Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton

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Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton
Senate in session.jpg
Senate in session during the impeachment trial
DateJanuary 7 – February 12, 1999 (1 month and 5 days)
Accused Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States
Presiding officerChief Justice William Rehnquist
House managers:
Defense counsel:
OutcomeAcquitted by the U.S. Senate, remained in office
Charges
CauseClinton's testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky in a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones; allegations made in the Starr Report

The impeachment trial of Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, began in the U.S. Senate on January 7, 1999, and concluded with his acquittal on February 12. After an inquiry between October and December 1998, President Clinton was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 19, 1998; the articles of impeachment charged him with perjury and obstruction of justice. It was the second impeachment trial of a U.S. president, preceded by that of Andrew Johnson.

Contents

The charges for which Clinton was impeached stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. During pre-trial discovery in the lawsuit, Clinton gave testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The catalyst for the president's impeachment was the Starr Report , a September 1998 report prepared by Ken Starr, Independent Counsel, for the House Judiciary Committee. The Starr Report included details outlining a sexual relationship between Clinton and Lewinsky. [1]

Clinton was acquitted on both articles of impeachment, with neither receiving the two-thirds majority needed for a conviction, and remained in office.

Background

Under the U.S. Constitution, the House has the sole power of impeachment (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5), and after that action has been taken, the Senate has the sole power to hold the trial for all impeachments (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). Clinton was the second U.S. president to face a Senate impeachment trial, after Andrew Johnson. [2]

An impeachment inquiry was opened into Clinton on October 8, 1998. He was formally impeached by the House on two charges (perjury and obstruction of justice) on December 19, 1998. [3] The specific charges against Clinton were lying under oath and obstruction of justice. These charges stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones and from Clinton's testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The catalyst for the president's impeachment was the Starr Report, a September 1998 report prepared by Independent Counsel Ken Starr for the House Judiciary Committee. [4]

Planning for the trial

Between December 20 and January 5, Republican and Democratic Senate leaders negotiated about the pending trial. [5] Disagreement arose as to whether to call witnesses. This decision would ultimately not be made until after the opening arguments from the House impeachment managers and the White House defense team. [5] On January 5, Majority Leader Trent Lott, a Republican, announced that the trial would start on January 7. [5]

There was some discussion about the possibility of censuring Clinton instead of holding a trial. [5] This was an idea that had been championed by Republican retired former Senate majority leader Bob Dole (who had been Clinton's Republican opponent in the 1996 United States presidential election), and which some Senate Democrats to embraced as an alternative to an impeachment trial. [6] [7] Dole's own specific idea for how a censure would look was to have a censure passed and have Clinton then sign it himself in the presence of congressional leaders, the Vice President, Cabinet members, and the justices of the Supreme Court. [8]

Officers of the trial

Presiding officer

Robe worn by Chief Justice William Rehnquist during the impeachment trial William Rehnquist's robe by Matthew Bisanz.JPG
Robe worn by Chief Justice William Rehnquist during the impeachment trial

The chief justice of the United States is cited in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the United States Constitution as the presiding officer in an impeachment trial of the President. [9] As such, Chief Justice William Rehnquist assumed that role. Rehnquist was a passive presiding officer, once commenting on his service as presiding officer of the trial, "I did nothing in particular, and I did it very well." [10] Rehnquist won praise from senators and from legal analysts for being a neutral-acting presiding officer. [11]

Coincidentally, in 1992, Rehnquist had authored Grand Inquests, a book analyzing both the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the impeachment of Samuel Chase. [12]

House managers

Thirteen House Republicans from the House Judiciary Committee served as "managers", the equivalent of prosecutors. [13] They were designated to be the House impeachment managers the same day that the two articles of impeachment were approved (December 19, 1998). [5] They were named by a House resolution which was approved by a vote of 228–190. [14] [15] On January 6, 1999 (the opening day of the 106th Congress) the House voted to 223–198 re-appoint the impeachment managers. [16]

