Clinton Presidential Center

Last updated
William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum
Official logo of the Bill Clinton Presidential Library.svg
Clinton Presidential Center, Airport, and School of Public Service, aerial.jpg
Aerial photo of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park (center) and the Clinton School of Public Service (right)
USA Arkansas location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
General information
Location1200 President Clinton Avenue, Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas, United States
Coordinates 34°44′47″N92°15′30″W / 34.746433°N 92.258463°W / 34.746433; -92.258463 (William J. Clinton Presidential Library)
Named for William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton
Construction startedDecember 5, 2001
InauguratedDedicated on November 18, 2004
Cost$165 million USD
Management National Archives and Records Administration
Technical details
Size152,000 square feet (14,100 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s) Polshek Partnership
Website
clintonfoundation.org/clinton-presidential-center

The William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, [1] [2] and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978. [3]

Contents

It is situated on 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land located next to the Arkansas River and Interstate 30 and was designed by architectural firm Polshek Partnership, LLP with exhibition design by Ralph Appelbaum Associates. [4] Polk Stanley Wilcox Architects also contributed. [5] The main building cantilevers over the Arkansas River, echoing Clinton's campaign promise of "building a bridge to the 21st century". [6] With a 68,698-square-foot (6,382.3 m2) floor plan, the library itself is the largest presidential library in terms of physical area, [2] although the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library has the greatest space overall, due to its addition of the 90,000 square feet (8,400 m2) Air Force One Pavilion in 2005. [7] The archives are the largest as well, containing 2 million photographs, 80 million pages of documents, 21 million e-mail messages, and 79,000 artifacts from the Clinton presidency. [8] [9] The Clinton Library is also the most expensive, with all funding coming from 112,000 private donations. [10] [11]

The museum showcases artifacts from Clinton's two terms as president and includes full-scale replicas of the Clinton-era Oval Office and Cabinet Room. [10]

History

Preliminary planning for the library (including the site choice) began in 1997, while groundbreaking for the complex occurred on December 5, 2001. [4] [6] [12] [13] Early estimates put the library's cost at about $125 million. [4] In 2001, the Clinton Foundation hoped to gather $200 million in donations to cover project costs. [14] In the end, the entire project cost $165 million in private funding, with an additional $11.5 million of land given by the City of Little Rock to construct and covers 152,000 square feet (14,100 m2) within a 28 acres (110,000 m2) park. [9] [10]

Fund-raising for the center was led by Terry McAuliffe, a friend of Clinton's who had also contributed heavily to the Clinton-Gore campaign in 1995. [15] Clinton himself was prohibited by law from personally soliciting donations for the center, but he did host private events relating to the library. There were no other legal restrictions on donations, and the Clinton Foundation was able to accept unlimited private donations, all of which were tax deductible. [4] Approximately $10 million of contributions came from Saudi Arabia. [16] However, the Clinton Foundation declined to release a full donor list, similar to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (although the foundation later agreed to disclose the top 150 donors to the House Government Reform Committee). [17] Donations exceeding $1 million were also given from various other foreign governments (such as Kuwait and Taiwan), as well as foreign individuals. Various American organizations also contributed millions of dollars to the foundation. [16]

Dedication ceremony

Then-President George W. Bush along with former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter at the library's dedication Four United States presidents, 1994.jpg
Then-President George W. Bush along with former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter at the library's dedication

The Clinton Presidential Center was dedicated on November 18, 2004. Although it was raining, the ceremony was attended by approximately 30,000 people (including notable figures such as Willie Mays, Robin Williams, and Barbra Streisand) and included a 20-minute speech made by Clinton, who had recently undergone bypass surgery. [18] It also included performances by Bono, the African Drum Ballet and the Philander Smith Collegiate Choir, as well as an invocation given by Floyd Flake and video tribute from Nelson Mandela. Four U.S. presidents (Clinton, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush were present; former president Gerald R. Ford could not attend due to health concerns) were on the same stage together. [19] All three other presidents spoke at the event as well. [10] [20] Overall, the ceremony lasted two hours and featured six speakers. [11]

Fifth anniversary

On November 17, 2009, the library's fifth anniversary saw Clinton giving a speech to approximately 1,000 people, urging the passage of health-care reform and the reduction of energy use. [21] [22] He specifically mentioned the center and school as places where discussion on such topics could take place. [23]

Complex

Main building

The main gallery, in the interior of the main building, is modeled after the Long Room of Trinity College, Dublin. ClintonPresidentialLibraryInterior.jpg
The main gallery, in the interior of the main building, is modeled after the Long Room of Trinity College, Dublin.

