2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia

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Logo of Wikimedians of Mainland China.svg
Logo of Wikimedians of Mainland China, the user group being investigated in the action
Green Logo of Wikimedians of Mainland China.svg
Logo of Gongbi Quanshu, the successor of Wikimedians of Mainland China and the operator of Qiuwen Baike

The Wikimedia Foundation took action in response to Chinese government infiltration of Chinese Wikipedia as well as harassment by pro-Beijing editors during the Hong Kong protests. In August 2021, the Wikipedia Foundation modified the security terms in the "access to nonpublic personal data policy", and users with advanced permissions allowing them to retrieve IP address data of other users on Chinese Wikipedia had their access revoked. At 16:13, September 13, 2021 GMT (00:13, September 14, 2021 Beijing Time), the Wikimedia Foundation globally banned seven accounts from editing Wikipedia, revoked the administrative rights of twelve accounts, and warned twelve other users. [1] [2] Four of the top ten most active administrators on Chinese Wikipedia had their rights revoked. [3]

Contents

Maggie Dennis, Vice President of Community Resilience and Sustainability for the Legal Department at Wikimedia Foundation, conducted a yearlong investigation into "infiltration concerns" that threatened the "very foundations of Wikipedia". Dennis observed that the infiltrators had tried to promote "the aims of China, as interpreted through whatever filters they may bring to bear". The investigation had also found that an unaffiliated Wikipedia user group of approximately three hundred members from Mainland China, the Wikimedians of Mainland China (WMC or WMCUG), had been involved in vote-stacking and manipulation of administrative elections. [4] [5] [6] [7] Suggesting possible links to the Chinese Communist Party, Dennis said "We needed to act based on credible information that some members (not all) of that group [WMC] have harassed, intimidated, and threatened other members of our community, including in some cases physically harming others, in order to secure their own power and subvert the collaborative nature of our projects". [8] [9] After the Wikimedia Foundation took action against the WMC editors, the Taiwanese Wikipedia community noted that such an action was long overdue and released a statement saying “We need to rebuild an inclusive wiki that welcomes everyone from all places who wants to contribute to Chinese language Wikipedia in good faith...Many people have felt unsafe for years, so restoring a shared sense of comfort is likely to take some time”. [10]

State-sponsored editors/administrators

Yan "Techyan" Enming in 2019 Techyan.jpg
Yan "Techyan" Enming in 2019

Despite being censored in mainland China, and as VPNs are normally not allowed to edit Wikipedia, Wikipedia administrators from China have permitted IP block exemption for a select number of mainland users. Such users are recruited to change the editorial content on Wikipedia in support of China's viewpoint and/or to support the election of pro-Chinese government administrators on Wikipedia, with the aim of gaining control of Wikipedia as part of the Chinese Communist Party's coordinated efforts to push their preferred narrative on platforms that have respected worldwide credibility. [11] [12] There has also been an exodus of volunteer editors leaving Baidu Baike, a domestic competitor beset by problems of self-censorship and commercialization, to join Chinese Wikipedia because the "contributors wanted the privilege of working on a higher-quality internet encyclopedia" that also "carries a great deal of international power". [13] [14] Observers have suggested that such moves are not just due to patriotic mainlanders but a "larger structural coordinated strategy the government has to manipulate these platforms" beside Wikipedia, such as Twitter and Facebook. [15]

Chinese Wikipedia volunteers who edit on topics considered controversial by the state authorities, such as about Hong Kong protests, can face harassment and persecution. [16] [17] [18] [19] The resulting pro-Beijing Wikipedia community, the Wikimedians of Mainland China (WMC), has clashed with Wikipedia editors from Taiwan and Hong Kong, not only over content disputes on Wikipedia articles, but also making death threats made against their Wikimedia communities. In particular, the WMC has threatened to report Wikipedia editors to Hong Kong’s national security police hotline over the disputed article "2019–2020 Hong Kong protests" characterized by edit warring. [20]