Vote in the U.S. House of Representatives to appoint the House impeachment managers [17]
PartyVote
YeasNayPresentNot voting
Democratic (206)187
Republican (228)223
Independent (1)
Total (435)228190017
Vote in the U.S. House of Representatives to re-appoint the House impeachment managers [16]
PartyVote
YeasNayPresentNot voting
Democratic (211)197
Republican (223)2180
Independent (1)
Total (435)22319807
House managers [13]
Chairman of House Judiciary Committee
Henry Hyde
(Republican, Illinois)
Bob Barr
(Republican, Georgia)
Ed Bryant
(Republican, Tennessee)
Steve Buyer
(Republican, Indiana)
Charles Canady
(Republican, Florida)
Chris Cannon
(Republican, Utah)
Steve Chabot
(Republican, Ohio)
Henry Hyde.jpg
Bob Barr 2002.jpg
EdBryant.jpg
Steve Buyer, official portrait, 111th Congress.jpg
Charlescanady.jpg
Chris Cannon, official 110th Congress photo.jpg
Steve Chabot 105th Congress 1997.jpg
George Gekas
(Republican, Pennsylvania)
Lindsey Graham
(Republican, South Carolina)
Asa Hutchinson
(Republican, Arkansas)
Bill McCollum
(Republican, Florida)
James E. Rogan
(Republican, California)
Jim Sensenbrenner
(Republican, Wisconsin)
George Gekas.jpg
Lindsey Graham official photo.jpg
Asa Hutchinson 1997.jpg
Bill McCollum 106th Congress.jpg
Congressman James Rogan (cropped).jpg
Jim Sensenbrenner.jpg

Clinton's counsel

President's counsel [18]
White House Counsel
Charles Ruff
Deputy
White House Counsel

Bruce Lindsey
Deputy
White House Counsel

Cheryl Mills
Special
White House Counsel

Gregory B. Craig
White House Counsel Charles Ruff and others at a House Judiciary Committee hearing (1).jpg
Bruce Lindsey (25233121336) (1).jpg
Cheryl D. Mills (1).jpg
Greg Craig 48-DPA-374 DSC 0015.jpg
Lanny A. Breuer Dale Bumpers David E. Kendall Nicole Seligman
Breuer Official Portrait.jpg
Dale Bumpers.jpg
White House Counsel David E. Kendall surrounded by reporters after meeting with House Judiciary Committee Chairman Henry J. Hyde about the release of Starr's report (1).jpg

Pretrial

Henry Hyde reads the articles of impeachment to the Senate on January 7, 1999 Henry Hyde during the Clinton impeachment trial on January 7, 1999 (01).png
Henry Hyde reads the articles of impeachment to the Senate on January 7, 1999

The Senate trial began on January 7, 1999. Chair of the House impeachment manager team Henry Hyde led a procession of the House impeachment managers carrying the articles of impeachment across the Capitol Rotunda into the Senate chamber, where Hyde then read the articles aloud. [5]

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court William Rehnquist, who would preside over the trial, then was escorted into the chamber by senators by a bipartisan escort committee consisting of Robert Byrd, Orrin Hatch, Patrick Leahy, Barbara Mikulski, Olympia Snowe, Ted Stevens. [19] Rehnquist then swore-in the senators. [19]

On January 8, during a closed-door meeting, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution on rules and procedure for the trial. [5] [20] [21] However, senators tabled the question of whether to call witnesses in the trial. [5] The resolution allotted the House impeachment managers and the president's defense team, each, 24 hours, spread out over several days, to present their cases. [5] It also allotted senators 16 hours to present questions to both the house impeachment managers and the president's defense team. After this, the senate would be able to hold a vote on whether to dismiss the case or to continue with it and call witnesses. [5]

The trial remained in recess while briefs were filed by the House (on January 11) and Clinton (on January 13). [22] [23] Additionally, on January 11, Clinton's defense team denied the charges made against Clinton in a thirteen page response to a Senate summons. [5]

On January 13, the same day that his lawyers filed their pretrial brief, Clinton told reporters that he wanted to focus on the business of the nation rather than the trial, remarking, "They have their job to do in the Senate, and I have mine." [5]

Testimony and deliberations

Impeachment managers' presentation (January 14–16)

Senate gallery admission tickets dated January 14 and 15, 1999 Tickets for Bill Clinton's impeachment trial.jpg
Senate gallery admission tickets dated January 14 and 15, 1999
House Impeachment Manager Lindsey Graham speaks on January 16 Lindsey Graham during the Clinton impeachment trial on January 16, 1999 (01).png
House Impeachment Manager Lindsey Graham speaks on January 16