The five-story main building comprises 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of exhibition space, the Great Hall (used for banquets or forums), Forty Two (formerly Café 42, now a full-service restaurant; Clinton was the 42nd president), and classrooms. [24] A 2,000-square-foot (190 m2) private penthouse used by Clinton is located on the top (fifth) floor of the main building, one level above the public museum area. In 2007 the Clinton Foundation installed on the rooftop of the Presidential library the private "Rooftop Garden" with a golf course. [25]

The organization of the exhibits within the main building was inspired by the famous Long Room in the Old Library at Trinity College, Dublin, which Clinton first saw when he was a Rhodes Scholar. [6] [26] The Cadillac One used during Clinton's presidency is housed on the first floor. On the second floor, the main gallery houses a 110-foot (34 m) timeline, representing each of Clinton's years as president. There is also an 80-seat theater, the Great Hall, and the replicas of the Oval Office and Cabinet Room. [10] The restaurant is located in the basement. [6]

Archives

The archives building (in the background) contains by far the greatest amount of records for a president. Little Rock library2.jpg
The archives building (in the background) contains by far the greatest amount of records for a president.

Between November 18, 2000 and January 27, 2001, eight Lockheed C-5 Galaxy missions moved 602 tonnes (664 short tons) of President Bill Clinton's papers, gifts, artifacts, and other official materials from Andrews Air Force Base to Little Rock Air Force Base. Commercial trucks transported the cargoes from the base to the National Archives storage facility in Little Rock, where they were to remain until completion of the Clinton presidential library in 2004. [27]

The archives are housed in a building south of and connected to the main building, which also contains NARA facilities. [6] The Clinton archives are the first to include electronic information along with physical documents. The total amount of records is 35,686 cubic feet (1,010.5 m3), the most of any presidential archive. [26] Because Clinton wanted a light-filled library, the archives are kept underground to protect them from damage from ultraviolet degradation. [28]

Clinton Presidential Park

The Clinton Presidential Park occupies nearly 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land and is located on the riverfront next to the museum. [6] It is a leading example of urban renewal, as the site was formerly a run-down warehouse district. [26] The park was built next to the site of abandoned railroad tracks of the defunct Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The center of the park is Celebration Circle, a fountain plaza around which the center's major buildings are located. [6] It also includes an arboretum, amphitheater, gardens, and a children's play area. [10] There is also an area where Clinton could be buried if he chooses. [26]

Choctaw Station

Choctaw Station, a restored train station Choctaw Station at the William J. Clinton Library.jpg
Choctaw Station, a restored train station

Choctaw Station is a restored historic redbrick train station opened by the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad in 1901 and used by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad until passenger service was discontinued in November 1967. The building was subsequently purchased by the Arkansas Gazette (known now as Arkansas Democrat-Gazette ) and later restored by a restaurant chain, Spaghetti Warehouse, which was known for preserving old buildings. The Choctaw Station now houses the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service, the Clinton Public Policy Institute, and the Clinton Foundation. The station is 13,200 square feet (1,230 m2) after having been renovated. [6] A companion structure, the 1899 Choctaw freight station, was razed in November 2001 after a contentious debate between the City of Little Rock and historic preservationists. [29]

Bridge

The Rock Island Railroad Bridge (before restoration) is a now-defunct railroad bridge. Rock Island Railroad Bridge AR.jpg
The Rock Island Railroad Bridge (before restoration) is a now-defunct railroad bridge.

