Wikimedia censorship in mainland China

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The censorship of Wikimedia in mainland China means that the government of the People's Republic of China and network operators in mainland China have used technical means since June 2004 [1] to prevent netizens in mainland China from accessing some or all project websites under the Wikimedia Foundation. One of the most affected projects is the Chinese Wikipedia. There was no warning from any department before these blockings occurred and no explanation for the reasons after the occurrence. The outside world believes this is caused by the Chinese government's censorship and blocking of sensitive content in Wikimedia Foundation projects. [2] [3]

Contents

Blockade history

2004–2008: Several blockades and reversals

On June 3, 2004, [4] Wikipedia was blocked in some cities in mainland China (such as Beijing), but Wiktionary was still available. On June 11, other Wikimedia projects were blocked. On June 17, the IP address block appeared to have been lifted, but the website was still inaccessible to some. On June 18, all of Wikipedia except the Chinese version was unblocked, and the status of the Chinese version was unknown. On June 20, Beijing's access to Chinese Wikipedia still seemed abnormal. The blockade was lifted on June 21. On September 23, Wikipedia was partially blocked. [5]

The Chinese Wikipedia added a notice that the Chinese government had blocked it to the welcome message on its homepage (October 2005). Zhwiki ban mainpage.jpg
The Chinese Wikipedia added a notice that the Chinese government had blocked it to the welcome message on its homepage (October 2005).

On November 9, 2006, many users reported that the Chinese Wikipedia had been unblocked, which was the first time the Chinese mainland could re-access it since the blockade lasted for over a year on October 19, 2005. [6] [7]

In April 2008, all language versions except Chinese Wikipedia were unblocked. [8] [9]

2010–2013: Blocking of Chinese-language Wikimedia projects and encrypted connections

On November 28, 2010, the Chinese version of Wikisurvey Ming (HTTP) was blocked by the HTTP connection reset, but the encrypted version (HTTPS) can still be viewed commonly. In early 2012, Chinese Wikinews was blocked by HTTP connection reset and DNS contamination, which has yet to be lifted.

At the end of May 2013, the encrypted version (HTTPS) of Wikipedia in various languages became inaccessible in mainland China, while the Ming version (HTTP) pages of Wikipedia, which do not contain sensitive words, were unaffected.

In June 2013, when the Chinese Wikipedia was blocked, a notice was added to the welcome message on its homepage. (June 12, 2013) Zhwiki ban mainpage 2.png
In June 2013, when the Chinese Wikipedia was blocked, a notice was added to the welcome message on its homepage. (June 12, 2013)

On December 19, 2013, due to the adjustment of the CNAME record of the domain name of Wikipedia in each language, users in mainland China could directly access the encrypted version (HTTPS) of Wikipedia in each language and the Ming version (HTTP) pages without sensitive words.

2015–2019: Blocking of Chinese Wikipedia

On the afternoon of May 19, 2015, Chinese Wikipedia became inaccessible in mainland China due to an HTTP connection reset and DNS contamination [10] of "zh.wikipedia.org". Users can get around this by modifying the local host's file or changing the DNS server and accessing the encrypted version of Wikipedia (HTTPS). Still, the Wikimedia Foundation cannot change the IP address of Wikipedia. [11] The block did not affect Wikimedia's other projects (except Chinese Wikinews, which DNS contaminated) and foreign language Wikipedia. In mid-June that year, the Wikimedia Foundation implemented mandatory encryption (HTTPS) for its projects. Later in the same year, the Cantonese (desktop version only; mobile version was blocked at the same time as other language versions on April 23, 2019), Wu (same as Cantonese), and Uyghur versions of Wikipedia were soon blocked using the same means as the Chinese Wikipedia.[ citation needed ]

In December 2015, after Wikimedia switched to mandatory encryption throughout the site, rendering keyword filtering ineffective, all language versions of Wikipedia were briefly made inaccessible in mainland China via the blocking of its IP address. [12] The block was lifted shortly after, and most items were again directly accessible.