The managers presented their case over three days, from January 14 to 16. [5] They justified removal of the President from office by virtue of "willful, premeditated, deliberate corruption of the nation's system of justice through perjury and obstruction of justice". [24] Among the evidence and illustrative tools utilized to illustrate their case were video clips of Clinton's grand jury testimony, charts, and quotes from the written record. [25]

In the opening remarks, Hyde highlighted a need for jurors to be impartial in their judgement, remarking, "You are seated in this historic chamber ... to listen to the evidence as those who must sit in judgment. To guide you in this grave duty, you've taken an oath of impartiality." [24]

Defense's presentation (January 19–21)

Defense counsel Dale Bumpers argues before the Senate on January 21, 1999 Dale Bumpers during the Clinton impeachment trial on January 21, 1999 (03).png
Defense counsel Dale Bumpers argues before the Senate on January 21, 1999
Senate gallery admission ticket dated January 21, 1999 Admission ticket to the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton 42591j (front).jpg
Senate gallery admission ticket dated January 21, 1999

The defense's presentation took place January 19–21. [5] [24] Clinton's defense counsel argued, "The House Republicans' case ends as it began, an unsubstantiated, circumstantial case that does not meet the constitutional standard to remove the President from office". [24]

Questioning by members of the Senate (January 22–23)

January 22 and 23 were devoted to questions from members of the Senate to the House managers and Clinton's defense counsel. Under the rules, all questions (over 150) were to be written down and given to Rehnquist to read to the party being questioned. [5] [26] [27]

House impeachment managers' interview of Monica Lewinsky (January 24)

On January 24, Monica Lewinsky (pictured) was interviewed by the House impeachment managers Monica lewinsky.jpg
On January 24, Monica Lewinsky (pictured) was interviewed by the House impeachment managers

On January 23, a judge had ordered Monica Lewinsky, who Clinton had allegedly perjured about a sexual relation with, to cooperate with the House impeachment managers, forcing her to travel from California back to Washington, D.C. [5] On January 24, she submitted to a nearly two-hour interview with the House impeachment managers, who remarked after the interview that Lewinsky was "impressive", "personable", and "would be a very helpful witness" if called. [5] Lewinsky's own lawyers claimed that no new information had been produced in the interview. [5]

Debate and votes on motion to dismiss and motion to call witnesses (January 25–27)

On January 25, Senator Robert Byrd (a Democrat) moved for dismissals of both articles of impeachment. [28] [29] This motion would only require a majority vote to pass. [30] That day, senators heard arguments from the managers against dismissal, and from the president's defense team in support of dismissal, before then deliberating behind closed-doors in a closed session. [5] [26]

On January 26, House impeachment manager Ed Bryant motioned to call witnesses to the trial, a question the Senate had avoided up to that point. He requested depositions from Monica Lewinsky, Clinton's friend Vernon Jordan, and White House aide Sidney Blumenthal. [5] [31] The House impeachment managers presented arguments in favor of allowing witnesses, then the president's legal team presented arguments against allowing witnesses. [26] Democrat Tom Harkin motioned to suspend the rules and hold open debate, rather than closed debate, on the motion to allow witnesses. The senators voted 58–41 against Harkin's motion, with Democrat Barbara Mikulski being absent due to illness. The Senate, thus, voted to deliberate on the question in private session, rather than public session, and such private deliberation was held that day in a closed session. [32]

On January 27, the Senate voted on both motions in public session; the motion to dismiss failed on a near-completely party-line vote of 56–44, while the motion to depose witnesses passed by the same margin. Russ Feingold was the only Democrat to vote with Republicans against dismissing the charges and in support of deposing witnesses. [5] [33] [34]

Depositions

Votes on procedures for witnesses (January 28)

On January 28, the Senate voted against motions to dismiss the charges against Clinton and to suppress videotaped depositions of the witnesses from public release, with Democratic Senator Russ Feingold again voting with Republicans against both motions. Absent from the chamber, and therefore unable to vote, were Republican Wayne Allard and Democrat Barbara Mikulski, the latter of whom was absent due to illness. [35] [36] [37]

Taping of closed-door depositions (February 1–3)

Over three days, February 1–3, House managers took videotaped closed-door depositions from Monica Lewinsky, Vernon Jordan, Sidney Blumenthal. Lewinsky was deposed on February 1, Jordan on February 2, and Blumenthal on February 3. [5] [26] [38]

