COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Last updated

COVID-19 pandemic in Africa
Disease COVID-19
Virus strain SARS-CoV-2
LocationAfrica
First outbreak Wuhan, Hubei, China
Arrival date14 February 2020
(4 years, 2 weeks and 4 days ago)
Confirmed cases11,984,539 (as of 10 May) [1]
Active cases562,295 (as of 10 May) [1]
Recovered11,168,212 (as of 10 May) [1]
Deaths
254,032 (as of 10 May) [1]
Territories
58 [1]

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in Egypt. [2] [3] The first confirmed case in sub-Saharan Africa was announced in Nigeria at the end of February 2020. [4] Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent, as Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020. [5] [6] By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited. [7] Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated. [8]

Contents

In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries. [9] By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new Covid cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including Malawi and Senegal, recorded an uptick in new cases. [10] The World Health Organization labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'. [11]

Many preventive measures have been implemented by different countries in Africa. These include travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations, [12] school closures, and border closures. [13] It is believed that there is widespread under-reporting in many African countries with less developed healthcare systems. [14] According to the autumn 2020 seroprevalence study in Juba in South Sudan, less than 1% of infected were actually reported. [15] Similar results were found in 2022 by WHO modelers. [16]

New variants of concern of the virus were found in Africa: in February 2020 the Beta variant in South Africa, [17] in December 2020 the Eta variant in Nigeria, [18] [19] and in November 2021 the Omicron variant in Botswana. [20]

The African Union secured close to 300 million COVID-19 vaccine doses in the largest such agreement yet for Africa; it was announced on 13 January 2021. This is independent of the global Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (COVAX) effort aimed at distributing COVID-19 vaccines to lower-income countries. [21] Notably, however, African countries were being charged more than double what European countries had to pay for certain vaccines. [22] The Group of Seven (G-7) promised an equitable distribution of vaccines on 19 February 2021, although few details were provided. [23] The United Arab Emirates has also stepped forward as a vaccine provider for the continent. [24] [25]

Despite these breakthroughs, Africa is the world's least vaccinated continent. [26] At the beginning of June 2021 the World Health Organization reported that COVID-19 vaccine shipments had ground to a "near halt" in Africa. [27] On 8 June, the Sudanese-British billionaire philanthropist Mo Ibrahim sharply criticized the international community for failing to ensure equitable vaccine distribution across the globe. [28] By 8 July 2021, only 2% of the continent had been inoculated. [10]

Several African governments are experiencing criticism for a perceived lack of readiness, corruption scandals, and forcing new lockdowns too late, undermining trust in the state. Currently, twenty of the 39 nations on the World Bank's harmonised list of fragile and conflict-affected states are in Africa. [29] [30]

To support the COVID-19 recovery, Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole would need to raise expenditure by around 6% of GDP ($100 billion), whereas MENA would need to boost spending by 9% of GDP. [31] [32]

Overall history

By the second week of June 2020, Africa had surpassed 200,000 cases in total. [33] The number of confirmed new cases accelerated in June, with the continent having taken 98 days to record the first 100,000 cases, and 18 days for the second 100,000. The pace of acceleration has continued, with cases passing both the 300,000 and 400,000 marks on 6 July. On 8 July 2020, cases had exceeded half a million. Half of the 500,000 cases reported in the continent are from South Africa or Egypt. [34] Ten countries account for 80% of the reported cases. [34] The World Health Organization voiced alarm at the spread in Africa on 20 July 2020, stating that South Africa's surging numbers could be a precursor for further outbreaks across the continent. [35] The number exceeded a million by 6 August, with five countries making up over 75% of the total confirmed cases: South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia and Nigeria. [36] The true case numbers are believed to be significantly higher than the confirmed counts, due to low testing rates in many African countries. [37] The mortality rates of African countries, however, are relatively low compared to Europe due to the younger age of their populations. [36] On 21 August the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) expressed "cautious optimism" as the number of new cases took a downturn, while warning against complacency. [38] In some countries, the number of cases began to rise. On 29 October, John Nkengasong, the head of Africa CDC, said: "The time to prepare for a second wave is truly now." [39]

On 12 November, Africa CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that confirmed cases have been increasing since July, particularly in North Africa (Tunisia, Morocco and Libya). The curve has flattened in South Africa and Kenya, while Senegal and Equatorial Guinea have seen a steady decline. [40]

During the summer of 2021, the number of cases increased and reached almost 202,000 a week by 27 June. [41] As of 13 July 2021, 22 of the 55 African states had reported cases of the Delta variant. [41]

For the first time since the apex of the fourth wave generated by the Omicron strain, the weekly number of COVID-19 cases in Africa has "significantly decreased," and the number of deaths has also decreased, according to a statement released by the World Health Organization on Thursday, 10 February 2022. [42]

African countries contributed significantly to the identification of the Omicron variant in November 2021, when Tulio de Oliveira of Stellenbosch University, a Brazilian-born bioinformatician, for the first time informed the public of the variant’s dozens of mutations, making it more contagious globally. African academics have sharply criticised the 'Global North' for hogging crucial vaccines, unfairly imposing travel bans, and depriving African scientists of the credits they deserve for sequencing new emerging variants. [43]

Statistics


Total confirmed cases by country

Daily cases for the most infected African countries:


The number of active cases by country. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]


Confirmed cases by country and territory

Summary table of confirmed cases in Africa (as of 28 May 2023)
Country/TerritoryCasesActive casesRecoveriesDeathsRef
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 4,076,46361,3623,912,506102,595 [1]
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 1,274,1801,7321,256,15116,297 [1]
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 1,153,26129,415 [1]
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 516,02349,228442,18224,613 [1]
Flag of Libya.svg Libya 507,2627500,8186,437 [1]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 500,8905,196488,1207,574 [1]
Flag of France.svg Réunion 486,58867,095418,572921 [1]
Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 343,99579339,8584,058 [1]
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 343,07477337,3095,688 [1]
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 329,86212327,0492,801 [1]
Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 271,83581,909183,0456,881 [1]
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 266,6753,567259,9533,155 [1]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 264,848270258,8885,690 [1]
Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 233,4172,369228,8052,243 [1]
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 171,65734170,1611,462 [1]
Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 171,310120167,0994,091 [1]
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 170,77566,712100,4313,632 [1]
Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 133,19479131,6471,468 [1]
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 125,036257122,8071,972 [1]
Flag of Angola.svg Angola 105,38431103,4191,934 [1]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo 96,65210,69684,4891,467 [1]
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 88,997287,0241,971 [1]
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 88,72839185,6512,686 [1]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 88,330487,492834 [1]
Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 74,67012973,1161,425 [1]
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 68,2811166,8461,424 [1]
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 63,99326458,6835,046 [1]
Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 63,90824763,357414 [1]
Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 63,71524762,471997 [1]
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi 53,75114453,56938 [1]
Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 50,9371550,750172 [1]
Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 48,9921148,674307 [1]
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 43,078846 [1]
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 42,51872940,7401,049 [1]
Flag of France.svg Mayotte 42,027188 [1]
Flag of Togo.svg Togo 39,497439,203290 [1]
Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 38,56333837,757468 [1]
Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 34,7908,08725,980723 [1]
Flag of Mali.svg Mali 33,1487432,331743 [1]
Flag of Benin.svg Benin 28,014427,847163 [1]
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 27,33412,79113,1821,361 [1]
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo 25,37598324,006386 [1]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 22,0566421,596396 [1]
Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 18,36811518,115138 [1]
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 17,22913916,907183 [1]
Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 15,6907415,427189 [1]
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 15,3685515,200113 [1]
Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 12,6266512,189372 [1]
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 10,189010,086103 [1]
Flag of Niger.svg Niger 9,9317298,890312 [1]
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 9,6145088,929177 [1]
Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 9,10998,939161 [1]
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 8,090127,783295 [1]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 7,762126 [1]
Flag of Chad.svg Chad 7,7012,6334,874194 [1]
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Principe 6,58666,50080 [1]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Western Sahara 10091 [1]
Totals12,823,522479,27812,085,,479258,765

Timeline by country and territory

Algeria

The first case in the country was confirmed on 25 February. On the morning of 2 March, Algeria confirmed two new cases of the coronavirus, a woman and her daughter. [56] On 3 March, Algeria reported another two new cases of the coronavirus. The two new cases were from the same family, a father and daughter, and were living in France. [57] On 4 March, the Ministry of Health recorded four new confirmed cases of the coronavirus, all from the same family, bringing the total number to 12 confirmed cases. [58] [57]

According to WHO prediction modelling estimates Algeria faces a relatively high risk for a spread of COVID-19 if containment measures such as contact tracing are not prioritized. [59]

Angola

On 21 March, the first two cases in the country were confirmed. [60] Effective 20 March, all Angolan borders were closed for 15 days. [61]

As of 18 April 2020, there were a total of 19 confirmed cases, two deaths and six recovered cases. [62]

By December 2020 the total confirmed cases was 17,433, with 10,859 recoveries and 405 deaths. There were 6,169 active cases at the end of the month. [63]

Benin

On 16 March 2020, the first case in the country was confirmed. [64] As of 18 April, there was a total of 35 confirmed cases, one death and 18 recovered cases. [62]

The total number of confirmed cases was 3,251 in December. There were 3,061 recovered patients, 44 deaths, and 146 active cases at the end of the year. [65]

Botswana

On 30 March, the first three cases in Botswana were confirmed. [66]

To prevent the further spread of the disease, the government has banned gatherings of more than 50 people and the entry of people from countries deemed high-risk. [67] [68] the borders would be closed and Citizens of Botswana are permitted to return but must be quarantined for 14 days. [69] All schools were also closed from 20 March. [70]

Burkina Faso

On 9 March 2020, the first two cases in the country were reported in Burkina Faso. [71] On 13 March, the third case was also confirmed, a person who had had direct contact with the first two cases. [72] As of 14 March, a total of seven cases had been confirmed in the country. Five of the new confirmed cases had had direct contact with the first two cases. One was an English national employed at a gold mine in the country who vacationed in Liverpool and came back on 10 March, transiting through Vancouver and Paris. [73]