The 1899 Rock Island Railroad Bridge across the Arkansas River, originally built by the Choctaw and Memphis Railroad [30] and leading to Choctaw Station, has been converted into a pedestrian bridge connecting to North Little Rock. On the fifth anniversary of the library's opening, Clinton said that construction on the project would begin in 2010, but full funding had not yet been secured, as the project was still short about $3 million. [21] [31] [32] The Clinton Foundation had originally planned to renovate the bridge for $4 million in exchange for a $1-a-year land lease from the state. In 2009, Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe agreed to use $2.5 million of stimulus funds to fund part of the renovation. A previous $8 million earmark for the project had failed to pass the state legislature. [33] In 2010, fundraising was finally completed for the bridge, renamed as the Clinton Park Bridge, and construction began on May 28, 2010. [34] On September 30, 2011, Clinton spoke at a dedication ceremony for the bridge, which opened to the public on October 2, 2011. [35]

Store

For legal reasons involving state development funds, retail facilities were, for a time, prohibited on the same property as the library itself. [36] The Clinton Museum Store was first located in the nearby River Market district. In 2016, however, the limitation expired and the store relocated to the library lobby. [37]

Exhibits

Hillary — Happy Valentine's Day! I love you, Bill.

—Bill Clinton, Valentine's Day note to Hillary Clinton.

One exhibit at the library features a bike given to Clinton by Lance Armstrong Clinton Library bike exhibit.jpg
One exhibit at the library features a bike given to Clinton by Lance Armstrong
The lower area of the main gallery houses a timeline Timeline exhibit at Clinton Library.jpg
The lower area of the main gallery houses a timeline
Bill Clinton's presidential limousine on display at the library RIMG0019.jpg
Bill Clinton's presidential limousine on display at the library

The Clinton Library features numerous items from Clinton's time as president. Clinton's Cadillac One is on the first floor of the main building. The second floor includes the main gallery. It consists of a 110-foot (34 m) timeline of each of Clinton's years as president, as well as 14 alcoves featuring various events during Clinton's terms. [38] There is an orientation theater and full-size replicas of the Clinton-era Oval Office and Cabinet Room as well. [10] The Oval Office exhibit is the only full-size model Oval Office in any presidential library, and was constructed using thousands of photos taken by White House officials of the original office. [38]

The timeline comprises eight panels, each one 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and begins with Clinton's 1993 inaugural address. Items on the alcove displays include the Oklahoma City bombing and Northern Ireland and Middle East peace efforts. [38] [39] Items released by the Presidential Records Act of 1978 are included in the exhibits, including personal letters written to and by the Clinton family, such as ones from Whoopi Goldberg and Arsenio Hall, as well as family photographs and even a Valentine's Day note from Bill Clinton to Hillary. [3] The second floor of the main gallery showcases artifacts from previous state dinners and various state gifts, such as ceramics and other decorative pieces. An exhibit on Clinton's saxophone and another on family pets Socks and Buddy are also on the second floor. [39]

Clinton has been criticized for not including enough details about the Monica Lewinsky scandal and his impeachment. One of the 14 alcoves is dedicated to the "politics of persecution" and is titled The Fight For Power. The alcove includes the Lewinsky affair, the Whitewater scandal, and the Republican Contract with America. Ralph Applebaum, the chief exhibit designer for the center, said that Clinton was heavily involved in the alcove's design, and that Clinton "insisted on a transparent and illuminating exhibition". [39] The scandal is portrayed as a power struggle between Republicans in Congress and Clinton after the Republican Party took control of both the House of Representatives and Senate in 1994.

Controversies and criticism

In 1997, Eugene Pfeifer III sued the city of Little Rock to challenge its use of eminent domain in the use of the land but the city's method of taking the land was upheld by the Arkansas Supreme Court in 2001. Pfeifer argued against the use of revenue bonds for the project because he believed that the city could not afford to repay them. [40] In 2001, a rail depot dating from 1899 was discovered within a warehouse on the site. Preservationists lost a court battle to save the building, and the depot was destroyed. [29] Protesters also picketed the city hall when the city tried to name the street in front of the library "President Clinton Avenue". The two groups later compromised and only half of the street was renamed. [8]