Motions on presentation of evidence (February 4)

On February 4, the Senate voted 70–30 that excerpting the videotaped depositions would suffice as testimony, rather than calling live witnesses to appear at trial. [5] House impeachment managers had wanted to call Lewinsky to testify in-person. [5]

Showing of excerpts from closed-door depositions (February 6)

Excerpts of the videotaped depositions were played by the House impeachment managers to the Senate on February 6. [39] These included excerpts of Lewinsky discussing such topics as her affidavit in the Paula Jones case, the hiding of small gifts Clinton had given her, and his involvement in procurement of a job for Lewinsky. [39] [40] The showing of video on large screens was seen as a large departure in the use of electronics by the Senate, which has often disallowed electronics to be utilized. [5]

Closing arguments (February 8)

On February 8, closing arguments were presented with each side allotted a three-hour time slot. On the President's behalf, Charles Ruff, counsel to Clinton declared:

There is only one question before you, albeit a difficult one, one that is a question of fact and law and constitutional theory. Would it put at risk the liberties of the people to retain the President in office? Putting aside partisan animus, if you can honestly say that it would not, that those liberties are safe in his hands, then you must vote to acquit. [24]

Chief Prosecutor Henry Hyde countered:

A failure to convict will make the statement that lying under oath, while unpleasant and to be avoided, is not all that serious ... We have reduced lying under oath to a breach of etiquette, but only if you are the President ... And now let us all take our place in history on the side of honor, and, oh, yes, let right be done. [24]

On February 9, Arlen Specter (a Republican) asked for unanimous consent for parties to take additional discovery, including additional testimony on oral deposition by Christopher Hitchens, Carol Blue, Scott Armstrong, and Sidney Blumenthal in order to investigate possible perjury by Blumenthal. Tom Daschle (a Democrat) voiced objection. [41]

Closed door deliberations (February 9–12)

On February 9, a motion to suspend the rules and conduct open deliberations, introduced by Trent Lott (a Republican) was defeated 59–41. [26] [42] Lott then motioned to begin holding closed-door deliberations, which was approved 53–47. [26] [43] Closed door deliberations lasted through February 12.

Verdict

Chief Justice Rehnquist presiding over the vote on the verdict for the second article of impeachment William Rehnqiuist during vote on article II during Clinton impeachment trial February 12, 1999 (02).png
Chief Justice Rehnquist presiding over the vote on the verdict for the second article of impeachment
Admission ticket to the Senate Gallery dated February 12, 1999 Admission ticket to the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton 42460 (1).jpg
Admission ticket to the Senate Gallery dated February 12, 1999
Congressional Record page, February 12, 1999, opening of the final day of the impeachment trial CongRec.png
Congressional Record page, February 12, 1999, opening of the final day of the impeachment trial

On February 12, the Senate emerged from its closed deliberations and voted on the articles of impeachment. A two-thirds vote, 67 votes, would have been necessary to convict on either charge and remove the President from office. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against, and the obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against. [44] [45] [46] Senator Arlen Specter voted "not proved" [lower-alpha 1] for both charges, [47] which was considered by Chief Justice Rehnquist to constitute a vote of "not guilty". All 45 Democrats in the Senate voted "not guilty" on both charges, as did five Republicans; they were joined by five additional Republicans in voting "not guilty" on the perjury charge. [44] [45] [46]