As of 18 April 2020 there were a total of 557 confirmed cases, 35 deaths and 294 recovered cases. [62]

By the end of December 2020, there were 6,631 total cases, 4,978 recoveries, 1,569 active cases, and 84 deaths. [74]

Burundi

On 31 March, the first two cases in the country were confirmed. [75] The president of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, died during the pandemic; officially he died of a heart attack, but it is speculated that he may have died from COVID-19 with members of his family also reported to have contracted the disease. [76]

Cameroon

On 6 March the first case was confirmed in Cameroon. [77] According to WHO prediction modelling estimates Cameroon faces a relatively high risk for a spread of COVID-19 if containment measures such as contact tracing are not prioritized. [59]

Cameroon reported 27,336 total cases, 1,993 active cases, and 451 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 17 deaths per one million population. [78]

Cape Verde

On 20 March, the first case in the country was confirmed, a 62-year-old from the United Kingdom. [79] [80]

Central African Republic

The country's first case was announced on 14 March, with the patient being identified as a 74-year-old Italian man who returned to the Central African Republic from Milan, Italy. [81]

Chad

On 19 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [82] Over 4,000 people so far have tested positive [83]

As a preventive measure, the government cancelled all flights into the country, except for cargo flights. [84] [85]

Comoros

As a preventive measure, arriving travellers were to be quarantined for 14 days upon arrival. To prevent the spread of the virus, the government has cancelled all incoming flights and banned large gatherings. [86] On 15 April 2020, a person arriving in Mayotte from the Comoros tested positive for COVID-19. [87]

On 30 April, the first case was confirmed in the Comoros. [88] On 4 May, the first death was announced. [89] 54 people had been tested, and 53 contacts had been traced. [90]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

In the DRC, the MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade has taken measures to boost hygiene to help slow the spread of the virus. Woman washing hands in DRC - Covid-19.jpg
In the DRC, the MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade has taken measures to boost hygiene to help slow the spread of the virus.

On 10 March, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the country. [91] As of March 2021, over 25,000 people had tested positive [92] [93] As of 27 July 2021, the Delta variant had been detected in 76% of analyzed samples. [41]

Prevention measures

On 19 March, President Félix Tshisekedi announced that all flights would be suspended. [94] The president imposed a state of emergency and closed the borders. [95] Schools, bars, restaurants, and places of worship were also closed.

Republic of the Congo

The country's first case was announced on 14 March, a 50-year-old man who had returned to the Republic of the Congo from Paris, France. [96]

Djibouti

On 18 March, the first case in Djibouti was confirmed. [1]

Egypt

Egypt's health ministry announced the first case in the country at Cairo International Airport involving a Chinese national on 14 February. [97] [2] On 6 March, the Egyptian Health Ministry and WHO confirmed 12 new cases of coronavirus infection. [98] The infected persons were among the Egyptian staff aboard the Nile cruise ship MS River Anuket, which was travelling from Aswan to Luxor. On 7 March 2020, health authorities announced that 45 people on board had tested positive, and that the ship had been placed in quarantine at a dock in Luxor. [99]

People eat in front of a mural depicting people wearing face masks at a cafe in Cairo, August 2020 mqh~ blqhr@ bh jrfyty lltw`y@ blbs lkimm@ lkmm@ llwqy@ mn kwfyd 19 mn lntshr , tSwyr 'Hmd Hmd.jpg
People eat in front of a mural depicting people wearing face masks at a café in Cairo, August 2020

Egypt reported 152,719 total cases, 24,045 active cases, and 8,362 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 81 deaths per one million population. [78]

In January 2021, the relative of a 62-year-old COVID-19 patient who died in Egypt's El Husseineya Central Hospital due to the shortage of oxygen posted a video of the hospital on Facebook. The video that showed the medical staff in distress, resuscitating a man with the help of a manual ventilator went viral on the Internet, inviting global attention concerning the government's shortcomings in handling the pandemic. Four patients had died that day and the official statement issued by the hospital concluded that the patients developed "complications", denying "any connection" of their deaths with the shortage of oxygen. An investigation led by the New York Times found otherwise in which statements given during interviews by both, the patients' relatives, as well as the medical staff, confirmed the cause of death as deprivation of oxygen. [100] Egypt began vaccinating healthcare workers on 24 January. More than 300 doctors have died. [101]

Equatorial Guinea

On 14 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [102]

Eritrea

On 20 March, the first case in Eritrea was confirmed. [103]

Eswatini

On 14 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [104]

Ethiopia

The country's first case was announced on 13 March, which is a Japanese man who had arrived in the country on 4 March from Burkina Faso. [105] Three additional cases of the virus were reported on 15 March. The three individuals had close contact with the person who was reported to be infected by the virus on 13 March. Since then, eight more confirmed cases were reported by the health ministry to the public, bringing the total to twelve. Among the infected individuals an elderly Ethiopian in her eighties has been said to have some escalating symptoms while other eight have been on a recovery route and showing fewer symptoms of the disease. On 27 March, another statement was issued by the health minister stating that four additional cases have been identified while one case being in the Adama city of the Oromia regional state and the other three being in Addis Ababa. Moreover, three more cases were confirmed by the Health Minister on 31 March 2020. Similarly, the following day another three cases were added. On the previous press release the government authorities had noted that one case was retested and confirmed negative and two of the confirmed cases have been sent to their country (Japan). In aggregate, twenty-nine cases are confirmed as of 1 April 2020. On 3 April 2020 due to further tests made, six additional cases have been discovered moving up the tally to thirty-five. Measures are being taken by the government and the community together strictly to suppress the further spreading of this deadly virus. Among the six cases identified there were individuals with no traveling history recently, that has made it alarming to the public. [1]

The United States delivers 655,200 COVID-19 vaccine doses to Ethiopia on September 23, 2021 The United States Delivers COVID-19 Vaccine Doses to Ethiopia (51512773421).jpg
The United States delivers 655,200 COVID-19 vaccine doses to Ethiopia on September 23, 2021

On 4 April, three additional cases of the virus were reported. All of the cases were from Addis Ababa. Two of the patients, a 29-year-old and a 34-year-old male Ethiopians, had travel histories to Dubai on different dates. The third case is of a 35-year-old female Ethiopian who had arrived from Sweden on 3 April.[31] On the same date, one additional recovery was reported, increasing the total number of recoveries to 4.

On 5 April, five more positive cases of the virus were reported. Three of them are Ethiopians. The other two are Libyan and Eritrean nationals.[33]. There were 43 total cases as of 5 April 2020. On 7 April, more individuals were detected and the total was 54. Among 200+ tests conducted on 8 April 2020, one additional case has been added to the tally making it 55. With the current situation indicating the spread of the virus Ethiopia has declared a state of emergency.

Tilahun Woldemichael, an Ethiopian Orthodox monk who is said to be 114 years old, was released from the hospital on 25 June after being treated with oxygen and dexamethasone for coronavirus. Ethiopia has 5,200 confirmed cases. [106]

Ethiopia reported 129,455 total cases, 12,882 active cases, and 2,006 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This equals 17 deaths per one million population. [78]

Territories of France

Mayotte

The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in the French overseas department and region of Mayotte was reported on 13 March 2020. [107] On 31 March the first person died of COVID-19. [108]

The single hospital in Mayotte was overwhelmed with COVID-19 patients in February 2021. The French army sent in medical workers and a few ICU beds, but it is not enough. [109]

Réunion

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the French overseas department and region of Réunion on 11 March 2020. [110]

Gabon

The country's first case was announced on 12 March, a 27-year-old Gabonese man who returned to Gabon from France 4 days prior to confirmation of the coronavirus. [111]

The Gambia

The Gambia reported its first case of coronavirus from a 20-year-old woman who returned from the United Kingdom on 17 March. [112]

Ghana

A. health education program hosted by Ramafall, a medical company, in a rural Ghanaian community, March 2021 A personnel from Rafamall Inc undertaking health eduction.jpg
A. health education program hosted by Ramafall, a medical company, in a rural Ghanaian community, March 2021

Ghana reported its first two cases on 12 March. The two cases were people who came back to the country from Norway and Turkey, with the contact tracing process beginning. [113] [114]

On 11 March, the Minister of Finance, Ken Ofori-Atta, made the cedi equivalent of $100 million available to enhance Ghana's coronavirus preparedness and response plan.

The Ghana Health Service reported on 6 August that over 2,000 health workers had been infected and six have died. [115]

Ghana reported 56,981 total cases, 1,404 active cases, and 341 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 11 deaths per one million population. [78]

Guinea

On 13 March, Guinea confirmed its first case, an employee of the European Union delegation in Guinea. [116]

A mosque was forcefully opened by faithful in Dubréka in May. [117]

Guinea-Bissau

On 25 March, Guinea-Bissau confirmed its first two COVID-19 cases, a Congolese UN employee and an Indian citizen. [118]

Ivory Coast

On 11 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [119]

Ivory Coast reported 24,369 total cases, 1,373 active cases, and 140 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is five deaths per one million population. [78]

Kenya

Maasai men in Kenya wear masks during a celebratory event, March 2021 Lo'o Paa'pai.jpg
Maasai men in Kenya wear masks during a celebratory event, March 2021

On 12 March 2020, the first case was confirmed in Kenya by President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta. [120]

On 13 March, the first case in Kenya was confirmed, a woman who came from the US via London. [121]

Kenya reported 98,555 total cases, 15,168 active cases, and 1,720 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 32 deaths per one million population. [78]

Lesotho

On 13 May, the first case in Lesotho was confirmed. [6] [122]

The country recorded its first death on 9 July. [123]

Liberia

On 16 March, the first case in Liberia was confirmed. [124] [125]

Churches and mosques were allowed to reopen as of 17 May. [117]