On August 24, 2018, the Great Firewall adopted SNI detection to block Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghur Wikipedia domain names, which made it invalid to bypass the network blockade by modifying the host's file or changing the DNS.[ citation needed ]

After 2019: Wikipedia blocked in all languages

Since April 23, 2019, the entire Wikipedia site (*.wikipedia.org) has been completely blocked in mainland China, [13] [14] [15] and its home page and all language versions cannot be accessed commonly. The blocking method is DNS pollution, among which the Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghur Wikipedia also have HTTP connection reset and SNI blocking. On the next day, the entire Wikipedia site was blocked by SNI blocking mode based on being contaminated by DNS the previous day. [16] [17] On May 14, the Wikimedia Foundation confirmed that the Chinese government had blocked all Wikipedia sites since April. [18] [19] On May 17, the Wikimedia Foundation issued a statement urging the Chinese government to unblock Wikipedia. [20]

On May 8, 2019, other major Wikimedia projects (such as Wikimedia Commons, [21] meta-wiki, [22] Wiktionary, etc.) were temporarily inaccessible due to DNS contamination, which lasted until the early morning of May 10 before returning to normal.[ citation needed ] Since June 10, 2019, the mobile version of Wiki Commons has been blocked, and the DNS parsing query found that the parsing result was abnormal. After verification, it was contaminated by DNS, [23] [24] and the desktop version of Wiki Commons has not been blocked for the time being (it was later blocked in December of the same year). [25]

Since July 2019, the English version of Wikinews and the Chinese version of Wikiquote have been blocked. After verification, the English Wikinews were contaminated by DNS, while DNS tainted the Chinese Wikiquote and the SNI-based HTTPS connection reset. [26] [27] In October, the mobile version of the Chinese Wikiquote was also blocked.[ citation needed ] Since November 2019, the mobile version of the Chinese Wiki Academy has been blocked. The DNS parsing query found that the parsing result was abnormal. [28] [29] Since December 2019, the IPv4 address (198.35.26.96) [30] of the San Francisco-based Wikimedia Foundation server has been blocked, which makes other parts of the Wikimedia Foundation's projects (such as Japanese Wikinews) inaccessible in mainland China.

During the two sessions in China in May 2020, the IPv4 addresses of the Wikimedia Foundation's servers in Singapore (103.102.166.224) and Ashburn (208.80.154.224) [31] [32] were officially blocked. IPv4 access to all Wikimedia Foundation projects in mainland China is almost completely blocked. In addition, the IPv4 addresses of the Wikimedia Foundation's media server upload.wikimedia.org in San Francisco and Ashburn (198.35.26.112 and 208.80.154.240) were stopped for an unspecified period. [33] [34] As a result, the Wikimedia Foundation's media servers are not directly accessible in mainland China. [35]

On October 24, 2020, a man was arrested by police in Zhoushan City in East China's Zhejiang province. Authorities said he used the wall-turning software "Blue Light" to search for information on Wikipedia and was visited by police to "check the water meter." This is the first case in mainland China where someone has been explicitly punished for browsing Wikipedia. The official website of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee announced that from the first half of 2019 to October 2020, the man repeatedly used the "Blue Light" wall software to "illegally access Wikipedia to obtain information". The official announcement also listed the man's name and address. [36]

Reactions

In July 2004, Jimmy Wales, the founder of the Wikipedia Project, said in an interview: [37]

To block Wikipedia would be a great irony to the censors because we are not subject to any of the censorship they claim; Censoring Wikipedia is an admission that it is precisely neutral factual information that frightens it. We are not a propaganda machine; we are not online gambling; we are not pornography. We are an encyclopedia.

After Wikimedia was blocked for the third time in October 2005, Wales summarized the arguments he made in his speech at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis: [38]

1. Wikipedia is neither critical nor supportive of the Chinese government. We are not a website for dissidents nor for government supporters. We are neutral. NPOV is non-negotiable. It is impossible to portray Wikipedia as anti-Chinese government unless the Chinese government wants to argue that neutral information is anti-Chinese government, and I don't think that's what they intend to say at all.

2. It isn't *just* that Chinese people cannot read any of Wikipedia, most of which is not about political or sensitive topics at all. It is that Chinese people are unable to *express* their views and culture in the Chinese Wikipedia or English Wikipedia or anywhere else, so long as Wikipedia is blocked. Since, I am told, the Chinese wikipedians tend to have more of a "mainland" view of things, as compared to Chinese living in Taiwan or Hong Kong, the ironic effect of the Chinese censorship is to censor the mainland perspective on world affairs.

It is fine to criticize the Chinese government for censorship of criticism. But my argument was not about that at all, since we are not critics of the Chinese government. My argument was that censoring Wikipedia in China is ironically censoring *the rest of the world* from hearing the voice of the Chinese people.

On December 2, 2015, Wales announced at the Leadership Energy Summit Asia 2015 conference in Kuala Lumpur that he would fly to Beijing in two weeks to lobby the Chinese government to unblock the Chinese Wikipedia. [39] Later, at the second World Internet Conference held by the Cyberspace Administration of China in Wuzhen, he said: [40]

I believe as a result of this, the idea that any one government can control the flow of information of what people know in their territory will become completely antiquated and no longer possible.