Articles of Impeachment, U.S. Senate judgement
(67 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)
Article One
(perjury /grand jury)
PartyTotal votes
Democratic Republican
Guilty04545
Not guilty Black check.svg451055
Article Two
(obstruction of justice)
PartyTotal votes
Democratic Republican
Guilty05050
Not guilty Black check.svg45550
Roll call votes on the Articles of Impeachment
SenatorParty–stateArticle One
vote [48]
Article Two
vote [49]
Spencer Abraham
R–MI
GuiltyGuilty
Daniel Akaka
D–HI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Wayne Allard
R–CO
GuiltyGuilty
John Ashcroft
R–MO
GuiltyGuilty
Max Baucus
D–MT
Not guiltyNot guilty
Evan Bayh
D–IN
Not guiltyNot guilty
Bob Bennett
R–UT
GuiltyGuilty
Joe Biden
D–DE
Not guiltyNot guilty
Jeff Bingaman
D–NM
Not guiltyNot guilty
Kit Bond
R–MO
GuiltyGuilty
Barbara Boxer
D–CA
Not guiltyNot guilty
John Breaux
D–LA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Sam Brownback
R–KS
GuiltyGuilty
Richard Bryan
D–NV
Not guiltyNot guilty
Jim Bunning
R–KY
GuiltyGuilty
Conrad Burns
R–MT
GuiltyGuilty
Robert Byrd
D–WV
Not guiltyNot guilty
Ben Nighthorse Campbell
R–CO
GuiltyGuilty
John Chafee
R–RI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Max Cleland
D–GA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Thad Cochran
R–MS
GuiltyGuilty
Susan Collins
R–ME
Not guiltyNot guilty
Kent Conrad
D–ND
Not guiltyNot guilty
Paul Coverdell
R–GA
GuiltyGuilty
Larry Craig
R–ID
GuiltyGuilty
Mike Crapo
R–ID
GuiltyGuilty
Tom Daschle
D–SD
Not guiltyNot guilty
Mike DeWine
R–OH
GuiltyGuilty
Chris Dodd
D–CT
Not guiltyNot guilty
Pete Domenici
R–NM
GuiltyGuilty
Byron Dorgan
D–ND
Not guiltyNot guilty
Dick Durbin
D–IL
Not guiltyNot guilty
John Edwards
D–NC
Not guiltyNot guilty
Mike Enzi
R–WY
GuiltyGuilty
Russ Feingold
D–WI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Dianne Feinstein
D–CA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Peter Fitzgerald
R–IL
GuiltyGuilty
Bill Frist
R–TN
GuiltyGuilty
Slade Gorton
R–WA
Not guiltyGuilty
Bob Graham
D–FL
Not guiltyNot guilty
Phil Gramm
R–TX
GuiltyGuilty
Rod Grams
R–MN
GuiltyGuilty
Chuck Grassley
R–IA
GuiltyGuilty
Judd Gregg
R–NH
GuiltyGuilty
Chuck Hagel
R–NE
GuiltyGuilty
Tom Harkin
D–IA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Orrin Hatch
R–UT
GuiltyGuilty
Jesse Helms
R–NC
GuiltyGuilty
Fritz Hollings
D–SC
Not guiltyNot guilty
Tim Hutchinson
R–AR
GuiltyGuilty
Kay Bailey Hutchison
R–TX
GuiltyGuilty
Jim Inhofe
R–OK
GuiltyGuilty
Daniel Inouye
D–HI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Jim Jeffords
R–VT
Not guiltyNot guilty
Tim Johnson
D–SD
Not guiltyNot guilty
Ted Kennedy
D–MA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Bob Kerrey
D–NE
Not guiltyNot guilty
John Kerry
D–MA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Herb Kohl
D–WI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Jon Kyl
R–AZ
GuiltyGuilty
Mary Landrieu
D–LA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Frank Lautenberg
D–NJ
Not guiltyNot guilty
Patrick Leahy
D–VT
Not guiltyNot guilty
Carl Levin
D–MI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Joe Lieberman
D–CT
Not guiltyNot guilty
Blanche Lincoln
D–AR
Not guiltyNot guilty
Trent Lott
R–MS
GuiltyGuilty
Richard Lugar
R–IN
GuiltyGuilty
Connie Mack III
R–FL
GuiltyGuilty
John McCain
R–AZ
GuiltyGuilty
Mitch McConnell
R–KY
GuiltyGuilty
Barbara Mikulski
D–MD
Not guiltyNot guilty
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
D–NY
Not guiltyNot guilty
Frank Murkowski
R–AK
GuiltyGuilty
Patty Murray
D–WA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Don Nickles
R–OK
GuiltyGuilty
Jack Reed
D–RI
Not guiltyNot guilty
Harry Reid
D–NV
Not guiltyNot guilty
Chuck Robb
D–VA
Not guiltyNot guilty
Pat Roberts
R–KS
GuiltyGuilty
Jay Rockefeller
D–WV
Not guiltyNot guilty
William Roth
R–DE
GuiltyGuilty
Rick Santorum
R–PA
GuiltyGuilty
Paul Sarbanes
D–MD
Not guiltyNot guilty
Chuck Schumer
D–NY
Not guiltyNot guilty
Jeff Sessions
R–AL
GuiltyGuilty
Richard Shelby
R–AL
Not guiltyGuilty
Bob Smith
R–NH
GuiltyGuilty
Gordon Smith
R–OR
GuiltyGuilty
Olympia Snowe
R–ME
Not guiltyNot guilty
Arlen Specter
R–PA
Not proven [lower-alpha 1] [47] Not proven [lower-alpha 1] [47]
Ted Stevens
R–AK
Not guiltyGuilty
Craig Thomas
R–WY
GuiltyGuilty
Fred Thompson
R–TN
Not guiltyGuilty
Strom Thurmond
R–SC
GuiltyGuilty
Robert Torricelli
D–NJ
Not guiltyNot guilty
George Voinovich
R–OH
GuiltyGuilty
John Warner
R–VA
Not guiltyGuilty
Paul Wellstone
D–MN
Not guiltyNot guilty
Ron Wyden
D–OR
Not guiltyNot guilty
Sources: [50] [51] [52]