Libya

On 17 March, to prevent the spread of the virus, the UN-recognised Government of National Accord closed the country's borders, suspended flights for three weeks and banned foreign nationals from entering the country; schools, cafes, mosques and public gatherings have also been closed. [126]

On 24 March, the first case in Libya was confirmed. [127]

Libya reported 106,670 total cases, 21,730 active cases, and 1,629 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 235 deaths per one million population. [78]

Madagascar

On 20 March, the three first cases were confirmed in Madagascar. All were women. [128] Madagascar had a total 225 confirmed coronavirus cases, 98 recoveries, and no deaths as of 8 May 2020. [129]

Madagascar's plant-based "cure" called COVID-19 Organics is being pushed despite warnings from the World Health Organization that its efficacy is unproven. Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, and Guinea Bissau have all already received thousands of doses of COVID-19 Organics free of charge. [129]

Malawi

On 2 April, the three first cases were confirmed in Malawi. [130]

In April 2020 the High Court of Malawi issued an order temporarily blocking the lockdown measures imposed by the government of Malawi. [131] [132] In August 2020 the government of Malawi instituted additional measures including mandatory mask wearing in public areas to stem the spread of the virus [133]

Mali

On 25 March, the two first cases were confirmed in Mali. [134]

Mauritania

On 13 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [135]

By 18 April 2020, there had been 7 confirmed cases in the country, 6 of whom recovered, and one died making Mauritania at the time the only affected country in Africa and in the world to become free of COVID-19. [136]

A further case was confirmed on 29 April. [137] [ non-primary source needed ]

Mauritius

A medical worker processes COVID-19 diagnostic tests in Mauritius, September 2020 COVID-19 Equipment to Mauritius (05890199) (50345745557).jpg
A medical worker processes COVID-19 diagnostic tests in Mauritius, September 2020

Since the first three cases of COVID-19 were confirmed on 18 March 2020, the Mauritian authorities have been conducting 'Contact tracing': people who have been in contact with infected patients have been placed under quarantine, including doctors, nurses and police officers. [138] [139] [140] No cases have been reported in Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. [141] [142] On 1 May 2020, the Prime Minister announced that the ongoing COVID-19 curfew will be extended to 1 June 2020 and schools will remain closed until 1 August 2020. As of 15 May 2020, more businesses were allowed to operate, namely bakeries, hardware stores and fish markets and the opening hours of supermarkets were extended to 20 00 hrs. Banks continued to operate under strict hygiene protocol. [143] [144] [145] On 13 May 2020, the government elaborated strict guidelines and regulations that both commuters and public transport operators will have to adhere to. These guidelines and regulations were in line with Government's strategy to ensure that there is no risk of the propagation of COVID-19 as the country gradually prepares itself to allow certain economic activities to resume as from 15 May 2020. [146] [147] On 15 May 2020, Mauritius embarks on the first phase of easing its lockdown protocol. [148]

Morocco

On 2 March, Morocco recorded its first case of COVID-19. It was a Moroccan national residing in Italy who had returned to Morocco. [149]

Mozambique

The country's first case was announced on 22 March, a 75-year-old man who returned from the United Kingdom. [150]

Mozambique reported 23,726 total cases, 5,239 active cases, and 205 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 39 deaths per one million population. [78]

Namibia

On 14 March, the first two cases in the country were confirmed. [151] In a first reaction by government air travel to and from Qatar, Ethiopia and Germany was suspended for 30 days. All public and private schools were closed for a month, and gatherings were restricted to fewer than 50 people. This included celebrations for the 30th anniversary of Namibian independence that took place on 21 March. [152] Libraries, museums, and art galleries were also closed. [153]

On 17 March, President Hage Geingob declared a state of emergency as a legal basis to restrict fundamental rights, e.g. to freely move and assemble, guaranteed by the Constitution. [154]

By 25 March 2020 the total number of cases reached seven, of which one was thought to be a local transmission. A 21-day lockdown of the regions of Erongo and Khomas was announced for 27 March with inter-regional travel forbidden, excluding the commuter towns of Okahandja and Rehoboth. Parliament sessions were suspended for the same period, and bars and markets were closed. [155] On 14 April this lockdown was extended for another 2 weeks ending 4 May, now encompassing all regions, although the stay-at-home order was already enforced countrywide. [156]

After 5 April 2020, when 16 cases were identified, no new infections occurred until the end of April. Government subsequently eased the restrictions as from 5 May. [157] The country recorded its first death on 10 July. [158] [ non-primary source needed ]

Namibia reported 29,183 total cases, 3,504 active cases, and 271 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 106 deaths per one million population. [78]

In July 2022, government ended all national restrictions. In August 2022, six small border posts that had remained closed throughout the pandemic, were reopened. The only remaining restriction is that international travellers have to produce a document showing they are vaccinated, or a negative PCR test. [159]

Niger

Niger confirmed its first case on 19 March 2020. [160]

There were 1,720 new cases in December, raising the total number of confirmed cases to 3,268. The death toll rose to 104. The number of recovered patients increased to 1,802, leaving 1,362 active cases at the end of the year. [65]

Nigeria

Medical workers in Nigeria, March 2021 Tour 1.jpg
Medical workers in Nigeria, March 2021

On 27 February, Nigeria confirmed its first case, the first case of coronavirus in sub-Saharan Africa. [4] [161] An Italian citizen who works in Nigeria had returned on 25 February from Milan, Italy through the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, fell ill on 26 February and was transferred to Lagos State Biosecurity Facilities for isolation and testing. [162] [4] [163] The test was confirmed positive by the Virology Laboratory of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, part of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. [164] He was transferred to the Infectious Disease Hospital in Yaba, Lagos. [163] On 28 February, the Lagos State Commissioner for Health announced that the Italian man had travelled on Turkish Airlines with a brief transit at Istanbul. [165] As of 6 March, a total of 219 primary and secondary contacts of the index case had been identified and were being actively monitored. [166]

Volunteers on COVID-19 information awareness in Nigeria, June 2020 20210415 213318 COVID 19 Safety.jpg
Volunteers on COVID-19 information awareness in Nigeria, June 2020

Lock-down measures

The Federal government of Nigeria has instructed institutions to shut down for 30 days as a lockdown measure to limit the spread of COVID-19. It has also banned public gatherings. The state government of Lagos has asked schools to close and banned public gatherings of more than 50 people, particularly religious gatherings. [167] [168]

Several schools in Nigeria have shut down, following the directives of the federal government at Abuja. This led the Management of one of the most populated schools in Nigeria, the Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri to declare an emergency holidays a precaution against COVID-19, stating that the emergency holiday will last for 30 days. The institution had already fixed the dates for the 2019–2020 academic year examinations. [169]

High-profile individuals with COVID-19

Reports have shown that some high-profile individuals in Nigeria have tested positive for coronavirus. The Nigeria's high profiled persons that have tested positive for COVID-19 are: Buhari's chief of staff, Abba Kyari, Governor of Bauchi state Bala Mohammed, Governor of Oyo state, Seyi Makinde, Governor of Kaduna state Nasir el-Rufai, Governor of Ekiti state, Kayode Fayemi, Governor of Delta state Ifeanyi Okowa, Governor of Ebonyi state, Dave Umahi, Governor of Ondo state Rotimi Akeredolu. In June 2020, the former governor of Oyo state Abiola Ajimobi also announced he tested positive, he later died from the disease on 25 June 2020. On 19 July 2020, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Geoffrey Onyeama, a member of the presidential task force on COVID-19, also announced he had tested positive. [170] [171] [172]

As Muhammadu Buhari's closest staff, Nigerians suspected that the president would have the virus as his chief of staff tested positive. Meanwhile, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) reported that president Buhari tested negative after the test was carried out on him. [173]

In Nigeria, there were widespread fears that the chief of staff, Abba Kyari who had tested positive for the coronavirus, may have transmitted it to others, including governor Yahaya Bello of Kogi, minister of information, Lai Mohammed, special assistant to the president on media, Garba Shehu; minister of special duties, George Akume; minister of state for FCT, Ramatu Tijani; Geoffrey Onyeama, and other dignitaries and visitors at the prayers held on 17 March 2020, for the deceased mother of the Kogi State governor. [171]

The governor of Kogi State, Yahaya Bello was tested for coronavirus, but tested negative. Others from the list who met with Abba Kyari also tested negative for the disease. [174]

Peter Yariyok Jatau, 89, Roman Catholic prelate, former archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, [175] and Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko, 65, Olu of Warri, died of COVID-19 on 17 and 21 December, respectively.

Territories of Portugal

Madeira

Rwanda

On 14 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [176]

In an interview with the Financial Times on 20 April, President Paul Kagame said he believes it will cost $100 billion (£80 billion) and an entire generation for Africa to recuperate from the pandemic. [177]

São Tomé and Príncipe

On 6 April, the first four cases in the country were confirmed. The first death was recorded on 30 April. [178] [ non-primary source needed ]

Senegal

Medical workers at Ouakam Military Hospital in Senegal, July 2021 Ouakam Military Hospital, Senegal - MEDREX 21-4 (51357165209).jpg
Medical workers at Ouakam Military Hospital in Senegal, July 2021

On 2 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [179]

Mosques are allowed to reopen for Ramadan despite 2,000 confirmed cases of the virus. [117]

Police used tear gas to break up a demonstration in Ngor, Dakar after President Macky Sall declared a 9 p.m.–5 a.m. curfew in Dakar and Thiès Region on 13 January 2021. [180] Senegal reported 21,883 total cases, 2,773 active cases, and 489 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 29 deaths per one million population. [78]

Seychelles

Seychelles reported its first two cases on 14 March. The two cases were people who were in contact with someone in Italy who tested positive. [181] As of January 2021, there had been one death in Seychelles. [182]

Sierra Leone

On 16 March, the government banned public officials from travelling abroad, and urged citizens to avoid foreign travel. [183] [184] Quarantine measures were put in place for all visitors arriving from countries with more than 50 cases. [183] Public gatherings of more than 100 people were also banned. [183] On 24 March, President Julius Maada Bio announced a year-long 'state of emergency' to deal with a potential outbreak. [185]

The president of Sierra Leone confirmed the country's first case of coronavirus on 31 March, a person who traveled from France on 16 March and had been in isolation since. [186]

Somalia

A shop owner receives a COVID-19 vaccination from an AMISOM worker in Mogadishu, Somalia, August 2021 Somalian shop owner takes the COVID-19 jab (51411824677).jpg
A shop owner receives a COVID-19 vaccination from an AMISOM worker in Mogadishu, Somalia, August 2021

On 16 March, the first case in Somalia was confirmed. [125] Somalia's Health Ministry reported that this was a Somali citizen returning home from China. [187]

Puntland

The first case and fatality was confirmed on 23 April 2020. [188] Six months later there had been around 500 cases and at least nine deaths.

