First inauguration of Bill Clinton

Last updated
First presidential inauguration of Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton taking the oath of office, 1993.jpg
Bill Clinton takes the oath of office as the
42nd president of the United States.
DateJanuary 20, 1993;30 years ago (1993-01-20)
Location United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Organized by Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
Participants Bill Clinton
42nd president of the United States
— Assuming office
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States
— Administering oath
Al Gore
45th vice president of the United States
— Assuming office
Byron White
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
— Administering oath
←  1989
1997  →

The first inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd president of the United States was held on Wednesday, January 20, 1993, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 52nd inauguration and marked the commencement of the first term of Bill Clinton as president and Al Gore as vice president. [1] At 46 years, 154 days of age at the time of his first inauguration, Clinton was the third-youngest person to become president, and the first from the Baby Boomer generation.

Contents

Pre-inaugural events

Reunion on the Mall

America's Reunion on the Mall was a two-day multi-stage festival as part of the 1993 Presidential Inaugural Celebration, held from January 17–19. One million people attended the event on the National Mall between Capitol Hill and the Washington Monument. With tents stretching from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, it was reported to be the largest festival ever held on the Mall. [2] The two-hour outdoor concert that started the festival kicked off the Clinton/Gore Inaugural. Hundreds of thousands of people attended the free concert, which featured entertainers Michael Jackson, Aretha Franklin, Michael Bolton, Tony Bennett, Bob Dylan, Diana Ross, and rapper LL Cool J. [3] On that Sunday, Metrorail recorded 440,138 trips, breaking the Sunday record set at the April 5, 1992 March for Women's Lives and setting a record that would be broken the following 4 July. [4]

Inaugural bell ringing ceremony

On January 17, President-elect Clinton addressed the crowd in a short bell-ringing ceremony to mark his inauguration, after leading a procession across the Memorial Bridge from Washington, DC, to Arlington, Virginia. The ceremony included a brief videotape and statement from the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavour , and live video links from NASA Mission Control in Houston, Texas, south central Los Angeles, Oklahoma, Nashville, San Francisco, Tallahassee, Little Rock, San Antonio, Philadelphia, Keams Canyon, Arizona, and Atlanta, where crowds had assembled to take part in a bell-ringing ceremony to show the unity of the nation. At 6 p.m., Clinton and Gore, with the help of their children, grasped the red rope attached to the bell and led the nation in a bell ringing ceremony. A spectacular display of fireworks ended the evening's public events. [5]

Visit to the Arlington Cemetery

On January 19, Clinton visited the Arlington National Cemetery to visit the graves of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. The visit was not on Clinton's schedule, and only a small group of reporters and photographers were allowed to witness the gathering from 150 yards away. After kneeling at the graveside for a few moments, the Clintons each placed a white rose on the grave of Robert Kennedy, who was shot June 5, 1968, while campaigning for the presidency. Clinton then walked alone to John F. Kennedy's grave and placed another white rose on the marker and knelt for several seconds before the grave. Clinton had met President Kennedy briefly as a teenager in 1963, and credits that encounter with leading him to enter public service. [6]

Presidential gala

On January 19, 1993, a cast including Michael Jackson, Barbra Streisand, Elton John, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Judy Collins, Aretha Franklin, Michael Bolton, the Alvin Ailey Dance Troupe, comedians Chevy Chase and Bill Cosby, and actors Jack Lemmon, James Earl Jones, Warren Beatty, and Edward James Olmos, as well as a band of jazz all-stars composed of T.S. Monk, Herbie Hancock, Wynton Marsalis, Clark Terry, Al Grey, Ron Carter, Grover Washington Jr., Illinois Jacquet, and Wayne Shorter performed at the 42nd Presidential Inaugural Gala at The Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland in Clinton's honour. [7] [8]

A specially re-formed Fleetwood Mac took the stage to perform "Don't Stop", Clinton's campaign song. [9] "It was one of those experiences that you never forget," remarked Stevie Nicks. "Bill was very sparkly... Michael Jackson had lost his makeup and wanted to borrow some, so we sent over my foundation and it was not the right colour. He sent it back with a big 'thank you' note." [10]

Kids' Inaugural

Also on January 19, the Clintons took part in an event aimed at younger audiences at the Kennedy Center. Billed as two separate one-hour specials, the Inaugural Celebration for Children and the Inaugural Celebration for Youth were both aired live on Disney Channel. [11]

The Inaugural Celebration for Children was hosted by Markie Post and featured appearances from Mr. Rogers, Kermit the Frog, Raffi, Emmylou Harris, Rosanne Cash, and the cast of Adventures in Wonderland . Notably, during the finale of the special, Steve Whitmire perched the Kermit the Frog puppet on Hillary Clinton's shoulder as he sang during the final song, a photo of which appeared in newspapers across the country.

