Outline of Wikipedia

Last updated
The Wikipedia logo Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg
The Wikipedia logo

The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to Wikipedia:

Contents

Wikipedia [lower-alpha 1] is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, [1] [2] and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of July 2024, it was ranked fifth by Semrush, [3] and seventh by Similarweb. [4] Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [5]

Initially only available in English, editions of Wikipedia in more than 300 other languages have been developed. The English Wikipedia, with its almost 6.9 million articles, is the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 63 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5 edits per second on average) as of April 2024. [6] In July 2024, over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic was from the United States, followed by Japan at 6.2%, the United Kingdom at 5.8%, Russia at 5.2%, Germany at 5%, and the remaining 51% split among other countries, according to Similarweb. [7]

What Wikipedia is

Main page on desktop EnglishWikipedia 27June2024.png
Main page on desktop

Implementation of Wikipedia

Wikipedia community

Viewing Wikipedia off-line

Diffusion of Wikipedia

Websites that use Wikipedia

Websites that mirror Wikipedia

Wikipedia derived encyclopedias

Parodies of Wikipedia

Books about Wikipedia

Films about Wikipedia

Mobile apps

  • QRpedia mobile Web-based system which uses QR codes to deliver Wikipedia articles to users, in their preferred language. [32] [33] [34] The QRpedia server uses Wikipedia's API [32] to determine whether there is a version of the specified Wikipedia article in the language used by the device, and if so, returns it in a mobile-friendly format. If there is no version of the article available in the preferred language, then the QRpedia server performs a search for the article title on the relevant language's Wikipedia, and returns the results.
  • WikiNodes app for the Apple iPad for browsing Wikipedia using a radial tree approach to visualize how articles and subsections of articles are interrelated. It is a visual array of related items (articles or sections of an article), which spread on the screen, as a spiderweb of icons. [35]

Reliability analysis programs

  • Wiki-Watch free page analysis tool that automatically assesses the reliability of Wikipedia articles in English and German. It produces a five-level evaluation score corresponding to its assessment of reliability. [36]
  • Wikibu assesses the reliability of German Wikipedia articles. [37] [38] It was originally designed for use in schools to improve information literacy. [37]
  • WikiTrust assesses the credibility of content and author reputation of wiki articles using an automated algorithm. WikiTrust is a plug-in for servers using the MediaWiki platform, such as Wikipedia.

General Wikipedia concepts

Politics of Wikipedia

History of Wikipedia

History of Wikipedia Wikipedia was formally launched on 15 January 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, using the concept and technology of a wiki pioneered by Ward Cunningham. Initially, Wikipedia was created to complement Nupedia, an online encyclopedia project edited solely by experts, by providing additional draft articles and ideas for it. Wikipedia quickly overtook Nupedia, becoming a global project in multiple languages and inspiring a wide range of additional reference projects.

Wikipedia-inspired projects

Wikipedia in culture

Wikipedia in culture

People in relation to Wikipedia

Critics of Wikipedia

Wikipedia Foundations and Organizations

Wikipedia's sister projects

Wikimedia projects

Wikipedias by language

More...

See also

Explanatory notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Wikipedia</span>

    Wikipedia, a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers known as Wikipedians, began with its first edit on 15 January 2001, two days after the domain was registered. It grew out of Nupedia, a more structured free encyclopedia, as a way to allow easier and faster drafting of articles and translations.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wiki</span> Type of website that visitors can edit

    A wiki is a form of hypertext publication on the internet which is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly through a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">MediaWiki</span> Free and open-source wiki software

    MediaWiki is free and open-source wiki software originally developed by Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia on January 25, 2002, and further improved by Lee Daniel Crocker, after which it has been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It powers several wiki hosting websites across the Internet, as well as most websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation including Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and Wikidata, which define a large part of the set requirements for the software. MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text content into a database. The software is optimized to efficiently handle large projects, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of views per second. Because Wikipedia is one of the world's largest and most visited websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major concern for developers. Another major aspect of MediaWiki is its internationalization; its interface is available in more than 400 languages. The software has more than 1,000 configuration settings and more than 1,800 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed. Besides its usage on Wikimedia sites, MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content management system on websites such as Fandom, wikiHow and major internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">English Wikipedia</span> English-language edition of Wikipedia

    The English Wikipedia is the primary English-language edition of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on 15 January 2001, as Wikipedia's first edition.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Wikipedia</span> Italian-language edition of Wikipedia