Public opinion

Senate chamber on February 12, 1999, the final day of the trial Clinton impeachment trial February 12, 1999 (01).png
Senate chamber on February 12, 1999, the final day of the trial

Per Pew Research Center polling, the impeachment process against Clinton was generally unpopular. [53]

Polls conducted during 1998 and early 1999 showed that only about one-third of Americans supported Clinton's impeachment or conviction. However, one year later, when it was clear that impeachment would not lead to the ousting of the President, half of Americans said in a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll that they supported impeachment, 57% approved of the Senate's decision to keep him in office, and two-thirds of those polled said the impeachment was harmful to the country. [54]

Subsequent events

Contempt of court citation

In April 1999, about two months after being acquitted by the Senate, Clinton was cited by federal District Judge Susan Webber Wright for civil contempt of court for his "willful failure" to obey her orders to testify truthfully in the Paula Jones sexual harassment lawsuit. For this, Clinton was assessed a $90,000 fine and the matter was referred to the Arkansas Supreme Court to see if disciplinary action would be appropriate. [55]

Regarding Clinton's January 17, 1998, deposition where he was placed under oath, Webber Wright wrote:

Simply put, the president's deposition testimony regarding whether he had ever been alone with Ms. (Monica) Lewinsky was intentionally false, and his statements regarding whether he had ever engaged in sexual relations with Ms. Lewinsky likewise were intentionally false. [55]

On the day before leaving office on January 20, 2001, Clinton, in what amounted to a plea bargain, agreed to a five-year suspension of his Arkansas law license and to pay a $25,000 fine as part of an agreement with independent counsel Robert Ray to end the investigation without the filing of any criminal charges for perjury or obstruction of justice. [56] [57] Clinton was automatically suspended from the United States Supreme Court bar as a result of his law license suspension. However, as is customary, he was allowed 40 days to appeal the otherwise automatic disbarment. Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court bar during the 40-day appeals period. [58]

Political ramifications

While Clinton's job approval rating rose during the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and subsequent impeachment, his poll numbers with regard to questions of honesty, integrity and moral character declined. [59] As a result, "moral character" and "honesty" weighed heavily in the next presidential election. According to The Daily Princetonian , after the 2000 presidential election, "post-election polls found that, in the wake of Clinton-era scandals, the single most significant reason people voted for Bush was for his moral character." [60] [61] [62] According to an analysis of the election by Stanford University:

A more political explanation is the belief in Gore campaign circles that disapproval of President Clinton's personal behavior was a serious threat to the vice president's prospects. Going into the election the one negative element in the public's perception of the state of the nation was the belief that the country was morally on the wrong track, whatever the state of the economy or world affairs. According to some insiders, anything done to raise the association between Gore and Clinton would have produced a net loss of support—the impact of Clinton's personal negatives would outweigh the positive impact of his job performance on support for Gore. Thus, hypothesis four suggests that a previously unexamined variable played a major role in 2000—the retiring president's personal approval. [63]

The Stanford analysis, however, presented different theories and mainly argued that Gore had lost because he decided to distance himself from Clinton during the campaign. The writers of it concluded: [63]

We find that Gore's oft-criticized personality was not a cause of his under-performance. Rather, the major cause was his failure to receive a historically normal amount of credit for the performance of the Clinton administration ... [and] failure to get normal credit reflected Gore's peculiar campaign which in turn reflected fear of association with Clinton's behavior. [63]