The library has been criticized for not including much information about the pardons Clinton issued just before leaving office. [3] On January 20, 2001, his last day in office, Clinton pardoned former financier Marc Rich, a fugitive who had been charged with multiple counts of racketeering, wire fraud, income tax evasion, and illegal oil trading. Rich's wife, Denise Eisenberg Rich, was reported to have made three donations totaling nearly $1,000,000 to Clinton's presidential library fund, as well as multiple other contributions to the Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton's senate campaign. It was later found that she only made three payments totaling $450,000 to the fundraiser. The Senate Judiciary Committee was investigating the pardon and issued subpoenas for Denise Rich's bank records because she refused to testify before the House Government Reform Committee, in accordance with her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. [14] [41] U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White also launched a criminal investigation into whether the pardon had been a result of the contributions. It was later claimed that Rich had donated the funds months before asking for a pardon. [42] Clinton maintained that the pardon had not been bought, but had been based instead on the legal merits of Marc Rich's appeal. [43] During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Barack Obama referenced the donations during his primary campaign against Hillary Rodham Clinton. [44]

Clinton has also been criticized for the library's lack of coverage regarding various scandals during his presidency, including the Whitewater scandal. Clinton adviser Bruce Lindsey said that Clinton wanted to provide information regarding the incidents, but depicting the attacks as a scheme to "delegitimize" Clinton's administration. [45] The museum's main exhibit designer has said that "this is the way the president wanted to see his legacy defined." [3]

Design

General design

The glass screen, which acts as a sunscreen, is on the main building's western face. Clinton Library right flags.jpg
The glass screen, which acts as a sunscreen, is on the main building's western face.

The primarily modernist complex was designed by James Polshek's Polshek Partnership Architects, led by Polshek and partner Richard Olcott. [9] The structural engineer for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates. [46] The museum and exhibitions were designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates, with landscaping by Hargreaves associates. [6] Clinton did not announce his choice of architect until 1999, when Polshek was officially hired that August. [47] Although Appelbaum was the official designer for the exhibitions, Appelbaum called Clinton "the editor-in-chief, the curator-in-chief and in many times the art director of the exhibits". [3]

It is constructed primarily of steel and glass. [10] The main building is based on the diagonal truss. Originally, the museum was planned parallel to the river, but was quickly changed so it would lie perpendicular to the river, for the purpose of providing a better view to visitors. The western façade of the museum is a screen wall composed of laminated glass tiles, providing a sunscreen for the building. The underside is constructed of aluminum. [6] [9] Some critics dislike the bridge design, saying it looks too much like a trailer on stilts. [41]

Environment

The library incorporates many aspects of environmentally-sensitive design, in accordance to Clinton's work involving sustainable development. It first earned a Silver Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification under the United States Green Building Council LEED for New Construction program in 2004 and later Platinum Certification under LEED-EB (LEED for Existing Buildings) in 2007. [48] The library's flooring is made of recycled rubber tires and there are charging stations for electric vehicles in the parking lot. In 2007, a rooftop garden was established atop the library, in addition to existing solar panels. The garden collects runoff and is maintained without the use of gasoline-powered lawn mowers and chemical pesticides or fertilizers. [49]

Economic impact

After the location for the project was announced, many new businesses began to develop in the surrounding area. Numerous hotels, restaurants, housing complexes, offices, retail stores were established. The revived River Market district, a dining and retail area near the library, was created as a result of its location. In addition, over $1 billion of new real estate has been invested in downtown Little Rock. [50] The world headquarters of Heifer International is located just beyond the library. [9] [51]

The center has spurred an estimated $2 billion in new projects in the surrounding parts of Little Rock. Since its opening, the library has had over 1.64 million visitors. The museum had 302,583 visitors in 2009 and 273,108 visitors in 2008. There were approximately 500,000 visitors during its first year (November 2004 – 2005). [51]

Student outreach

The Clinton Presidential Center offers free admission to school groups, homeschool groups, and other school personnel with a reservation. [52]

The center also offers four free-admission days annually in celebration of Presidents' Day, the Fourth of July, President Clinton's birthday, and the anniversary of the Clinton Center's grand opening.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bill Clinton</span> President of the United States from 1993 to 2001

William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marc Rich</span> American commodities trader (1934–2013)

Marc Rich was an international commodities trader, financier, and businessman. He founded the commodities company Glencore, and was later indicted in the United States on federal charges of tax evasion, wire fraud, racketeering, and making oil deals with Iran during the Iran hostage crisis. He fled to Switzerland at the time of the indictment and never returned to the United States. He received a widely criticized presidential pardon from President Bill Clinton, on his last day in office; Rich's ex-wife Denise had made large donations to the Democratic Party.