    The Italian Wikipedia is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was created on 10 May 2001, and first edited on 11 June 2001. As of 26 August 2024, it has 1,879,090 articles and more than 2,547,655 registered accounts. It is the 9th-largest Wikipedia by the number of articles.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Jimmy Wales</span> Co-founder of Wikipedia (born 1966)

    Jimmy Donal Wales, also known as Jimbo Wales, is an Internet entrepreneur, webmaster, and former financial trader. He is a co-founder of the non-profit free encyclopedia, Wikipedia, and the for-profit wiki hosting service Fandom. He has worked on other online projects, including Bomis, Nupedia, WikiTribune, and WT Social.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikipedia</span> Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia

    Wikipedia is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of July 2024, it was ranked fifth by Semrush, and seventh by Similarweb. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnamese Wikipedia</span> Vietnamese-language edition of Wikipedia

    The Vietnamese Wikipedia is the Vietnamese-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, publicly editable, online encyclopedia supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. Like the rest of Wikipedia, its content is created and accessed using the MediaWiki wiki software.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Citizendium</span> Online encyclopedia founded by Larry Sanger

    Citizendium is an English-language wiki-based free online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservapedia</span> American conservative wiki-based online encyclopedia

    Conservapedia is an English-language, wiki-based, online encyclopedia written from a self-described American conservative and fundamentalist Christian point of view. The website was established in 2006 by American homeschool teacher and attorney Andrew Schlafly, son of the conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly, to counter what he perceived as a liberal bias on Wikipedia. It uses editorials and a wiki-based system for content generation.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikivoyage</span> Free travel guide that anyone can edit

    Wikivoyage is a free web-based travel guide for travel destinations and travel topics written by volunteer authors. It is a sister project of Wikipedia and supported and hosted by the same non-profit Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). Wikivoyage has been called the "Wikipedia of travel guides".

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">History of wikis</span> History of wiki collaborative platforms

    The history of wikis began in 1994, when Ward Cunningham gave the name "WikiWikiWeb" to the knowledge base, which ran on his company's website at c2.com, and the wiki software that powered it. The wiki went public in March 1995, the date used in anniversary celebrations of the wiki's origins. c2.com is thus the first true wiki, or a website with pages and links that can be easily edited via the browser, with a reliable version history for each page. He chose "WikiWikiWeb" as the name based on his memories of the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" at Honolulu International Airport, and because "wiki" is the Hawaiian word for "quick".

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikitravel</span> Collaborative wiki travel website

    Wikitravel is a web-based collaborative travel guide based on the wiki format and owned by Internet Brands. It was most active from 2003 through 2012, when most of its editing community left and brought their contributions to the nonprofit Wikivoyage guide.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Bomis</span> Dot-com company (1996–2007)

    Bomis was a dot-com company best known for supporting the creations of free-content online-encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia. It was co-founded in 1996 by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell, and Michael Davis. By 2007, the company was inactive, with its Wikipedia-related resources transferred to the Wikimedia Foundation.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">WikiTrust</span> Software to assist in detecting vandalism and dubious edits

    WikiTrust was a software product, available as a Firefox Plugin, which aimed to assist editors in detecting vandalism and dubious edits by highlighting the "untrustworthy" text with a yellow or orange background. As of September 2017, the server is offline, but the code is still available for download.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Larry Sanger</span> American Internet project developer and Wikipedia co-founder

    Lawrence Mark Sanger is an American Internet project developer and philosopher who co-founded Wikipedia along with Jimmy Wales. Sanger coined Wikipedia's name, and provided initial drafts for many of its early guidelines, including the "Neutral point of view" and "Ignore all rules" policies. Prior to Wikipedia, he was the editor-in-chief of Nupedia, another online encyclopedia. He later worked on other encyclopedic projects, including Encyclopedia of Earth, Citizendium, and Everipedia, and advised the nonprofit American political encyclopedia Ballotpedia.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Nupedia</span> English-language online encyclopedia (2000–2003)

    Nupedia was an English-language online encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors with relevant subject matter expertise, reviewed by expert editors before publication, and licensed as free content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Larry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia operated from October 1999 until September 2003. It is best known today as the predecessor of Wikipedia. Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live wiki-based updating. Nupedia was designed by a committee of experts who predefined the rules. It had only 21 articles in its first year, compared with Wikipedia having 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wikipedia community</span> Volunteers who create and maintain Wikipedia