According to the America's Future Foundation:

In the wake of the Clinton scandals, independents warmed to Bush's promise to 'restore honor and dignity to the White House'. According to Voter News Service, the personal quality that mattered most to voters was 'honesty'. Voters who chose 'honesty' preferred Bush over Gore by over a margin of five to one. Forty four percent of Americans said the Clinton scandals were important to their vote. Of these, Bush reeled in three out of every four. [64]

Political commentators have argued that Gore's refusal to have Clinton campaign with him was a bigger liability to Gore than Clinton's scandals. [63] [65] [66] [67] [68] The 2000 U.S. Congressional election also saw the Democrats gain more seats in Congress. [69] As a result of this gain, control of the Senate was split 50–50 between both parties, [70] and Democrats would gain control over the Senate after Republican Senator Jim Jeffords defected from his party in early 2001 and agreed to caucus with the Democrats. [71]

Al Gore reportedly confronted Clinton after the election, and "tried to explain that keeping Clinton under wraps [during the campaign] was a rational response to polls showing swing voters were still mad as hell over the Year of Monica". According to the AP, "during the one-on-one meeting at the White House, which lasted more than an hour, Gore used uncommonly blunt language to tell Clinton that his sex scandal and low personal approval ratings were a hurdle he could not surmount in his campaign ... [with] the core of the dispute was Clinton's lies to Gore and the nation about his affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky." [72] [73] [74] Clinton, however, was unconvinced by Gore's argument and insisted to Gore that he would have won the election if he had embraced the administration and its good economic record. [72] [73] [74]

As the first impeachment trial held since Johnson's in 1868, the proceedings were viewed to hold historic significance. With the help of the Senate sergeant at arms, Senate Curator Diane Skvarla kept track of many objects used during the trial and had them stored for historic posterity. These included pencils utilized for tallying votes; several admission tickets printed for the trial; as well furniture such as the podium and easels used by the House-appointed impeachment managers and the defense counsel, the chair in which Chief Justice Rehnquist sat, and the tables utilized by the impeachment managers and defense counsel. After the trial, Senate leadership gifted members the impeachment managers and Clinton's counsel the chairs that each had sat in during the trial as a souvenir of their involvement in the trial. [75]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 A verdict used in Scots law. It was recorded as a "not guilty" vote.

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Henry John Hyde was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 2007, representing the 6th District of Illinois, an area of Chicago's northwestern suburbs. He was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 2001, and the House International Relations Committee from 2001 to 2007. He is most famous for writing the Hyde Amendment, as a vocal opponent of abortion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linda Tripp</span> American civil servant (1949–2020)

Linda Rose Tripp was an American civil servant who played a prominent role in the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal of 1998. Tripp's action in illegally and secretly recording Monica Lewinsky's confidential phone calls about her relationship with President Bill Clinton caused a sensation with their links to the earlier Clinton v. Jones lawsuit and with the disclosing of intimate details. Tripp claimed that her motives were purely patriotic, and she avoided a wiretap charge by agreeing to hand over the tapes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment of Bill Clinton</span> 1998 presidential impeachment proceedings against Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives of the 105th United States Congress on December 19, 1998, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The House adopted two articles of impeachment against Clinton, with the specific charges against Clinton being lying under oath and obstruction of justice. Two other articles had been considered but were rejected by the House vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidney Blumenthal</span> American political writer

Sidney Stone Blumenthal is an American journalist, political operative, and Lincoln scholar. A former aide to President Bill Clinton, he is a long-time confidant of Hillary Clinton and was formerly employed by the Clinton Foundation. As a journalist, Blumenthal wrote about American politics and foreign policy. He is also the author of a multivolume biography of Abraham Lincoln, The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln. Three books of the planned five-volume series have already been published: A Self-Made Man, Wrestling With His Angel, and All the Powers of Earth. Subsequent volumes were planned for later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betty Currie</span> American government official

Betty Grace Currie is an American government official who served as the personal secretary for Bill Clinton during his tenure as president of the United States. She became well known as a figure in the Lewinsky scandal for her alleged handling of gifts given to Monica Lewinsky by President Clinton.