Comments

In September 2020, the Chinese government blocked the Wikimedia Foundation from observer status at WIPO citing the existence of a Wikimedia affiliate in Taiwan. As a result the Wikimedia Foundation began investigating WMC. Maggie Dennis said that the Chinese Wikipedia was under investigation by the Foundation for nearly a year. [21]

In an announcement on Wikimedia about the actions, Maggie Dennis acknowledged the radical nature of the Foundation's actions but stressed that the decision was based on a number of considerations and an in-depth investigation. [3] The Foundation decided to take action after Maggie Dennis told the media that editors had tried to manipulate the content of articles as well as the election of administrators and that other editors had been physically harmed. However, she did not intend to accuse the Chinese government. [22] [2] [Note 1]

In response, Wikimedians of Mainland China posted an open letter on Qiuwen  [ zh ], calling the Wikimedia Foundation's actions baseless ( 莫須有 ) and declaring its intention to resist the crackdown with practical action. [1] [23] [24] The Global Times , a tabloid officially owned and operated by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, alleged that the Wikimedia Foundation "purged" the Chinese editors. [25]

In an interview with the BBC Tech Tent program commenting on the latest obsessions about China, Maryana Iskander, the new Chief Executive of the Wikimedia Foundation, emphasized the autonomy of the Wikipedia community and said, "One of the very early things that I've learned in this process is that certainly the Wikimedia Foundation does not play a role in setting editorial policy and that these are the debates that happen in communities." [26] [27]

Jimmy Wales, the cofounder of Wikipedia, commented on these actions in an interview with BBC: "I have deep experience of talking to people all over the world, and the idea that people in China, for example, are so brainwashed that they can't see that neutrality is just false," but said "The idea that we are excluding China, is absurd. We welcome with open arms editors from China." [28]

Subsequent events

On October 7, 2021, at the 62nd session of the World Intellectual Property Organization, the People's Republic of China voted against the Wikimedia Foundation's application to become an official observer of the WIPO on the grounds that Wikipedia violated the "one-China principle" and "disseminated false information". [29] China was the only country out of the 193 members of the organization to vote against the WIPO application, [30] causing Wikimedia Foundation's application to fail.

A Wikimedian showed a screenshot to Voice of America of an announcement made by globally locked user "Walter Grassroot" in the Wikimedians of Mainland China QQ group after the foundation's application was rejected. According to the announcement, after the foundation blocked Chinese users, Chinese Wikimedians submitted relevant documents to the Chinese Embassy in Geneva through various channels. Walter Grassroot also suggested that the failure of the foundation's application was good news. [31] From 2021 to 2023, all attempts by the Wikimedia Foundation and local chapters to join WIPO failed.

Qiuwen Baike

Qiuwen Baike
Qiuwen Baike logo full.svg
Screenshot
Qiuwen Baike.png
Native name
求闻百科
Type of site
 Online encyclopedia
Available inSimplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese (support traditional and simplified conversion)
Predecessor(s) Chinese Wikipedia
Country of origin China
OwnerWuxi Gongbi Quanshu Technology Company Limited (formerly Wikimedians of Mainland China) [ citation needed ]
Founder(s) Wikimedians of Mainland China
URL www.qiuwenbaike.cn
CommercialNo
RegistrationRequired to edit
Content license
 CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0

In an interview with the BBC in late October 2021, globally-banned WMC member Yan "Techyan" Enming and 6 other users said the user group was attempting to create a "Chinese version of Wikipedia", [32] a platform that would represent Beijing's views on some political issues for people in mainland China to access without a VPN with oversight from the People's Republic of China government and would use some of Wikipedia's content. [32]

In December 2021, WMC member Techyan told Fast Company that "a tech giant" was negotiating a partnership with them, and that more than 40 Chinese Wikipedia editors had joined Qiuwen with has a total of 200 active editors. and that people would be involved in both Wikipedia and Qiuwen. [33]

In February 2022, ByteDance's subsidiary Baike.com denied the existence of a partnership between ByteDance and WMC to provide technical and financial support for Qiuwen baike. [34]

In April 2022, the encyclopedia "Qiuwen baike" created by WMC became open to access, and editors from Taiwan carried out cyber attacks on the site. As of June 2023, Qiuwen baike was open for editing.[ citation needed ]