Somaliland

On 31 March, the first two cases in Somaliland were confirmed. The two cases were a Somaliland citizen and a Chinese national. [189]

South Africa

Confirmed COVID-19 cases in South Africa. Covid-19 cases in South Africa.svg
Confirmed COVID-19 cases in South Africa.
COVID-19 active cases in South Africa Za-covid-actives.svg
COVID-19 active cases in South Africa

First wave (March 2020 – November 2020)

On 5 March 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was announced in South Africa, by a passenger returning from Italy. This resulted in President Cyril Ramaphosa declaring a national state of disaster on 15 March 2020 and the implementation of the national lockdown beginning on 26 March [190] [191]

Sign on a highway near Paarl, South Africa, informing the public of the COVID-19 lockdown, April 2020 COVID19 sign N1 on highway Western Cape.jpg
Sign on a highway near Paarl, South Africa, informing the public of the COVID-19 lockdown, April 2020

From 1 May 2020, a gradual and phased easing of the lockdown restrictions began, lowering the national alert level to level 4. On 1 June 2020, it was eased to level 3. On 15 August, President Ramaphosa announced that after the passing of the COVID-19 peak, the lockdown will be lowered to level 2. On 21 September, lockdown was finally eased to level 1 [192] [193] [194]

Second wave (December 2020 – April 2021)

People practicing social distancing during a shopping outing in South Africa, May 2020 RSA-Social distancing-May-2020.png
People practicing social distancing during a shopping outing in South Africa, May 2020

After the discovery of the 501Y.V2 variant on 18 December 2020, and the rise of cases after surpassing 1 million people testing positive, it was announced on 28 December that the country would go back to a partial lockdown level 3 to reduce the speed of the second wave during the festive season. It was then lowered back to a level 1 after numbers declined. [195] [196]

The national vaccination program in South Africa was set to begin in early February 2021, after receiving its 1st 1,000,000 doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, but on 7 February, SAHPRA suspended the vaccine after it proved to be ineffective against the 501Y.V2 variant [197] [198] [199]

On 17 February 2021, the national COVID vaccination program was officially rolled out after South Africa received its first consignment of 80,000 doses of the Janssen vaccine. So far SAHPRA has approved the Pfizer/BioNTech and Janssen vaccines for use, with Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine currently suspended due to its ineffectiveness. Currently, 220 million doses of the Janssen vaccine is in the process of being manufactured locally, with the country currently in phase 2 targeting mainly people over the age of 60 and frontline workers. [200] [201] [202] [203]

Third wave (May 2021–present)

On 30 May, President Ramaphosa, addressed the nation announcing the tightening of restrictions from adjusted level lockdown 1 to 2. [204] This comes close to the recent sequencing of B.1.617.2 variant. [205] [206] [204] The third COVID-19 wave had taken hold. [207]

South Sudan

On 5 April, the first case was confirmed. [208]

Two cases COVID-19 were confirmed on 13 May in a crowded civilian protection camp in Juba. The camp houses 30,000 people. [209]

Territories of Spain

Canary Islands

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the Canary Islands on 31 January 2020. [210] [211] 2,275 confirmed cases and 151 deaths were reported as of 15 May 2020.

Ceuta

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached in Ceuta on 13 March 2020. [212]

Melilla

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached in Melilla on 10 March 2020. [212] As of 16 February 2021, 6,675 cases had been confirmed with 472 patients hospitalized, and 62 deaths. [213]

Sudan

The country's first case was announced on 13 March, a man who had died in Khartoum the previous day. He had visited the United Arab Emirates in the first week of March. [214]

By 29 May, a surge of reported deaths in North Darfur raised fears of a serious outbreak in the region, although testing remains poor. [215]

Sudan reported 25,730 total cases, 8,914 active cases, and 1,576 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 36 deaths per one million population. [78]

Tanzania

On 16 March 2020, the first case was confirmed. [125] Tanzanian authorities stopped reporting case numbers in May. [216] [217]

An artist painting a COVID-19 awareness mural in Tanzania, June 2020 COVID 19 AWARENESS MURAL.jpg
An artist painting a COVID-19 awareness mural in Tanzania, June 2020

The government announced in January 2021 that it had no plans in participate in vaccination projects encouraged by the WHO. The Catholic Church in Africa said it had observed an increase in Requiem masses and blamed funerals on an increase in COVID-19 infections. [218]

On 17 February, Seif Sharif Hamad, 77, vice president of Zanzibar died of acute pneumonia related to COVID-19. [219]

President John Magufuli died of a heart condition on 17 March, although many suspect it was COVID-19 related. Doctors expressed hope that the new president would bring positive change to the way the pandemic is addressed. [220]

Togo

On 6 March 2020, the first case in the country was confirmed. [221] As of 17 February 2021, 5,953 confirmed cases, 5,094 recoveries, and 81 deaths had been reported. [222]

Tunisia

On 2 March, the first case in the country was confirmed. [223] [224]

168,568 total cases, 40,378 active cases, and 5,415 total deaths were reported on 13 January 2021 in Tunisia. This is a death rate of 456 per one million population. [78]

Uganda

Students wear masks at school in Uganda, February 2021 Class after the pandemic.jpg
Students wear masks at school in Uganda, February 2021

On 20 March, the first case in Uganda was confirmed. [103] [225] [ non-primary source needed ]

The first confirmed death was on 24 July. [226]

Uganda reported 38,085 total cases, 24,698 active cases, and 304 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is seven deaths per one million population. [78] As of 27 July 2021, the Delta variant had been detected in 97% of analyzed samples. [41]

Territories of United Kingdom

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

On 16 March three people who arrived by air to Ascension Island showed symptoms of COVID-19. [227] However, on 23 March it was announced that they had tested negative on 22 March [228]

On 17 March all travel by air to the Saint Helena island was banned, except for island citizens or residents and similar cases. [229] There were no known cases on Saint Helena at this time. [230]

On 16 March as a precaution the Tristan da Cunha Island Council on Tristan da Cunha made the decision to ban visitors to the island to prevent the potential transmission of the disease to islanders. [231]

On 7 September 2020, the Ascension Island Government announced two weak positives cases, [232] subsequently tested negatives and confirmed as historical infection on 9 September. [233] The Ascension Island Government reported one other weak positive case on 16 November, [234] subsequently tested negative on 18 November [235] and a positive case in isolation on 24 December 2020. [236] The case was tested negative on 6 January 2021. [237]

On 26 March 2021, a low positive case on a passenger arrived by flight on 24 March is reported by Saint Helena Health directorate. [238] The passenger was tested negative on 29 March 2021. [239] On 27 March 2021, Saint Helena government announced positive cases on a fishing vessel. [240] [ non-primary source needed ]

Western Sahara

On 4 April, the first four cases in Moroccan-controlled part of Western Sahara were confirmed. [241] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic reported its first cases on 25 July 2020. [242]

Zambia

Zambia reported its first 2 cases of COVID-19 on 18 March. The patients were a couple that had travelled to France on holiday. [243] A third case was recorded on 22 March. The patient was a man who had travelled to Pakistan. [244]

On 25 March, President Edgar Lungu confirmed a total of 12 cases. He also announced measures which includes suspension of international flights Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe, Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula and Mfuwe International Airports and re-routing of all international flights to Kenneth Kaunda International Airport to facilitate screening of incoming passengers and mandatory quarantine where necessary, closure of all bars, nightclubs, casinos, cinemas and gyms and restriction of all public gatherings to 50 people or less. [245]

By 17 March, the government had shut all educational institutions and put in place some restrictions on foreign travel. [246]

On 19 August, the Vice President of Zambia Inonge Wina tested positive for COVID-19. [247]

Zambia reported 31,100 total cases, 9,023 active cases, and 509 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 27 deaths per one million population. [78]

Zimbabwe

A boy wears a mask outdoors in Zimbabwe, May 2020 Boy with catapult.jpg
A boy wears a mask outdoors in Zimbabwe, May 2020

Before there were any confirmed cases in the country, President Emmerson Mnangagwa had declared a national emergency, putting in place travel restrictions and banning large gatherings. [248] [249] The country's defence minister Oppah Muchinguri caused controversy by stating the coronavirus could be a divine punishment on Western nations for imposing sanctions on Zimbabwe. [250]

Its first case was reported on 21 March: it was a male resident of Victoria Falls who travelled from the United Kingdom via South Africa on 15 March. [251]

Police report that 105,000 have been arrested for violating health measures between March and July, including 1,000 arrests for not wearing facemasks on 18 and 19 July. [252]

Zimbabwe reported 24,256 total cases, 10,009 active cases, and 589 total deaths on 13 January 2021. This is 39 deaths per one million population. [78]

Corruption is alleged to exist within the public vaccination program, with priority for receiving vaccines being given to those willing to pay bribes to hospital staff, and members of Zimbabwe's ruling party ZANU-PF. Vaccines are reportedly available within the private health care system at a cost of approximately US$40. [253]

Prevention in other territories

British Indian Ocean Territory

As of 18 January 2021 there had been two cases in Diego Garcia, followed by three arrivals in April 2021 who subsequently tested positive during their 14-day quarantine. Access to the islands, already heavily restricted due to the presence of a military base on Diego Garcia, have been further curtailed, with licenses for visiting vessels suspended. [254]