    The Wikipedia community, collectively and individually known as Wikipedians, is an online community of volunteers who create and maintain Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. Since August 2012, the word "Wikipedian" has been an Oxford Dictionary entry. Wikipedians may or may not consider themselves part of the Wikimedia movement, a global network of volunteer contributors to Wikipedia and other related projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">VisualEditor</span> Editor for Wikipedia and other MediaWiki websites

    VisualEditor (VE) is an online rich-text editor for MediaWiki-powered wikis that provides a direct visual way to edit pages based on the "what you see is what you get" principle. It was developed by the Wikimedia Foundation in partnership with Fandom. In July 2013, it was enabled by default on several of the largest Wikipedia projects.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">First Wikipedia edit</span> First Wikipedia edit on its homepage in 2001

    The first edit in Wikipedia's database, to HomePage, was made on January 15, 2001, and states in its entirety "This is the new WikiPedia!" In December 2021, co-founder Jimmy Wales announced that he would sell a website containing a re-creation of an earlier edit that he said he made and then later deleted, which contained the text "Hello, World!", to the highest bidder as a non-fungible token (NFT).

    References

    1. "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher". The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
    2. Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100". Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
    3. "Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024". Semrush. July 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
    4. "Most viewed website". Similarweb. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
    5. Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
    6. "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects". Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
    7. "wikipedia.org". similarweb.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
    8. "Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2007-08-03. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17.2007.
    9. 1 2 Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory; Gregory James (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-415-14143-7 . Retrieved July 27, 2010.
    10. "Draft entry, March 2007". Oxford English Dictionary . Dictionary.oed.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10.(subscription required)
    11. "wiki", Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 1, London: Encyclopædia Britannica.Inc., 2007, archived from the original on 2008-04-24, retrieved 2008-04-10
    12. Mitchell, Scott (July 2008), Easy Wiki Hosting, Scott Hanselman's blog, and Snagging Screens, MSDN Magazine, archived from the original on 2010-03-16, retrieved 2011-12-05
    13. "List of Wikipedias". Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
    14. Gumpert, David E. (5 September 2007). "A Case Study in Online Promotion". BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on March 12, 2008.
    15. "Wikipedia: Notability". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 18 October 2011.
    16. Tabb, Kathryn. "Authority and Authorship in a 21st-Century Encyclopaedia and a 'Very Mysterious Foundation'" (PDF). ESharp (12: Technology and Humanity). ISSN   1742-4542. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
    17. "history flow: results". IBM Collaborative User Experience Research Group. 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
    18. Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems . Vienna. pp. 575–582. ISBN   978-1-58113-702-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-01-25. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
    19. Wikipedia Adopts MariaDB. Wikimedia Foundation. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
    20. "Wikipedia Adopts MariaDB — Wikimedia blog" (text/html). blog.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2013-04-22. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
    21. Nicolas, Philippe (2016-07-15). "The History Boys: Object storage ... from the beginning". The Register.
    22. "Wikimedia configuration files". Archived from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
    23. Schiff, Stacy (2 December 2006). "Know-alls". The Age. Fairfax Digital Network. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
    24. Cohen, Noam (7 June 2009). "The Wars of Words on Wikipedia's Outskirts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
    25. Weingarten, Gene (12 September 2010). "The book on Gene: It's less than you expect". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2010-11-11.
    26. "Wikipedia Tracks Changes to Encyclopedia". National Public Radio. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
    27. "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen". British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
    28. West, Andrew G; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Lee, Insup (January 2012). "Trust in collaborative web applications". Future Generation Computer Systems. 28 (8): 1245 (7). doi:10.1016/j.future.2011.02.007.
    29. "Lachen mit "Stupidedia": Wissen, das die Welt nicht braucht". Bild.de. 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
    30. "The brains behind Uncyclopedia". .net. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007.
    31. "Uncyclopedia Babel". Uncyclopedia. Archived from the original (Wiki) on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
    32. 1 2 Eden, Terence (3 April 2011). "Introducing QRpedia". Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    33. Anon (19 August 2011). "The Children's Museum of Indianapolis Creates New Learning Opportunities through Wikipedian in Residence". The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012.