The year 2004 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</span> Library and museum for U.S. President

The George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and burial site of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States (1989–1993), and his wife Barbara Bush. Located on a 90-acre (360,000 m2) site on the west campus of Texas A&M University at 1000 George Bush Drive West in College Station, Texas, the library is one of 13 administered by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</span> Presidential library in Simi Valley, California

The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the repository of presidential records from the Reagan administration. Located in Simi Valley, California, the library is administered by the National Archives and Records Administration and is the burial place of Ronald and Nancy Reagan. It contains millions of documents, photographs, films and tapes. It also contains memorabilia and a permanent exhibit of Ronald Reagan's life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alice Walton</span> American heiress to the fortune of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

Alice Louise Walton is an American heiress to the fortune of Walmart as daughter of founder Sam Walton. In September 2016, she owned over $11 billion in Walmart shares. As of November 2023, Walton has a net worth of $71 billion, making her the 17th richest person and the second-richest woman in the world according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, after Françoise Bettencourt Meyers.

Bill Clinton was criticized for some of his presidential pardons and acts of executive clemency. Pardoning or commuting sentences is a power granted by the Constitution to sitting U.S. presidents. Scholars describe two different models of the pardons process. In the 'agency model' of pardons the process is driven by nonpolitical legal experts in the Department of Justice. In contrast, Clinton followed the 'presidential model', viewing the pardon power as a convenient resource that could be used to advance specific policy goals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Arkansas</span> Metropolitan area in Arkansas, United States

Central Arkansas, also known as the Little Rock metro, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area, is the most populous metro area in the U.S. state of Arkansas. With an estimated 2020 population of 748,031, it is the most populated area in Arkansas. Located at the convergence of Arkansas's other geographic regions, the region's central location make Central Arkansas an important population, economic, education, and political center in Arkansas and the South. Little Rock is the state's capital and largest city, and the city is also home to two Fortune 500 companies, Arkansas Children's Hospital, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinton School of Public Service</span> Public administration school of the University of Arkansas

The Clinton School of Public Service is a branch of the University of Arkansas system and is the newest of the presidential schools. It is located on the grounds of the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock. The school is housed in the Choctaw Route Station, a former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad station built in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simmons Bank Arena</span> Indoor arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas

Simmons Bank Arena is an 18,000-seat multi-purpose arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas, directly across the Arkansas River from downtown Little Rock. Opened in October 1999, it is the main entertainment venue serving Central Arkansas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copia (museum)</span> Former non-profit museum in Napa, US

Copia: The American Center for Wine, Food & the Arts was a non-profit museum and educational center in downtown Napa, California, dedicated to wine, food and the arts of American culture. The center, planned and largely funded by vintners Robert and Margrit Mondavi, was open from 2001 to 2008. The 78,632-square-foot (7,305.2 m2) museum had galleries, two theaters, classrooms, a demonstration kitchen, a restaurant, a rare book library, and a 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) vegetable and herb garden; there it hosted wine and food tasting programs, exhibitions, films, and concerts. The main and permanent exhibition of the museum, "Forks in the Road", explained the origins of cooking through to modern advances. The museum's establishment benefited the city of Napa and the development and gentrification of its downtown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinton Foundation</span> American non-profit organization

The Clinton Foundation is a nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code. It was established by former president of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people in the United States and throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." Its offices are located in New York City and Little Rock, Arkansas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arkansas River Trail</span> Recreational rail trail in Arkansas, United States

The Arkansas River Trail is a rail trail that runs 17 miles (27 km) in along both sides of the Arkansas River in Central Arkansas.

The Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad (CO&G), known informally as the "Choctaw Route," was an American railroad in the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Rock, Arkansas</span> Capital and largest city of Arkansas, USA

Little Rock is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The city's population was 202,591 as of the 2020 census. The six-county Little Rock metropolitan area is the 81st-most populous in the United States with 748,031 residents according to the 2020 census.