All people arriving into the territory are subject to a 14-day quarantine; social distancing measures have also been enacted. [255]

Vaccination

Map of countries with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine Covid-19 vaccination in Africa (One Dose).svg
Map of countries with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
COVID-19 vaccination programs are ongoing in the majority countries and territories in Africa, with 51 of 54 African countries having launched vaccination programs by July 2021. [256] As of October 2023, 51.8% of the continent's population is fully vaccinated with over 1084.5 million doses administered. [257]

Background

Impact

Experts have worried about COVID-19 spreading to Africa, because many of the healthcare systems on the continent are inadequate, having problems such as lack of equipment, lack of funding, insufficient training of healthcare workers, and inefficient data transmission. It was feared that the pandemic could be difficult to keep under control in Africa, and could cause huge economic problems if it spread widely. [258] [8]

The pandemic has had a serious economic impact in African countries, damaging the continent's growing middle class and threatening to increase the rates of poverty and extreme poverty. [259] On 23 June 2021, researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Africa Research, Implementation Science and Education (ARISE) Network published six studies on the impact of the virus and control measures on nutrition, health, and areas of existing inequities. [260] Their findings included food price increases, disrupted schooling, and a disruption in health care services. [260]

Previous research found that crowding out grew from 2014 to 2018, reaching high levels in a number of countries, including Ghana, Niger, Tanzania, and Zambia. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Africa's debt accumulation between 2008 and 2017 resulted in increasing public debt on bank balance sheets, higher interest rates on sovereign paper in several African nations, and collapsing banks. Given the enormous growth in indebtedness across Africa in 2020, there is a definite possibility of this cycle recurring, impeding recovery from the pandemic. [261] [262]

COVID-19 Enterprise survey follow-up modules were conducted in nine African nations between 2020 and 2021, producing results consistent with a severe economic effect. [261] [263] Around 88% of enterprises in countries where COVID-19 follow-up surveys were conducted (three in Southern Africa, one in East Africa, four in West Africa, and one in North Africa) were suffering diminished liquidity, with more than 55% of them closing temporarily during the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost 8% had declared bankruptcy, and 26% of enterprises are past due on financial institution commitments. Firms that depend on equity are at 36%. Rather than depending on commercial bank loans to address cash flow issues, these are more likely to succeed at 16%. [261]

Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business, as perceived by banks in sub-Saharan Africa (% respondents) in the European Investment Bank Banking in Africa survey. Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business, as perceived by banks in sub-Saharan Africa (%25 respondents).png
Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business, as perceived by banks in sub-Saharan Africa (% respondents) in the European Investment Bank Banking in Africa survey.

Healthcare systems

As of 18 April 2020, the supply of ventilators was low in much of Africa: 41 countries had only 2,000 ventilators between them, and ten countries had no ventilators at all. Even basic supplies like soap and water are subject to shortages in parts of the continent. [264] The United Nations reported that at least 74 million test kits and 30,000 ventilators were needed for the continent's 1.3 billion people in 2020. [265]

The World Health Organization (WHO) helped many countries on the continent set up laboratories for COVID-19 testing. [258] Matshidiso Moeti of the WHO said: "We need to test, trace, isolate and treat". [59]

Experts say that experience battling Ebola helped some countries prepare for COVID-19. [258] [266] [267]

The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme has been leveraged for surveillance and case-finding. [268] Molecular testing has been scaled up across the continent using existing disease surveillance programs such as those for HIV, drug-resistant tuberculosis and Lassa fever. [268] Pooled testing to expedite processing times has been pioneered in countries such as Ghana. [268] [269]

Key leadership has been provided at country and regional level by public health institutes such as the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, the five regional Centres for Disease Control, and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has worked to support the response across the continent and distributed tests donated by the Jack Ma Foundation. [270] The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization and COVID-19 Africa Open Data Project [271] have collected and reported continent-wide data on the number of cases, recoveries and deaths. The COVID-19 Africa Open Data Project provides additional data on healthcare workers infected, health services, urgent needs and local laboratories. [272]

Vaccination

A nurse prepares to administer a dose of the AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine at Ridge Hospital in Accra, Ghana, March 2021 WHO 20210302 GHANA COVAX STORIES 038 89330.jpg
A nurse prepares to administer a dose of the AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine at Ridge Hospital in Accra, Ghana, March 2021

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention director John Nkengasong warned on 10 December that Africa might not see vaccines until after the second quarter of 2021. Separately, Richard Mihigo of the World Health Organization warned against inequality in access to COVID-19 vaccines. [273]

In Egypt, the poverty rate as of February 2021 stood at 29.7 percent, i.e., 30.5 million people. Nevertheless, the authorities were reported to be charging between 100 and 200 EGP (Egyptian Pounds) for a double dose of the COVID-19 vaccine by AstraZeneca. As per the economic conditions in Egypt, two doses of the vaccine were said to exhaust about 13 to 27 percent of the monthly income for people living just above the poverty line. According to unofficial estimates, about 60,000 people died in Egypt between May 2020 and July 2020, due to COVID-19. [274]

Responses

Innovative uses of technology in health and other sectors such as drone delivery of test kits to isolated areas have been piloted. [268]

The European Investment Bank committed €5 billion in new private and public investment throughout Africa in 2020 to assist in mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as addressing the economic consequences of the crisis. [30] [275] [276] 71% of the funds were for the least developed economies. The overall finance will end up supporting more than €12 billion in projects in 28 African countries. This financial support is estimated to help 210 million people be vaccinated against COVID-19, 595,400 homes to receive new electricity, 778,000 people getting a safer water supply. Farmers will also benefit from 26,500 hectares of freshly irrigated land and 3,076 hectares of newly planted forest. [30]

A lasting sustainable recovery from COVID-19 would need an extra $1 trillion in yearly investment for poor countries, on top of the $2.5 trillion annual funding shortfall for the pre-crisis Sustainable Development Goals. [30] [277] [278] [279]

Lockdown

A young boy in Uganda studies at home during the COVID-19 Lockdown, June 2020 A young boy studies at home during the 2020 Covid 19 Lockdown.jpg
A young boy in Uganda studies at home during the COVID-19 Lockdown, June 2020

In March 2020, Matshidiso Moeti of the World Health Organization said that hand washing and physical distancing could be challenging in some places in Africa. It was thought that lockdown may not be possible, and challenges may be exacerbated by the prevalence of diseases such as malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis, and cholera. [258] However, by May, at least 42 African countries had imposed partial or full lockdowns. [280] Advisers say that a strategy based on testing could allow African countries to minimize lockdowns that inflict enormous hardship on those who depend on income earned per day to be able to feed themselves and their families. Additionally, there is an increased risk of famine in several African nations. [281]

Many preventive measures have been implemented in different countries in Africa, including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations, [266] school closures, and border closures. [282] Social influencers and celebrities have joined voices with public health experts urging people to practice social distancing. [268]

Other measures to contain and limit the spread of the virus have included curfews, lockdowns, and enforcing the wearing of face masks. [268]

Local businesses

Local businesses have financially supported response efforts and initiated the manufacture of masks and hand sanitizers. [268]

Social media

There have been significant efforts to combat COVID-19 disinformation and provide accurate information to support the response to COVID-19. [268] [283] The "Verified" social media initiative of the United Nations used "information volunteers" to help debunk false claims about vaccine trials and fake cures. [283] UNESCO #DontGoViral initiative crowdsourced culturally relevant, open-sourced information in local languages. [283] The communications agency 35-North partnered with the COVID-19 Africa Open Data Project to combat misinformation through Telegram and WhatsApp. [284] It also raised the question of public policy and trust in Africa's governments and elsewhere and challenge them in many different aspects. [285]

Opportunities created

COVID-19 made Africans more creative. Africans now produce hand sanitisers, ventilators and face masks and have gotten the hang of smart technologies. [286] [287]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</span>

This is a general overview and status of places affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei in China in December 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Asia</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Asia

The COVID-19 pandemic began in Asia in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and has spread widely through the continent. As of 4 March 2024, at least one case of COVID-19 had been reported in every country in Asia except Turkmenistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in North America</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in North America

The first cases of the COVID-19 pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 in North America were reported in the United States on 23 January 2020. Cases were reported in all North American countries after Saint Kitts and Nevis confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after Bonaire confirmed a case on 16 April.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Bahrain on 21 February 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. During the pandemic, Iraq reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 22 February 2020 in Najaf. By April, the number of confirmed cases had exceeded the hundred mark in Baghdad, Basra, Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Najaf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Egypt

The COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Egypt on 14 February 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Togo</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Togo

The COVID-19 pandemic in Togo was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Togo in March 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The first case in Nepal was confirmed on 23 January 2020 when a 31-year-old student, who had returned to Kathmandu from Wuhan on 9 January, tested positive for the disease. It was also the first recorded case of COVID-19 in South Asia. Nepal's first case of local transmission was confirmed on 4 April in Kailali District. The first death occurred on 14 May. A country-wide lockdown came into effect on 24 March 2020, and ended on 21 July 2020. As of 26 July 2022, the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) has confirmed a total of 984,475 cases, 968,802 recoveries, and 11,959 deaths in the country. In the meantime, 5,804,358 real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) tests have been performed in 40 laboratories across the country. The viral disease has been detected in all provinces and districts of the country, with Bagmati Province and Kathmandu being the worst hit province and district respectively. As for Nepalese abroad, as of 26 July 2020, the Non-Resident Nepali Association has reported a total of 12,667 confirmed cases, 16,190 recoveries, and 161 deaths across 35 countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have spread to Maldives on 7 March 2020 from a 69-year-old Italian tourist who had returned to Italy after spending holidays in Kuredu Resort & Spa. The Health Protection Agency of Maldives confirmed two cases in Maldives, both employees of the resort. Following this, the hotel was locked down with several tourists stranded on the island. As of 11 March, the resorts of Kuredu, Vilamendhoo, Batalaa, and Kuramathi island were also placed under temporary quarantine. Schools were closed as a precaution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Honduras

The COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Honduras on 10 March 2020, when two women tested positive for the virus after one of them landed on Toncontín International Airport in a flight from Madrid, Spain, and the other on Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport in a flight from Geneva, Switzerland. Confirmed cases have been reported in all 18 departments of the country, with the majority of cases located in Cortés and Francisco Morazán.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Kenya on 12 March 2020, with the initial cases reported in the capital city Nairobi and in the coastal area Mombasa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Greenland

The COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have spread to Greenland, an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark, in March 2020. As of 27 May 2020, there had been 13 confirmed cases, but none were in need of hospitalization. Among the first 11, the last infected person had recovered on 8 April 2020, and after that, Greenland has had no known active cases. After a period of time without any new confirmed cases, one was confirmed on 24 May when a person tested positive at the entry into the territory, and another was confirmed at entry on 27 May 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Somalia on 16 March 2020 when the first case was confirmed in Mogadishu. The Somali Prime Minister, Hassan Ali Khaire announced that the government has set aside five million dollars to deal with the disease. The Somali Medical Association is concerned that the death toll in the country will be huge and that Somalia will not be able to recover from the economic effects due to poor working relations between central government and federal states which leads to lack of control by central government, as well and the lack of healthcare infrastructure. It has also been speculated that President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed may use the pandemic as an excuse to postpone elections. There have also been concerns over freedom of the press following arrests and intimidation of journalists who have been covering the pandemic in Somalia.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Burundi on 25 March 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached South Sudan on 5 April 2020. The first four confirmed cases were all UN workers.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Tanzania in March 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Uganda in March 2020.

The first confirmed case relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen was announced on 10 April 2020 with an occurrence in Hadhramaut. Organizations called the news a "devastating blow" and a "nightmare scenario" given the country's already dire humanitarian situation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Belize</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Belize

The COVID-19 pandemic in Belize is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached Belize on 23 March 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Africa

