E</i> Species of virus

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43, it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.

Canine circovirus, first isolated in 2012, is a small non-enveloped, icosahedral, single-stranded DNA virus that infects domestic dogs and wild canids exclusively. It is a member of the Circoviridae family and the genus Circovirus. There are currently 11 species of known circoviruses that have been identified to affect a wide variety of birds and mammals. As seen with all extensively studied circoviruses, the diameter ranges between approximately 15 and 25 nanometers. The icosahedral triangulation number is 1, the smallest size a viral capsid can be, in which there are a total of 60 protein subunits that make up the capsid. CaCV is not to be confused with canine coronavirus, another diarrhea-causing agent within the family Coronaviridae, or porcine circoviruses which are a members of the same genus as CaCV but only seen in pigs. CaCV was the first Circovirus to be identified that infects a mammal species other than pigs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of coronavirus</span> History of the virus group

The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of the diseases caused by coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with the first report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, U.S., in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral disease. They became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus.

<i>Alphacoronavirus 1</i> Species of virus

Alphacoronavirus 1 is a species of coronavirus that infects cats, dogs and pigs. It includes the virus strains feline coronavirus, canine coronavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. It is an enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus which is able to enter its host cell by binding to the APN receptor.

References

  1. ↑ "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Coronaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Pratelli A (2006). "Genetic evolution of canine coronavirus and recent advances in prophylaxis". Vet Res. 37 (2): 191–200. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2005053 . PMID   16472519.
  3. ↑ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN   978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC   4369385 . PMID   25720466. See Table 1.
  4. ↑ "Taxonomy browser (Canine coronavirus)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  5. ↑ Ruggieri, A; Di Trani, L; Gatto, I; Franco, M; Vignolo, E; Bedini, B; Elia, G; Buonavoglia, C (2007). "Canine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells". Vet Microbiol. 121 (1–2): 64–72. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.016 . PMC   7117493 . PMID   17254720.
  6. 1 2 Pratelli, A. (2005). "Canine Coronavirus Infection". Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN   978-0-7216-6795-9.
  8. ↑ Evermann J, Abbott J, Han S (2005). "Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection". J Vet Diagn Invest. 17 (6): 610–4. doi: 10.1177/104063870501700618 . PMID   16475526.
  9. ↑ Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Desario C, Castagnaro M, Tempesta M (2006). "Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (3): 492–4. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050839. PMC   3291441 . PMID   16704791.
  10. ↑ Ellis, John A. (2006). "Outbreak! How can we approach emerging diseases?" (PDF). Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
  11. ↑ Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks H, Brownlie J (2003). "Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease". Virology. 310 (2): 216–23. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00160-0 . PMC   7126160 . PMID   12781709.
  12. ↑ Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G, Mari V, Lucente MS, Cordioli P, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C (2006). "Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy". Vet Microbiol. 121 (3–4): 225–30. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.001 . PMC   7117267 . PMID   17215093.
  13. 1 2 Yachi A, Mochizuki M (2006). "Survey of dogs in Japan for group 2 canine coronavirus infection". J Clin Microbiol. 44 (7): 2615–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02397-05. PMC   1489469 . PMID   16825396.
  14. ↑ Priestnall S, Brownlie J, Dubovi E, Erles K (2006). "Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus". Vet Microbiol. 115 (1–3): 43–53. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.008 . PMC   7117349 . PMID   16551493.
  15. ↑ Vlasova, A. N.; Diaz, A.; Damtie, D.; Xiu, L.; Toh, T. H.; Lee, J. S.; Saif, L. J.; Gray, G. C. (2021). "Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (3): 446–454. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab456. PMC   8194511 . PMID   34013321.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.