The post-presidency of Bill Clinton began on January 20, 2001 following the end of Bill Clinton's second term as president. Clinton was the 42nd president of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Clinton, who served as the junior U.S. senator from New York between 2001 and 2009 and the 67th United States Secretary of State between 2009 and 2013, on her presidential campaigns in 2008, in which she was runner-up for the Democratic nomination, and in 2016, when she lost the election to Donald Trump. After Clinton left office, he ended up forming a close friendship with George H. W. Bush and later, with George W. Bush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</span> Presidential museum for U.S. President Gerald Ford in Grand Rapids, Michigan

The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is the presidential museum and burial place of Gerald Ford, the 38th president of the United States (1974–1977), and his wife Betty Ford. It is located near the Pew Campus of Grand Valley State University in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Ford's presidential museum is the only such facility under the auspices of the National Archives and Records Administration to be separate from the presidential library, which is located approximately 130 miles (210 km) to the east in Ann Arbor. Despite the separation, the library and museum are a single institution with one director.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Little Rock, Arkansas, US.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LuEsther T. Mertz Library</span> New York Botanical Garden library

The LuEsther T. Mertz Library is located at the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) in the Bronx, New York City. Founded in 1899 and renamed in the 1990s for LuEsther Mertz, it is the United States' largest botanical research library, and the first library whose collection focused exclusively on botany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential transition of Bill Clinton</span>

The presidential transition of Bill Clinton began when he won the United States presidential election on November 3, 1992, and became the president-elect. Clinton was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 14, 1992. The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1993, and the transition ended when Clinton was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 1993.