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in Egypt. The first confirmed case in sub-Saharan Africa was announced in Nigeria at the end of February. Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent, as Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May. By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited. Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated. It is believed that there is widespread under-reporting in many African countries with less developed healthcare systems.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 "Coronavirus update (live)" . Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees". BBC News . 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  3. "Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection". Egypt Today . Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case". BBC News. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  5. "Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case". Reuters. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  6. 1 2 "Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  7. Akinwotu E (26 May 2020). "Experts sound alarm over lack of Covid-19 test kits in Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  8. 1 2 Maclean R (17 March 2020). "Africa Braces for Coronavirus, but Slowly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  9. "Third wave sweeps across Africa as Covid vaccine imports dry up". The Guardian. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  10. 1 2 Mendez R (8 July 2021). "Africa suffers worst surge in Covid cases as delta variant spurs third wave of pandemic". CNBC. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  11. Dahir AL (8 July 2021). "Africa marks its 'worst pandemic week' yet, with cases surging and vaccine scarce, the W.H.O. says". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  12. "Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases". CNN . Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  13. "UN Sees Africa Sliding Into Recession Without Debt-Service Help". Bloomberg.com. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  14. Burke J, Mumin AA (2 May 2020). "Somali medics report rapid rise in deaths as Covid-19 fears grow". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  15. Wiens KE, Mawien PN, Rumunu J, Slater D, Jones FK, Moheed S, et al. (June 2021). "Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 IgG in Juba, South Sudan, 20201". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (6): 1598–1606. doi:10.3201/eid2706.210568. PMC   8153877 . PMID   34013872.
  16. Cabore JW, Karamagi HC, Kipruto HK, Mungatu JK, Asamani JA, Droti B, Titi-ofei R, Seydi AB, Kidane SN, Balde T, Gueye AS, Makubalo L, Moeti MR (1 June 2022). "COVID-19 in the 47 countries of the WHO African region: a modelling analysis of past trends and future patterns". The Lancet Global Health. 10 (8): e1099–e1114. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00233-9. PMC   9159735 . PMID   35659911 . Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  17. Latif AA, Mullen JL, Alkuzweny M, Tsueng G, Cano M, Haag E, et al. "B.1.351 Lineage Report". outbreak.info. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  18. "Lineage B.1.525". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  19. "Another new COVID strain found in Nigeria, says Africa CDC". Al Jazeera. 24 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  20. "Lineage B.1.1.529". Archived from the original on 26 November 2021.
  21. "Africa secures 300 million COVID-19 vaccine doses in deal with manufacturers". Africanews. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  22. "'Deeply Alarming': AstraZeneca Charging South Africa More Than Double What Europeans Pay for Covid-19 Vaccine". Common Dreams. 22 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  23. Lawless J (19 February 2021). "G-7 vows 'equitable' world vaccine access, but details scant". AP News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  24. "Vaccine Diplomacy: COVID and the Return of Soft Power". The Globalist. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  25. "Covid-19 Africa: What is happening with vaccines?". BBC News. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  26. "Rapidly Spreading Variants Compound Africa's Coronavirus Woes". Bloomberg L.P. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  27. "Alarm in Africa: Virus surges, vaccines grind to 'near halt'". AP NEWS. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  28. "Billionaire philanthropist: vaccine hoarding hurts Africa". AP NEWS. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  29. "Africa: Covid-19 Aid Falling Short". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Bank EI (18 November 2021). Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development. European Investment Bank. ISBN   978-92-861-5063-0.
  31. "Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories". IMF. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  32. "Sub-Saharan Africa: Navigating a Long Pandemic". IMF. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  33. "Global report: WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa". The Guardian. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  34. 1 2 "Coronavirus: How fast is it spreading in Africa?". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  35. "Covid-19: Situation in SA 'a warning' for the rest of the continent - WHO". News24. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  36. 1 2 Burke J (6 August 2020). "Total confirmed coronavirus cases in Africa pass 1 million". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  37. "Africa reaches one million confirmed cases, although the true toll may be higher". The New York Times. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  38. "Coronavirus in Africa: 'Signs of hope' as cases level off". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  39. McSweeney E (30 October 2020). "Africa must prepare for second COVID wave, disease control group says". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  40. Mwai P (12 November 2020). "Coronavirus: What's happening to the numbers in Africa?". BBC Reality Check, BBC. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Deadly COVID-19 Delta variant taking hold in Africa". Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  42. "Covid-19 cases in Africa fall by 20% - WHO". Africanews with AFP. Africanews with AFP. Africanews with AFP. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  43. M. WADMAN (6 OCT 2022) AN ADVOCATE FOR AFRICA science.org. Retrieved 26 Oct 2022.
  44. "Active Cases in South Africa". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  45. "Active Cases in Egypt". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  46. "Active Cases in Morocco". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  47. "Active Cases in Algeria". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  48. "Active Cases in Ghana". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  49. "Active Cases in Cameroon". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  50. "Active Cases in Nigeria". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  51. "Active Cases in Guinea". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  52. "Active Cases in Djibouti". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  53. "Active Cases in Cote d'Ivoire". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  54. "Active Cases in Tunisia". Worldometers. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  55. "Mauritius Statistics". Besafemoris. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  56. "Algeria confirms two more coronavirus cases". 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  57. 1 2 "Algeria reports two new coronavirus cases, bringing the total to five". Reuters . 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  58. "ارتفاع عدد الإصابات المؤكدة بفيروس كورونا إلى 12 حالة". النهار أونلاين (in Arabic). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  59. 1 2 3 "New WHO estimates: Up to 190 000 people could die of COVID-19 in Africa if not controlled". WHO | Regional Office for Africa. 7 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  60. "Angola registered its first coronavirus case". Informanté. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  61. Oliveira Y (19 March 2020). "Angola closes borders for 15 days". The Namibian . Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  62. 1 2 3 "Coronavirus: African Union Member States (52) reporting COVID-19 cases, 18th April 2020". CNBC Africa. 18 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  63. "País com 62 novas infecções e duas mortes por covid-19" (in Portuguese). Ver Angola. 31 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  64. "Somalia, Liberia, Benin and Tanzania confirm first coronavirus cases". news.trust.org. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  65. 1 2 "COVID-19 and W/Africa: 1,994 new cases, 31 new deaths in 24 hours". APA. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  66. "Botswana registers first Covid-19 cases as three people test positive". Independent Online. South Africa. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  67. "Coronavirus: Botswana bans US, UK, China arrivals, All learning institutions to be closed on the 23rd March 2020". 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  68. "Botswana bars travellers from coronavirus-hit countries". 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  69. "Botswana, with No COVID-19 Cases, Closes Borders After Death in Zimbabwe | Voice of America – English". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  70. "Botswana schools reopen amid concerns over preparedness". Voice of America. 5 June 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  71. "Burkina Faso Confirms First Cases of Coronavirus". 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  72. "Coronavirus: un troisième cas confirmé au Burkina Faso". VOA (in French). 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  73. Rédaction B24 (14 March 2020). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) : 7 cas confirmés au Burkina". L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 (in French). Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  74. "COVID-19 and W/Africa: 1,994 new cases, 31 new deaths in 24 hours". APA. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  75. "East African nation of Burundi confirms first coronavirus cases – Health Ministry". Reuters. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  76. Pilling D, Schipani A (15 June 2020). "Coronavirus stalks Burundi's political elite after president's death". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  77. "Cameroon Confirms First Case of Coronavirus". The New York Times . Reuters. 6 March 2020. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Coronavirus Update (Live): 92,727,735 Cases and 1,985,084 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic – Worldometer". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  79. "Cape Verde registers an Adverse Analytical Finding of First COVID-19". insp.gov.cv. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  80. "Coronavírus: Inglês de 62 anos é o primeiro caso confirmado em Cabo Verde". publico.pt (in Portuguese). 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  81. "Central African Republic confirms first coronavirus case -WHO". Reuters. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  82. "Chad confirms first case of coronavirus: government statement". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  83. "Chad Coronavirus: 4,427 Cases and 157 Deaths – Worldometer". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  84. "Coronavirus-free Chad shuts borders, airports". The Cable. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  85. "Chad to close airports over coronavirus fears". Medical Xpress . 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  86. "Coronavirus – Comoros travel advice". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  87. "Un cas de Coronavirus a été importé des Comores". Mayotte la 1ère (in French). Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  88. "Comoros reports 1st COVID-19 case". China.org.cn. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  89. "Stop Covid-19 Comores". Stop Coronavirus.km (in French). Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  90. "Bulletin quotidien sur le Covid-19". Stop Coronavirus.km. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  91. "Democratic Republic of Congo confirms first coronavirus case". National Post. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  92. "DR Congo Coronavirus". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  93. "StopCoronavirus RDC". stopcoronavirusdc.info. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  94. "Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  95. Bonnerot C (25 March 2020). "DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak". France 24. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  96. "Congo Republic confirms first coronavirus case -government". 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  97. "Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection". Egypt Today. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  98. "Twelve asymptomatic coronavirus cases registered on Nile cruise ship". Reuters. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  99. Michael M, Magdy S. "Egypt says cruise ship quarantined over new virus cluster". The Washington Post . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  100. "Egypt Denied an Oxygen Failure Killed Covid Patients. We Found That It Did". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  101. "Egypt kicks off vaccine drive as France tightens borders". MSN. Agence France-Presse. 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  102. "Equatorial Guinea announces first coronavirus case". Deccan Herald . 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  103. 1 2 Obulutsa G (21 March 2020). "Angola, Eritrea, Uganda confirm first cases as coronavirus spreads in Africa". National Post. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  104. "Eswatini in Southern Africa reports first coronavirus case". 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  105. "Ethiopia confirms first coronavirus case: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  106. "Ethiopian monk said to be 114 years old survives coronavirus". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  107. Andjilani T (14 March 2020). "Mayotte enregistre un premier cas de Coronavirus". Mayotte 1ère (in French). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  108. "Coronavirus COVID-19 : 12 nouveaux cas confirmés à Mayotte : 94 au total". Mayotte la 1ère (in French). 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  109. Chamsidine S, Charlton A (9 February 2021). "Surging virus in French African outpost reveals inequalities". MSN. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  110. Philippon L (11 March 2020). "Un premier cas de coronavirus confirmé à La Réunion". France Info (in French). Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  111. "Ghana, Gabon confirm first cases of coronavirus". National Post. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  112. "Gambia reports first case of coronavirus -health minister". National Post. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  113. "Ghana, Gabon confirm first cases of coronavirus". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  114. Acheampong K (12 March 2020). "Ghana confirms two Coronavirus cases". Starr Fm . Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  115. Adamu Z (18 July 2020). "Over 2,000 health care workers in Ghana have been infected with coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  116. "EU Employee Tests Positive for Coronavirus in Guinea's First Case". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  117. 1 2 3 "As mosques reopen in West Africa, COVID-19 fears grow". ABC News. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  118. "Guinea-Bissau confirms first two cases of coronavirus". Reuters. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  119. "Ivory Coast confirms first case of coronavirus". Daily Sabah . 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  120. "Kenya coronavirus cases rise to four, CS health – Ministry of Health". Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  121. Merab E. "Kenya confirms first coronavirus case – VIDEO – Daily Nation". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  122. "All 54 African Countries Now Report Coronavirus Cases". Time. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  123. "Lesotho Coronavirus: 134 Cases and 1 Deaths – Worldometer". worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  124. "Liberia Records First Case of Coronavirus; Health Authorities Hold Emergency Meeting". FrontPage Africa . 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  125. 1 2 3 Burke J (16 March 2020). "African nations impose stricter measures as coronavirus spreads". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  126. "Libyan gov't suspends flights in wake of COVID-19". Anadolu Agency. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  127. "Libya confirms first coronavirus case amid fear over readiness". Reuters . 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  128. "Officiel trois premiers cas de Coronavirus à Madagascar". Orange Madagascar . 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  129. 1 2 "Madagascar coronavirus herbal mix draws demand from across Africa despite WHO misgivings". Yahoo! News. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  130. "Malawi confirms three cases of coronavirus: President Mutharika calls for calm". Nyasa Times. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  131. "Malawi high court blocks coronavirus lockdown". Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  132. "S v President of Malawi and Others; Ex Parte: Kathumba and Others (Judicial Review Cause No. 22 of 2020) [2020] MWHC 7 (17 April 2020)". High Court of Malawi. 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  133. "Malawi Makes Masks Mandatory in COVID-19 Fight". 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  134. "Mali: Authorities confirm first COVID-19 cases March 25 /update 2". garda.com. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  135. "Mauritania confirms first coronavirus case". Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  136. "La Mauritanie ne compte plus de cas positifs suivis (Ministère de la Santé)". Cridem.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  137. "وكالة الأخبار المستقلة". Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020 via Facebook.