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References

  1. 1 2 Chen Guanrong. "內部編輯遭恐嚇，維基媒體基金會拔除多名「中國大陸維基人用戶組」成員" [Internal editors were intimidated, and the Wikimedia Foundation removed several members of the "Mainland China Wikipedia User Group"]. TechNews 科技新報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  2. 1 2 "维基百科以亲中势力渗透为由封禁"中国大陆维基人用户组"七名编辑" (in Chinese). BBC. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  3. 1 2 鄭樂捷 (September 15, 2021). "維基封鎖7名中國大陸用戶 指為保障用戶安全" (in Chinese). 美国之音. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  4. ↑ Vallance, Chris (September 16, 2021). "Wikipedia blames pro-China infiltration for bans". BBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  5. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Wikipedia blames pro-China infiltration for bans". BBC News. September 16, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  7. ↑ "China and Taiwan clash over Wikipedia edits". BBC News. October 4, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  8. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Wikipedia blames pro-China infiltration for bans". BBC News. September 16, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  10. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  11. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  12. ↑ "Wikipedia blames pro-China infiltration for bans". BBC News. September 16, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  13. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  14. ↑ "China and Taiwan clash over Wikipedia edits". BBC News. October 4, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  15. ↑ "China and Taiwan clash over Wikipedia edits". BBC News. October 4, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  16. ↑ Cheng, Selina (July 11, 2021). "Wikipedia wars: How Hongkongers and mainland Chinese are battling to set the narrative". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  17. ↑ Cheng, Selina (July 14, 2021). "Hong Kong Wikipedia editors take precautions amid fears mainland peers may report users to national security police". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  18. ↑ "On Chinese Wikipedia, a bitter battle rages to define the Hong Kong protests". Wired UK. ISSN   1357-0978. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  19. ↑ Manas Sharma; Simon Scarr (November 28, 2019). "How Hong Kong's keyboard warriors have besieged Wikipedia". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  20. ↑ Cheng, Selina (July 11, 2021). "Wikipedia wars: How Hongkongers and mainland Chinese are battling to set the narrative". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  21. ↑ "Wikipedia blames pro-China infiltration for bans". BBC News. September 16, 2021. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  22. ↑ "忧渗透与起底风险 维基百科对中国编辑下禁令" (in Chinese). 德國之聲. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  23. ↑ "維基百科禁 7 內地用戶 指有滲透起底風險 內地群組：準備鬥爭". 立場新聞 Stand News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  24. ↑ 观察者网 (September 17, 2021). "维基百科封禁7名中国大陆编辑：他们想搞"渗透"". 新浪新闻 (in Chinese). Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  25. ↑ "维基百科封杀7个中文编辑，仅仅因为他们拒绝涉中话题被污染" (in Chinese). 环球时报. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Tech Tent: Wikipedia's editing war". BBC.
  27. ↑ "Tech Tent – what next for Wikipedia?". BusinessGhana. September 18, 2021.
  28. ↑ "Wikipedia in Chinese editing war of words". BBC. October 29, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  29. ↑ Moody, Glyn (October 7, 2021). "If You Want To Know Why Section 230 Matters, Just Ask Wikimedia: Without It, There'd Be No Wikipedia". Techdirt . Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  30. ↑ "【維基百科】中方「一票反對」 「維基媒體基金」二度被拒聯合國機構". RFA. October 7, 2021.
  31. ↑ 郑乐捷 (October 7, 2021). "中国再度以台湾为由 阻止维基媒体基金会申请成为世界知识产权组织观察员" (in Chinese). 美国之音. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  32. 1 2 "維基百科移除親北京編輯 被逐者將建「中國版維基」". BBC News Chinese (in Chinese). October 26, 2021.
  33. ↑ "The war over Chinese Wikipedia is a warning for the open internet". Fast Company. December 18, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  34. ↑ "传字节跳动与中文维基百科人员合作创建新"求闻百科"，官方称不属实" (in Chinese). 界面新闻.

Notes

  1. ↑ Chinese: 我不能够就此将矛头指向中国政府
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