However, the interpreter at the meeting translated his words as "also, the government can do a good analysis of the communication between people in their respective fields." [41]

On July 19, 2018, Wales attended the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Digital Innovation Forum (APEC DIF) in Taiwan and introduced his new website, Wikitribune. Jimmy Wales said in an interview with the media that he would continue communicating with the Chinese government to lift the block on Wikipedia in mainland China as soon as possible. Wales reiterated that he would not give up long-held principles to enter the Chinese market and cited the example of a Taiwanese Wikipedia volunteer's exchange with Chinese users. [42]

Related Research Articles

China censors both the publishing and viewing of online material. Many controversial events are censored from news coverage, preventing many Chinese citizens from knowing about the actions of their government, and severely restricting freedom of the press. China's censorship includes the complete blockage of various websites, apps, and video games, inspiring the policy's nickname, the Great Firewall of China, which blocks websites. Methods used to block websites and pages include DNS spoofing, blocking access to IP addresses, analyzing and filtering URLs, packet inspection, and resetting connections.

The Great Firewall is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically. Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected foreign websites and to slow down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall operates by checking transmission control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If the keywords or sensitive words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed. If one link is closed, more links from the same machine will be blocked by the Great Firewall. The effect includes: limiting access to foreign information sources, blocking foreign internet tools and mobile apps, and requiring foreign companies to adapt to domestic regulations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese Wikipedia</span> Standard Chinese–language edition of Wikipedia

The Chinese Wikipedia is the written vernacular Chinese edition of Wikipedia. It has been run by the Wikimedia Foundation since 11 May 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabic Wikipedia</span> Arabic-language version of Wikipedia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean Wikipedia</span> Korean-language edition of Wikipedia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google China</span> Chinese subsidiary of Google

Google China is a subsidiary of Google. Once a popular search engine, most services offered by Google China were blocked by the Great Firewall in the People's Republic of China. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, was moved from mainland China to Hong Kong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baidu Baike</span> Chinese wiki-based online encyclopedia

Baidu Baike is a semi-regulated Chinese-language collaborative online encyclopedia owned by the Chinese technology company Baidu. The beta version was launched on 20 April 2006, and the official version was launched on 21 April 2008. In November 2019, it had more than 16 million articles and 6.9 million editors. As of February 2022, it has more than 25.54 million entries and 7.5 million editors. It has the largest number of entries in the world of any Chinese-language online encyclopedia.

<i>Encyclopedia of China</i> Chinese language encyclopedia

The Encyclopedia of China is the first large-entry modern encyclopedia in the Chinese language. The compilation began in 1978. Published by the Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, the encyclopedia was issued one volume at a time, beginning in 1980 with a volume on astronomy; the final volume was completed in 1993. It comprised 74 volumes, with more than 80,000 entries. Arranged by subject, which numbered 66, within each subject, entries were arranged by pinyin as many modern Chinese dictionaries have been. A Uyghur language edition was also published in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship</span> Legal control of the internet

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantonese Wikipedia</span> Cantonese-language edition of Wikipedia

The Cantonese Wikipedia is the Cantonese-language edition of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It was started on 25 March 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roskomnadzor</span> Russian government agency

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Censorship of Wikipedia</span> Censorship of Wikipedia by governments

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archive.today is a web archiving website founded in 2012 that saves snapshots on demand, and has support for JavaScript-heavy sites such as Google Maps and X. archive.today records two snapshots: one replicates the original webpage including any functional live links; the other is a screenshot of the page.

GreatFire (GreatFire.org) is a website that monitors the status of websites censored by the Great Firewall of China and helps Chinese Internet users circumvent the censorship and blockage of websites in China. The site was first launched in 2011 by an anonymous trio. GreatFire is funded by sources inside and outside China, including the US-government-backed Open Technology Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia</span> Response to conflict of interest on Chinese Wikipedia

On September 13, 2021, the Wikimedia Foundation took official action on the Chinese Wikipedia after investigating users from Wikimedians of Mainland China, an unaffiliated Wikipedia user group.