  138. "Covid-19 : Le patient zéro est la deuxième victime du coronavirus". ION NEWS (in French). 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  139. "Covid-19 : un policier, proche de la patiente de 20 ans, en quarantaine". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  140. "Covid-19 : 40 membres du personnel soignant en quarantaine". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  141. "COVID-19 – Rodrigues : Aucun cas positif, 157 personnes en quarantaine". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  142. "[Vidéo] Jugnauth : On est passé de 48 à 81 cas à Maurice en un jour". ION News (in French). 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  143. "Covid-19: Curfew extended to 1st June and schools to remain closed till 1st August". Government Portal of Mauritius . 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  144. "Covid-19 : le couvre-feu sanitaire étendu jusqu'au 1er juin; les écoles fermées jusqu'au 1er août". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 1 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  145. "Covid-19/Couvre-feu sanitaire : un plus grand nombre d'activités seront autorisées à partir du 15 mai". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 1 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  146. "Covid-19: Strict measures on public transport for safer travel". Government Portal of Mauritius . 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  147. "Déconfinement partiel : Transports en commun : ce qui change". Le Défi Media Group (in French). 15 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  148. "Covid-19: Mauritius embarks on first phase of easing its lockdown protocol". Government Portal of Mauritius . 15 May 2020. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  149. Kasraoui S (2 March 2020). "Morocco Records First Case of Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  150. "Mozambique confirms first coronavirus case". National Post. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  151. "Namibia Says Couple Visiting From Spain Test Positive for Virus". Bloomberg . 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  152. Shikongo A (16 March 2020). "Namibia battles coronavirus". The Namibian . p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  153. Nakale A (16 March 2020). "Corona mayhem". New Era . p. 1. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  154. Ngatjiheue C (18 March 2020). "Govt raises Covid-19 surveillance". The Namibian . p. 1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  155. Shikongo A (25 March 2020). "Partial lockdown in effect from Friday". The Namibian . p. 1. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  156. Ngutjinazo O (15 April 2020). "Informal sector gets lifeline". The Namibian . p. 1. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  157. Ngatjiheue C (30 April 2020). "Namibia to reopen economy ... moves to 'stage two', post-lockdown". The Namibian . p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  158. "Namibia has recorded its first death due to COVID-19". Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020 via Twitter.
  159. Amukeshe L (8 August 2022). "Post Covid-19 marker: Govt opens all borders". The Namibian .
  160. "Niger announces first coronavirus case". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  161. Burke J, Rourke A (28 February 2020). "Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case in sub-Saharan Africa". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  162. "Nigeria Centre for Disease Control". ncdc.gov.ng. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  163. 1 2 "Breaking: Deadly Coronavirus confirmed in Lagos, Nigeria at last". 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  164. Mustapha JO, Adedokun KA, Abdullahi IN (2020). "Public health preparedness towards COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 13 (5): 197–198. doi: 10.4103/1995-7645.279650 . S2CID   218632316. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  165. "Nigeria's first coronavirus case came on flight via Istanbul, went to Ogun state: Lagos health commission". Reuters. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  166. "NCDC Situation Report 6 March 2019" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  167. "Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19". Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  168. "COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools". Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  169. "Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19". Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  170. "Buhari's Chief of Staff, Abba Kyari tests Positive for Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  171. 1 2 "President Tests Negative, Chief of Staff Infected". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  172. "Bala Mohammed, Bauchi Governor, Pests Positive for Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  173. "COVID-19: Buhari Tests Negative". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  174. "Yahaya Bello Tests Positive for Coronavirus". Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  175. "The Universal Church Lost A Unique Bishop". 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  176. "Rwanda confirms first case of coronavirus – health ministry". Reuters. 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  177. "World News – BBC News". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  178. "BOLETIM COVID-19 ATUALIZAÇÃO 30 de abril de 2020" (in Portuguese). Government of Sao Tome and Principe. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2020 via Facebook.
  179. "Coronavirus : Le Sénégal enregistre son premier cas | Lequotidien Journal d'informations Générales". 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  180. "Protests erupt in Senegal over new Covid-19 measures". Africanews. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  181. Bonnelame B (14 March 2020). "2 Seychellois test positive for COVID-19 as globe-sweeping virus reaches island nation". Seychelles News Agency. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  182. "Seychellois man dies of COVID-19, first pandemic fatality recorded in island nation". Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  183. 1 2 3 "Sierra Leone institutes additional measures in preparedness to prevent and respond to COVID-19". Relief Web . 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  184. "Sierra Leone introduces a raft of measures to keep coronavirus out". Politico SL. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  185. "Sierra Leone announces year-long state of emergency despite no confirmed coronavirus". Radio France Internationale. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  186. "Sierra Leone has confirmed its first case of coronavirus, president says". Reuters. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  187. "Somalia, Tanzania confirm first coronavirus cases". Anadolu Agency. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  188. "Puntland confirms first death from COVID-19 pandemic". Radio Shabelle. Shabelle Media Network. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  189. "Somaliland Reports First COVID-19 Cases". Voice of America. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  190. "Minister Zweli Mkhize reports first case of Covid-19 Coronavirus". South African Ministry of Health. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  191. Burke J (25 March 2020). "Coronavirus cases in Africa pass 2,400 amid fears for health services". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  192. "Statement by president Cyril Ramaphosa on South Africa's response to the coronavirus pandemic, Union buildings, Tshwane". SA Corona Virus Online Portal. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  193. "President Cyril Ramaphosa: Developments in South Africa's risk-adjusted strategy to manage the spread of Coronavirus COVID-19". Department of Health. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  194. "Coronavirus Cases Spike in South Africa and India, Exposing Inequalities in Virus Treatment". Time. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  195. "COVID-19 South African coronavirus news and information portal". SA Corona Virus Online Portal. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  196. "READ: President Cyril Ramaphosa's address on containing COVID-19". ewn.co.za. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  197. Winning A, Roelf W (9 February 2021). "South Africa may sell AstraZeneca shots as it switches to J&J vaccine to fight variant". Yahoo! News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  198. Mueller B, Robbins R, Chutel L (7 February 2021). "AstraZeneca's Vaccine Does Not Work Well Against Virus Variant in South Africa". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  199. "'Can I close my eyes?' Ramaphosa has Covid-19 jab with Khayelitsha hospital staff". TimesLIVE. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  200. "South Africa approves another COVID-19 vaccine | eNCA". www.enca.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  201. "South Africa approves another COVID-19 vaccine | eNCA". www.enca.com. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  202. "First locally made vaccines ready for rollout". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  203. Bhengu L. "Covid-19 vaccinations: South Africa hits the 1 million mark". News24. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  204. 1 2 "President Cyril Ramaphosa: National effort to contain Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic". Government of South Africa. 30 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  205. "COVID-19 variant dominant in India detected in SA | eNCA". www.enca.com. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  206. Gale N (8 May 2021). "COVID-19 Update: New Variants Detected in South Africa". NICD. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  207. "SA moves to stricter level 2 lockdown". BusinessLIVE. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  208. "South Sudan confirms second Covid-19 case". Reuters. 5 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  209. "COVID-19 confirmed in crowded UN-run camp in South Sudan". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  210. Linde P (31 January 2020). "Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España". El Pais (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  211. "First confirmed coronavirus case in Spain in La Gomera, Canary Islands". Outbreak News Today. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  212. 1 2 "Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social – Profesionales – Teléfonos de información – Coronavirus". mscbs.gob.es. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  213. "COVID 19 en Melilla: 6 675 casos acumulados a día 16/02/2021". x-y.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  214. "Sudan Reports First Coronavirus Case". The New York Times. Reuters. 13 March 2020. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  215. "Surge in deaths in North Darfur raises fears of disastrous Covid-19 outbreak". The Guardian. 29 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  216. "Tanzanian doctors sound alarm over hidden coronavirus cases". The New Humanitarian. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020.
  217. "Tanzania opposition angry over no coronavirus update in two weeks". Al Jazeera. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020.
  218. "Covid-19: Tanzania has no vaccination plan, minister says". BBC News. Yahoo! News. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  219. "Zanzibar's vice president dies after suffering Covid". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  220. Roussi A (1 April 2021). "Tanzanian doctors pin hopes on new president for COVID turnaround". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  221. "Togo confirms first case of coronavirus". Reuters. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  222. "Togo Coronavirus: 5,953 Cases and 81 Deaths – Worldometer". worldometers.info. Worldmeters. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  223. "Italian returnee confirmed Tunisia's first coronavirus case". 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  224. "Gafsa-COVID-19: legal action taken after two cases fail to comply with home-confinement measures". TAP. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  225. "Twitter". Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020 via Twitter.
  226. "Results of COVID-19 tests done on 23 July 2020 | 10 new confirmed cases. Cumulative confirmed cases of Ugandans to-date: 1,089 | COVID-19 Ugandan recoveries to-date: 975 | COVID-19 deaths to-date: 01 #STAYSAFEUG". Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020 via Twitter.
  227. "Three Possible COVID-19 Cases Identified – Ascension Island Government". Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  228. "COVID-19 Results Negative". Ascension Island Government. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  229. "Travel Restrictions in response to the COVID−19 virus" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  230. "Coronavirus (Covid-19): Live Q&A". Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  231. Grundy R (16 March 2020). "Tristan da Cunha Government News: Island Council takes steps to protect island from coronavirus". tristandc.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  232. "COVID-19 Response Level Escalated to Level 2 RED – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  233. "COVID-19 Response Level Reduced to Level 1 AMBER – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  234. "COVID-19 Response Level Escalated to Level 2 RED – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  235. "COVID-19 Response Level Reduced to Level 1 AMBER – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  236. "COVID-19 Response Level Escalated to Level 2 RED – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  237. "COVID-19 Response Level Reduced to Level 1 AMBER – Ascension Island Government" . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  238. "Arriving Passenger Tests Positive for COVID-19". St Helena Government. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  239. "Update – Arriving Passenger Tests Positive for COVID-19 – Risk to the Community Remains Very Low". St Helena Government. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  240. "FISHING VESSEL RAMSES DOUS UPDATE". St Helena Government. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021 via Facebook.
  241. "Regular Updates by MINURSO on Covid-19". United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  242. "Coronavirus – African Union Member States (55) reporting COVID-19 cases (811,260) deaths (17,105), and recoveries (463,156)". Africa Newsroom. 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  243. "Zambia Confirms 2 Covid-19 cases". News Diggers. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  244. "Zambia confirms third coronavirus case". News Diggers. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  245. "Lungu's full address: Zambia confirms 12 COVID-19 cases as lock down looms". News Diggers. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  246. "Government shuts all schools to prevent COVID-19 outbreak". News Diggers. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  247. "Zambia's vice president tests positive for COVID-19". Reuters. 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  248. "Zimbabwe, Namibia Declare National Emergencies Over Virus". Bloomberg. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  249. "Zimbabwe's President declares COVID-19 a national disaster". Xinhua News Agency. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  250. "Zimbabwe, Namibia Declare National Emergencies Over Virus". Gulf News . 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  251. Marsh KR, Quinn B, Perraudin F, Farrer M, Greenfield P, Cowie S, et al. (20 March 2020). "Coronavirus live updates: global cases top quarter of a million, as Italy sees biggest daily rise in deaths". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  252. "Zimbabwe arrests 100,000 for Covid-19 'breaches'". BBC News. 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  253. York G (5 August 2021). "Mounting desperation in Africa as COVID-19 vaccine shortage persists". The Globe and Mail. Harare and Johannesburg. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  254. "Visiting | British Indian Ocean Territory". Biot.gov.io. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  255. "Coronavirus – British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  256. "Outbreak brief 77: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic". Africa CDC. 6 July 2021. p. 10. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  257. "COVID-19 Vaccination". Africa CDC. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  258. 1 2 3 4 "African Countries Respond Quickly To Spread Of COVID-19". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  259. Dahir AL (29 June 2020). "Coronavirus Is Battering Africa's Growing Middle Class". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  260. 1 2 "Disruptions from COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa will have substantial health consequences". News. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  261. 1 2 3 "Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  262. "New EIB study on banking in Africa: delivering on financial inclusion, supporting financial stability". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  263. "Zimbabwe - Enterprise Survey Follow-up on COVID-19 2020, Round 1". microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  264. Maclean R, Marks S (18 April 2020). "10 African Countries Have No Ventilators. That's Only Part of the Problem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  265. Burke J (26 April 2020). "'It's just beginning here': Africa turns to testing as pandemic grips the continent". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  266. 1 2 "Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  267. Moore J (15 May 2020). "What African Nations Are Teaching the West About Fighting the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020.
  268. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ihekweazu C, Agogo E (May 2020). "Africa's response to COVID-19". BMC Medicine. 18 (1): 151. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01622-w . PMC   7242094 . PMID   32438912.
  269. "Should African countries embrace Ghana's Covid-19 'pooled testing'?". Myjoyonline. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  270. Rashid Z, Gadzo M, Stepansky J (7 May 2020). "Coronavirus could kill 190,000 in Africa, WHO warns: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  271. "COVID-19 Africa Open Data". Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  272. "Cédric Moro, Administrator of CoViD19-F-CIC: "As a Senegalese, I must participate in African resilience in the face of Coronavirus". Dakaractu. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  273. Anna C (10 December 2020). "African health official blasts 'terrible' vaccine inequality". AP NEWS. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  274. "Playing Politics with Poverty: Sisi's COVID-19 Vaccine Strategy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  275. "The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government". OECD. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  276. "Press Releases". African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  277. "COVID-19 crisis threatens Sustainable Development Goals financing - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  278. "Launch of the 2021 Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  279. "Reignite investment in developing countries for a sustainable COVID-19 recovery, leaders say | UNCTAD". unctad.org. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  280. "COVID-19 for Africa: Lockdown exit strategies | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  281. Picheta R (22 April 2020). "Coronavirus pandemic will cause global famines of 'biblical proportions,' UN warns". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  282. "UN Sees Africa Sliding Into Recession Without Debt-Service Help". Bloomberg L.P. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  283. 1 2 3 "UN, news organizations and artists fight against COVID-19 fake news". Africa Renewal Magazine. United Nations. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  284. "Philippe Perdrix et Romain Grandjean : face à la crise, "une information fiable permet de prendre les mesures adéquates et efficaces"". 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  285. Yellinek R (2021). "Questions on Public Policy and Trust during Covid-19 in the Middle East and North Africa". Middle East Policy. 28 (2): 48–56. doi:10.1111/mepo.12568. ISSN   1475-4967. S2CID   240189103.
  286. Gaobotse G, Ogbaga CC (August 2022). "Covid-19 in Africa: new opportunities created". Ethics, Medicine and Public Health. 24: 100832. doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2022.100832. PMC   9411132 . PMID   36043221.
  287. Ihekweazu C, Agogo E (December 2020). "Africa's response to COVID-19". BMC Medicine. 18 (1): 151. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01622-w . PMC   7242094 . PMID   32438912. S2CID   218772707.