Censure is a formal, public, group condemnation of an individual, often a group member, whose actions run counter to the group's acceptable standards for individual behavior. In the United States, governmental censure is done when a body's members wish to publicly reprimand the president of the United States, a member of Congress, a judge or a cabinet member. It is a formal statement of disapproval. It relies on the target's sense of shame or their constituents' subsequent disapproval, without which it has little practical effect when done on members of Congress and no practical effect when done on the president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</span> 1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th US president

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was initiated on February 24, 1868, when the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The alleged high crimes and misdemeanors were afterwards specified in eleven articles of impeachment adopted by the House on March 2 and 3, 1868. The primary charge against Johnson was that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act. Specifically, that he had acted to remove from office Edwin Stanton and to replace him with Brevet Major General Lorenzo Thomas as secretary of war ad interim. The Tenure of Office Act had been passed by Congress in March 1867 over Johnson's veto with the primary intent of protecting Stanton from being fired without the Senate's consent. Stanton often sided with the Radical Republican faction and did not have a good relationship with Johnson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</span> 1868 U.S. Senate trial

The impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, 17th president of the United States, was held in the United States Senate and concluded with acquittal on three of eleven charges before adjourning sine die without a verdict on the remaining charges. It was the first impeachment trial of a U.S. president and was the sixth federal impeachment trial in U.S. history. The trial began March 5, 1868, and adjourned on May 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First impeachment of Donald Trump</span> 2019 United States presidential impeachment

The first impeachment of President Donald Trump occurred on December 18, 2019. On that date, the House of Representatives adopted two articles of impeachment against Trump: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit Trump on both articles of impeachment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First impeachment trial of Donald Trump</span> 2020 trial in the US Senate

The first impeachment trial of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, began in the U.S. Senate on January 16, 2020, and concluded with his acquittal on February 5. After an inquiry between September and November 2019, President Trump was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 18, 2019; the articles of impeachment charged him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. It was the third impeachment trial of a U.S. president, preceded by those of Andrew Johnson and of Bill Clinton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump</span> 2021 trial in the US Senate

The second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, began on February 9, 2021, and concluded with his acquittal on February 13. Donald Trump had been impeached for the second time by the House of Representatives on January 13, 2021. The House adopted one article of impeachment against Trump: incitement of insurrection. He is the only U.S. president and only federal official to be impeached twice. He was impeached by the House seven days prior to the expiration of his term and the inauguration of Joe Biden. Because he left office before the trial, this was the first impeachment trial of a former president. The article of impeachment addressed Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results and stated that Trump incited the attack on the Capitol in Washington, D.C., while Congress was convened to count the electoral votes and certify the victory of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment inquiry into Bill Clinton</span> 1998 U.S. presidential impeachment inquiry

The impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, was initiated by a vote of the United States House of Representatives on October 8, 1998, roughly a month after the release of the Starr Report. The United States House of Representatives, led by Republican Speaker Newt Gingrich, voted to authorize a broad impeachment inquiry against President Clinton. The inquiry was conducted by the House Committee on the Judiciary.

Samuel Chase, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives on March 12, 1804 on eight articles of impeachment alleging misconduct. His impeachment trial before the United States Senate delivered an acquittal on March 1, 1805, with none of the eight articles receiving the two-thirds majority needed for a conviction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson</span>

Andrew Johnson became the first president of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives on February 24, 1868 after he acted to dismiss Edwin Stanton as secretary of war in disregard for the Tenure of Office Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal impeachment trial in the United States</span> Government proceeding to remove an officeholder

In the United States, a federal impeachment trial is held as the second stage of the United States federal government's bifurcated (two-stage) impeachment process. The preceding stage is the "impeachment" itself, held by a vote in the United States House of Representatives. Federal impeachment trials are held in the United States Senate, with the senators acting as the jurors. At the end of a completed impeachment trial, the U.S. Senate delivers a verdict. A "guilty" verdict has the effect of immediately removing an officeholder from office. After, and only after, a "guilty" verdict, the Senate has the option of additionally barring the official from ever holding federal office again, which can be done by a simple-majority vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal impeachment in the United States</span> Procedure of officially accusing a civil officer

In the United States, federal impeachment is the process by which the House of Representatives charges the president, vice president, or another civil federal officer for alleged misconduct. The House can impeach an individual with a simple majority of the present members or other criteria adopted by the House according to Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution.

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