    34. Johnson, L.; Adams, S. (2011). The Technology Outlook for UK Tertiary Education 2011-201 (PDF). NMC Horizon Report Regional Analyses. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium. ISBN   978-0-615-38209-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05.
    35. Mossberg, Walt (28 September 2011). "Encyclopædia Britannica Now Fits Into an App". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. The article mentions WikiNodes, while discussing the Britannica app, noting that "This kind of visual array of related items isn't a new idea. In fact, there is an iPad app called WikiNodes which does something similar for Wikipedia content."
    36. Mann, Selena (14 January 2011), New tool used to evaluate Wikipedia, Canada: IT World, archived from the original on 11 June 2011, retrieved 6 December 2011
    37. 1 2 "Wikibu website" (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
    38. Alavi, Bettina; Demantowsky, Marko; Paul, Gerhard, eds. (2010). Zeitgeschichte- Medien- Historische Bildung. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 287. ISBN   978-3-89971-653-5.
    39. Stöcker, Christian (31 August 2010). "Eine Weltmacht im Netz". Der Spiegel (in German).
    40. Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic .
    41. 1 2 Anderson, Nate (21 November 2007). "Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki". Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
    42. 1 2 Jay, Paul (19 April 2007). "I, editor — The Wikipedia experiment". CBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    43. Stuckman, Jeff; Purtilo, James (2009). "Measuring the wikisphere". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1145/1641309.1641326. ISBN   978-1-60558-730-1. S2CID   17770818.
    44. phoebe and HaeB (7 June 2010). ""Pending changes" trial to start on June 14". Wikipedia Signpost. Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
    45. "Wikipedia:Pending changes/Request for Comment February 2011". Wikimedia Foundation. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    46. Doctoroff, Ariel (22 June 2010). "Want To Waste An Hour (Or Three)? Go On A Wikirace". Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    47. Read, Brock (28 May 2008). "6 Degrees of Wikipedia". The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    48. Sarno, David (30 September 2007). "Wikipedia wars erupt". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    49. Rossmeier, Vincent (24 March 2009). "Are we dangerously dependent on Wikipedia?". Salon.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    50. Mengisen, Annika (16 June 2009). "By a Bunch of Nobodies: A Q&A With the Author of The Wikipedia Revolution". Freakonomics Blog. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
    51. "The Amorality of Web 2.0". October 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-07-16. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
    52. Schiff, Stacy (31 July 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker .
    53. "What Conservapedia Is Really About". The Atlantic. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
    54. Walker, Clarence Earl; Smithers, George (2009). The preacher and the politician: Jeremiah Wright, Barack Obama, and race in America . Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN   9780813928869. Those who express this view are on the far right of American politics (Though they often describe themselves as defenders of "traditional" American Values). The Website Conservapedia for example...
    55. Stecker, Frederick (2011), The Podium, the Pulpit, and the Republicans: How Presidential Candidates Use Religious Language in American Political Debate, ABC-CLIO
    56. Coyle, Jake (10 May 2007). "Conservapedia, QubeTV mimic popular sites with spin to right". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
    57. "Andy Schlafly". Eagle Forum University. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
    58. Lih, Andrew (17 March 2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. Cambridge, UK: Hyperion. pp.  170–171. ISBN   978-1-4001-1076-6. What were some ways to troll and cause trouble? Create an article about something extremely controversial and offensive, but otherwise adhere to every rule of Wikipedia and use the system against itself. This was the case with creating an article that had an intentionally offensive name, the Gay Niggers Association of America. GNAA was a name that caused immediate alarm in anyone with a semblance of good taste. It was a phenomenon for many years in the online tech communities, as legions of trolls attempted to have an article in Wikipedia about the mischievous group. It's not clear a defined group ever existed as GNAA. Supposed GNAA "members" were simply troublemakers online who unified under a common moniker in an effort to disrupt Wikipedia for amusement.
    59. "Tech guru Jaron Lanier: 'The danger isn't that AI destroys us. It's that it drives us insane'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
    60. Lowe, Janet (2009-05-04). Google Speaks: Secrets of the World's Greatest Billionaire Entrepreneurs, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-470-39854-8.
    61. "What's New: The end of an era". APS News. Vol. 15, no. 7. American Physical Society. July 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
    62. "Morris County resident, son of famous activist, runs 'Conservapedia' website". The Star-Ledger. January 6, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2013. unsuccessfully ran in a Republican congressional primary in 1992 and also volunteered for [gubernatorial candidate] Steve Lonegan in 2009.
    63. Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How we are editing reality. Somerset: Siduri. p.  60. ISBN   978-0-9562052-0-9.
    64. CIAPS Faculty https://ciaps.org/faculty/
    65. CIAPS Letter of Re-appointment as full professor of psychology and management studies https://samvak.tripod.com/ciapsappointment.pdf
    66. Mahadevan, Jeremy (2006-03-05). "Not everything on Wikipedia is fact". New Straits Times . Retrieved 2008-07-01.