Canine coronavirus

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Canine coronavirus
Canine coronavirus.jpg
Canine coronavirus antigen (arrows) in canine lung tissue
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Tegacovirus
Species:
Alphacoronavirus suis
Virus:
Canine coronavirus
Strains [1]

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus suis. It is distributed world wide and may cause intestinal disease in dogs. [2] The infecting virus enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. [3] It was discovered in 1971 in Germany during an outbreak in sentry dogs. [2] The virus is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Tegacovirus. [4]

Contents

Canine enteric coronavirus

Pathology

The virus invades and replicates in the villi of the small intestine. Intestinal disease may be related to virus-induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells of the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine. [5] Canine coronavirus was originally thought to cause serious gastrointestinal disease, but now most cases are considered to be very mild or without symptoms. [6] A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus infection of the intestinal villi makes the cells more susceptible to parvovirus infection. This causes a much more severe disease than either virus can separately. [7] However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still occasionally reported. [8] [9] This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one. [2]

Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and control

The incubation period is one to three days. [7] The disease is highly contagious and is spread through the feces of infected dogs, who usually shed the virus for six to nine days, but sometimes for six months following infection. [6] Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia. Diagnosis is through detection of virus particles in the feces. Treatment usually only requires medication for diarrhea, but more severely affected dogs may require intravenous fluids for dehydration. Fatalities are rare. The virus is destroyed by most available disinfectants. There is a vaccine available (ATCvet code: QI07AD11 ( WHO )), however, evidence suggests its use may be very limited to specific cases. It is generally not recommended for use, due to questions around its efficacy and the general timing of most vaccinations [10] . It was historically recommended in puppies and show dogs. [7]

Canine respiratory coronavirus

Recently, a second type of canine coronavirus (Group II) has been shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs. [11] Known as canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and found to be similar to strain OC43 of bovine and human coronaviruses, it was first isolated in the United Kingdom in 2003 from lung samples of dogs [12] and has since been found on the European mainland [13] and in Japan. [14] A serological study in 2006 has also shown antibodies to CRCoV to be present in dogs in Canada and the United States. [15] However, a retrospective study in Saskatchewan found that CRCoV may have been present there as far back as 1996. [14]

Human infection

A study published on May 20, 2021, analyzed samples from eight patients with pneumonia (seven of whom were children) in hospitals of Sibu and Kapit, Malaysia, taken between 2017 and 2018 and found a novel coronavirus. This coronavirus is a species of Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which was named CCoV-HuPn-2018 and was found to have multiple similarities to feline coronavirus, swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and some human and SARS-like coronaviruses. Most of these affect the spike protein and it is thought the virus could have undergone genetic recombination to achieve those traits. If this strain is confirmed to be associated with human disease then it would become the eighth known coronavirus to cause disease in humans. [16]

References

  1. ↑ "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Coronaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Pratelli A (2006). "Genetic evolution of canine coronavirus and recent advances in prophylaxis". Vet Res. 37 (2): 191–200. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2005053 . PMID   16472519.
  3. ↑ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN   978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC   4369385 . PMID   25720466. See Table 1.
  4. ↑ "Taxonomy browser (Canine coronavirus)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  5. ↑ Ruggieri, A; Di Trani, L; Gatto, I; Franco, M; Vignolo, E; Bedini, B; Elia, G; Buonavoglia, C (2007). "Canine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells". Vet Microbiol. 121 (1–2): 64–72. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.016 . PMC   7117493 . PMID   17254720.
  6. 1 2 Pratelli, A. (2005). "Canine Coronavirus Infection". Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN   978-0-7216-6795-9.
  8. ↑ Evermann J, Abbott J, Han S (2005). "Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection". J Vet Diagn Invest. 17 (6): 610–4. doi: 10.1177/104063870501700618 . PMID   16475526.
  9. ↑ Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Desario C, Castagnaro M, Tempesta M (2006). "Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (3): 492–4. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050839. PMC   3291441 . PMID   16704791.
  10. ↑ Squires, R. A., Crawford, C., Marcondes, M., Whitley, N. (May 2024). "2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats – compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 65 (5): 277–316. doi:10.1111/jsap.13718. ISSN   0022-4510.
  11. ↑ Ellis, John A. (2006). "Outbreak! How can we approach emerging diseases?" (PDF). Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
  12. ↑ Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks H, Brownlie J (2003). "Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease". Virology. 310 (2): 216–23. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00160-0 . PMC   7126160 . PMID   12781709.
  13. ↑ Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G, Mari V, Lucente MS, Cordioli P, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C (2006). "Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy". Vet Microbiol. 121 (3–4): 225–30. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.001 . PMC   7117267 . PMID   17215093.
  14. 1 2 Yachi A, Mochizuki M (2006). "Survey of dogs in Japan for group 2 canine coronavirus infection". J Clin Microbiol. 44 (7): 2615–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02397-05. PMC   1489469 . PMID   16825396.
  15. ↑ Priestnall S, Brownlie J, Dubovi E, Erles K (2006). "Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus". Vet Microbiol. 115 (1–3): 43–53. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.008 . PMC   7117349 . PMID   16551493.
  16. ↑ Vlasova, A. N.; Diaz, A.; Damtie, D.; Xiu, L.; Toh, T. H.; Lee, J. S.; Saif, L. J.; Gray, G. C. (2021). "Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (3): 446–454. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab456. PMC   8194511 . PMID   34013321.

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