References

  1. ↑ "Clinton presidential library opens in Arkansas". Xinhuanet . Xinhua News Agency. November 18, 2004. Archived from the original on November 20, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  2. 1 2 Velshi, Ali; Kiernan, Pat; Clarkin, Greg (May 5, 2004). "Alsobrook Named Director of The Clinton Presidential Library". The Financial Times . Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Zeleny, Jeff (November 18, 2004). "Clinton tries to shape his legacy with presidential library". Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Van Natta, Don Jr. (June 28, 1999). "Dinner for a Presidential Library, Contributions Welcome". The New York Times . Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Awards & Publications". Polk Stanley Wilcox Architects. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Polshek Partnership, LLP (2008). William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park (9908) (2nd ed.). Polshek Partnership LLP. ISBN   0-9772502-1-0.
  7. ↑ "Winds tear Air Force One Pavilion roof at Reagan Library". Ventura County Star . The E.W. Scripps Co. November 3, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
  8. 1 2 Parker, Suzi (November 17, 2004). "A library – and legacy – for Billiophiles". Christian Science Monitor . The Christian Science Publishing Society. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Kamin, Blair (November 14, 2004). "A new chapter". Daily Press. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chappell, Kevin (December 13, 2004). "Blacks join Clinton for his presidential library opening in Arkansas". Jet, pp. 4–18.
  11. 1 2 Zeleny, Jeff (November 18, 2004). "Rain falls, partisanship falls away for Clinton library opening". Tribune Company. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  12. ↑ Duggan, Paul (August 6, 2000). "Clinton Presidential Library at Center of Arkansas Land Dispute". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Clinton Presidential Library Opens Today". The Washington Post. November 18, 2004. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  14. 1 2 "Rich's '$450,000' for Clinton library". BBC News. BBC. February 10, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  15. ↑ Gerth, Jeff (December 12, 1999). "Friendship Counts: Clinton's Top Fund-Raiser Made Lots for Himself, Too". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  16. 1 2 Solomon, John; H. Birnbaum, Jeffrey (December 15, 2007). "Clinton Library Got Funds From Abroad". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
  17. ↑ "Clinton library shares list of top donors". The Associated Press. 1 March 2001. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
  18. ↑ F. Harris, Josh (November 19, 2004). "Unity Shines in the Rain at Clinton Library Dedication". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  19. ↑ Newman, Maria (November 18, 2004). "Thousands Attend Dedication of Clinton's Presidential Library". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Clinton library open for business". BBC News . BBC. November 18, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  21. 1 2 "Ex-president urges health reform, less energy use". The Associated Press. 18 November 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Ex-president to mark Clinton library 5th birthday". UALR Public Radio. The Associated Press. November 18, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  23. ↑ Matthews, Kay (November 19, 2009). "Clinton Presidential Center celebrates fifth anniversary". Digital Journal. digitaljournal.com. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Press Release: Clinton Center's Forty Two Expands Operations". William J. Clinton Presidential Center. William J. Clinton Foundation. September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  25. ↑ The Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Private Rooftop Garden: An Obscene Violation Of Charity Law & Principles, September 10, 2017
  26. 1 2 3 4 Q. Seelye, Katharine (November 18, 2004). "Clinton Library Reflects Its Subject's Volatile Era". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  27. ↑ Leland, John W.; Wilcoxson, Kathryn A. (May 2003). The chronological history of the C-5 Galaxy (PDF). Office of History Air Mobility Command. p. 87.
  28. ↑ Hammer, David; Grace, Francie (November 17, 2004). "Clinton's Proud Of His Library". CBS News . The Associated Press . Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  29. 1 2 "Choctaw Terminal" . Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  30. ↑ "Rock Island Bridge (Little Rock-North Little Rock)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  31. ↑ "Work begins on second pedestrian bridge at LR, in River Market". FOX16. The Associated Press. June 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  32. ↑ Netterstrom, Kristin (November 19, 2009). "Clinton puts Rock Island Bridge on go for '10". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  33. ↑ "THE DAILY OUTRAGE: Clinton library bailout?". Washington Examiner. October 7, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  34. ↑ Abubey, Faith (May 28, 2010). "Clinton Presidential Park Bridge construction to begin". KTHV . Arkansas Television Company. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  35. ↑ Hibblen, Michael (September 30, 2011). "Dedication For Clinton Presidential Park Bridge". KUAR . UALR Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  36. ↑ Brantley, Max (November 12, 2015). "Clinton Foundation to Move Museum Store, Raise Admission Fee at Library". Arkansas Times: Arkansas Blog. Arkansas Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  37. ↑ THV11 Staff (April 24, 2016). "Clinton Museum Store Reopens". THV11.com. KTHV-TV. Retrieved March 2, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. 1 2 3 Grace, Frankie (November 18, 2004). "Soggy Launch For Clinton Library". CBS News. CBS Broadcasting Inc. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  39. 1 2 3 Hewitt, Giles (November 17, 2004). "Clinton library is more Whoopi than Monica". IOL. Independent Online. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  40. ↑ Jefferson, James (November 1, 2001). "Clinton Library Gets Go-Ahead". CBS News. The Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  41. 1 2 Leigh Cowan, Alison (February 9, 2001). "Ex-Wife of Pardoned Financier Pledged Money to Clinton Library". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  42. ↑ Arena, Kelli; O'Connor, Eileen (February 14, 2001). "U.S. attorney launches criminal probe of Rich pardon". CNN. Cable News Network LP, LLLP. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  43. ↑ Judd, Jackie; Ruppe, David (February 10, 2001). "Denise Rich Gave $450,000 to Clinton Library". ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  44. ↑ Brooks, David (March 8, 2008). "A losing political strategy for Obama". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Union-Tribune Publishing Co. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Clinton library unveils displays". USA Today . The Associated Press. November 17, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  46. ↑ Leslie E. Robertson Associates
  47. ↑ McGuigan, Cathleen (September 13, 2004). "Bill's New Bridge". Newsweek. Newsweek, Inc. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Clinton Presidential Library Earns a LEED for Existing Buildings Platinum Rating". Green Progress. Green Progress. November 14, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Clinton presidential library builds 'green' roof". NBC News. The Associated Press. November 19, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  50. ↑ Madhani, Aamer (July 8, 2013). "Race, class arise as issues in Obama library battle". USA Today (paper). p. 5A.
  51. 1 2 Bartels, Chuck (November 17, 2009). "5 Years Later, Clinton Center Anchors Little Rock". ABC News. The Associated Press. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  52. ↑ "School Group Tour Information". Clinton Foundation. Retrieved 2019-04-16.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.