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References

  1. ↑ Pan, Philip P. (February 20, 2006). "Reference Tool On Web Finds Fans, Censors". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  2. ↑ "六四屠杀30周年前夕 维基百科各语言版遭中国全站封杀" [On the Eve of the 30th Anniversary of the June 4th Massacre, Wikipedia’s All Language Versions Are Blocked in China]. 美国之音 (in Chinese). May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  3. ↑ "維基百科在大陸遭全面封殺 疑六四30周年前網絡大清洗" [Wikipedia was completely blocked in the mainland, suspected of a mass cleansing of the Internet before the 30th anniversary of June 4th]. Radio Free Asia (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). May 17, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  4. ↑ Pan, Philip P. (February 20, 2006). "Reference Tool On Web Finds Fans, Censors". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Authorities block access to online encyclopaedia". IFEX. October 21, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  6. ↑ Cohen, Noam (October 16, 2006). "Chinese Government Relaxes Its Total Ban on Wikipedia". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Wikipedia unblocked in China after year-long ban". November 16, 2006.
  8. ↑ Metz, Cade. "Chinese net censors unblock BBC, Wikipedia". www.theregister.com. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  9. ↑ "维基百科简体中文网站浏览仍然受限" [Access to Wikipedia's simplified Chinese site is still limited]. June 24, 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  10. ↑ "奇客资讯网". www.solidot.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Help:如何访问维基媒体旗下项目 - Meta" [Help:How to access Wikimedia-owned projects]. meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  12. ↑ "China has blocked Wikipedia again". www.pixelstech.net. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Wikipedia Currently Down in China". April 23, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Wikipedia blocked in China in all languages". BBC News. May 14, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  15. ↑ "China Blocks All Versions of Wikipedia Ahead of Massacre Anniversary". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  16. ↑ "please add wikipedia.org · Issue #1528 · gfwlist/gfwlist". GitHub. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  17. ↑ iyouport.org; Foundation, Open Culture; Singh, Sukhbir; Filastò, Arturo; Xynou2019-05-04, Maria (May 4, 2019). "中国封锁了所有语言版本的维基百科" [China blocks Wikipedia in all languages]. ooni.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ "Wikipedia blocked in China in all languages". BBC News. May 14, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Wikipedia Is Now Banned in China in All Languages". Time. May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  20. ↑ Foundation, Wikimedia (May 17, 2019). "Wikimedia Foundation urges Chinese authorities to lift block of Wikipedia in China". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  21. ↑ "commons.wikimedia.org 在中国 100% 被封锁 | GreatFire.org" [commons.wikimedia.org is 100% blocked in China]. zh.greatfire.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  22. ↑ "meta.wikimedia.org 在中国 100% 被封锁 | GreatFire.org" [meta.wikimedia.org is 100% blocked in China]. zh.greatfire.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  23. ↑ "commons.m.wikimedia.org 在中国 100% 被封锁 | GreatFire.org" [commons.m.wikimedia.org is 50% blocked in China]. zh.greatfire.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  24. ↑ "在中国 100% 被封锁 | GreatFire.org" [commons.m.wikimedia.org in China]. zh.greatfire.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Censorship of commons.wikimedia.org in China".
  26. ↑ "zh.wikiquote.org 在中国 100% 被封锁" [zh.wikiquote.org is 100% blocked in China].
  27. ↑ "zh.wikiquote.org 在中国的审查情况" [Censorship of zh.wikiquote.org in China].
  28. ↑ "zh.m.wikiversity.org 在中国 100% 被封锁" [zh.m.wikiversity.org is 100% blocked in China].
  29. ↑ "zh.m.wikiversity.org 在中国 100% 被封锁" [zh.m.wikiversity.org is 100% blocked in China].
  30. ↑ "198.35.26.96 在中国 100% 被封锁" [Website 198.35.26.96 is 100% blocked in China].
  31. ↑ "103.102.166.224 在中国 50% 被封锁" [Website 103.102.166.224 50% blocked in China].
  32. ↑ "208.80.154.224 在中国 100% 被封锁" [Website 208.80.154.224 is 100% blocked in China].
  33. ↑ "208.80.154.240 在中国的审查情况" [Censorship of the website 208.80.154.240 in China].
  34. ↑ "98.35.26.112 在中国 100% 被封锁" [Website 98.35.26.112 is 100% blocked in China].
  35. ↑ "upload.wikimedia.org 在中国 100% 被封锁" [The website upload.wikimedia.org is 100% blocked in China].
  36. ↑ "张韬擅自建立、使用非法定信道进行国际联网" [Zhang Tao establishes and uses non-legal channels for international networking without authorization]. October 24, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Responds - Slashdot". slashdot.org. July 28, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Wikimedia projects censorships - Meta". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  39. ↑ "Wikipedia boss to lobby China to unblock website". November 2, 2015.
  40. ↑ "维基创始人：向鲁炜介绍了运作模式 不知为何在内地被禁" [Founder of Wikipedia: Introduced the operation mode to Lu Wei, but it was banned in the mainland for some reason]. December 18, 2015. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  41. ↑ "互联网文化与传播论坛 互联网时代文化传承与创新" [Internet Culture and Communication Forum Cultural inheritance and innovation in the Internet age]. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  42. ↑ "維基百科創辦人：不會為進入中國市場而妥協 | 科技" [Wikipedia founder: Will not compromise for entry into the Chinese market]. 中央社 CNA (in Chinese). July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
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