This was followed by the Inaugural Celebration for Youth, which was hosted by Will Smith and featured appearances from Clarence Clemons, Boyz II Men, Celine Dion, Kenny Loggins, Vanessa Williams, Jay R. Ferguson, Al Gore, the Joffrey Ballet, the L.A. Youth Ensemble Theatre, and the cast of The Mickey Mouse Club . [12]

Inauguration events

Pass to the Capitol Hill standing area for the Inauguration 1993-52nd Inaugural Pass.JPG
Pass to the Capitol Hill standing area for the Inauguration

Organization

The inaugural ceremonies and luncheon for Clinton's inauguration were planned and executed by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, as all inaugurations since 1901 have been. Senator Wendell H. Ford chaired the committee for Clinton's first inauguration. [13] It is estimated that the committee spent $33 million on the inauguration. [14]

Vice presidential oath

The ceremony began with the vice presidential oath of office. Byron White, the Associate Justice, administered the oath to Albert A. Gore Jr. The oath of office for the vice president is not specified in the Constitution, but Gore used the current form of the oath, which is also used by the Senators, Representatives, and other government officers: [15]

I Albert Gore Jr., do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and I will well and faithfully perform the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God.

Presidential oath

At noon, the oath of office was administered to Clinton by Chief Justice William Rehnquist. The oath was sworn on a King James Bible, which was given to him by his grandmother. Standing beside him were his daughter Chelsea and his wife Hillary, who was holding the Bible opened to Galatians 6:9. [16]

Clinton recited the following, as prescribed by the Constitution:

I, William Jefferson Clinton, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. [So help me God.]

Presidential address

Clinton, the first Democratic president in 12 years (since Jimmy Carter), then delivered his inaugural address. In the 1,598-word speech, Clinton informed the nation of his intentions as a leader. [17] Clinton portrayed change as a positive factor, not something to be feared. He reminded his audience that America has a history of overcoming challenges through bold action and re-creating itself for the better in the process using examples such as the Great Depression and the Civil War. As the first president elected in the post–Cold War era, Clinton stressed the importance of renewal for America, and hinted that he would work to make positive change in America. [18] "The Star Spangled Banner", the American national anthem and "God Bless America", an American patriotic song, were both played following Clinton's address.

Poetry

After Clinton's inaugural address, Maya Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning". The poem, which Angelou wrote specifically for the inauguration, shared common themes to Clinton's inaugural address, including change, responsibility, and the president's and the citizenry's role in establishing economic security. Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, as Robert Frost was the first, who recited a poem at John F Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. [19]

Religious elements

Since 1937, the inauguration ceremonies have included one or more prayers. During Clinton's first inauguration, Rev. Billy Graham, who also delivered invocations during the first inauguration on George W Bush, and the second Inauguration of Bill Clinton, gave an invocation and benediction:

Our God and our Father, we thank you for this historic occasion when we inaugurate our new President and Vice-President. We thank you for the moral and spiritual foundations which our forefathers gave us and which are rooted deeply in scripture. Those principles nourished and guided us as a nation in the past, but we cannot say that we are a righteous people. We've sinned against you. We've sown to the wind and are reaping the whirlwind of crime, drug abuse, racism, immorality, and social injustice. We need to repent of our sins and turn by faith to you. And now, on this twentieth day of January, 1993, we commit to you President-elect Clinton and Vice-President-elect Gore, who you have permitted to take leadership at this critical time in our nation's history. Help them always to see the office to which they've been elected as a sacred trust from you. We pray that you will bless their wives who will share so much of the responsibility and burdens. Make President-elect Clinton know that he is never really alone but that the eternal God can be his refuge and he can turn to you in every circumstance. Give him the wisdom you've promised to those who ask and the strength that you alone can give. We thank you for his predecessor President Bush and the dedication he gave to this office. Bless him as he and Mrs. Bush continue their dedicated service to our country in other spheres. We commit this inaugural ceremony to you and ask that the memory of this event may always remind us to pray for our leaders. I pray this in the name of the one that's called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, the Everlasting Father and the Prince of Peace. Amen. [20]

Attendance

The Clinton Inauguration drew what was, at the time, the second largest crowd ever at an inauguration, an estimated 800,000. The Johnson Inauguration had drawn an estimated 1.2 million and Obama's later drew 1.9 million in 2008 and 1 million in 2012, placing it in the 4th largest spot as of 2017. [21] The large crowd resulted in a single-day Metro record of 811,257 trips, a record that would last 11 years and 4 months - the longest lasting record in Metrorail history - until it was broken by the Reagan Funeral Procession. [22] [23]

Post-ceremony traditions

The President and the First Lady during the parade President William J. Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the Inaugural Parade.jpg
The President and the First Lady during the parade

Departure of the former president

Following the inaugural ceremony on the west front of the U.S. Capitol, President Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, Vice President Al Gore and Tipper Gore escorted former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol. George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara then departed on a plane to return to Houston, Texas. [24]

Congressional luncheon

Clinton and Gore were guests of honor at a luncheon held by the United States Congress immediately following the inaugural ceremony. The luncheon was held in Statuary Hall and was attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president. By tradition, former President George H. W. Bush and former Vice President Dan Quayle did not attend. [25]

Inaugural parade

After the luncheon, Clinton and his wife made their way down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, followed by a procession of ceremonial military regiments, citizens' groups, marching bands, and floats. [26] The Clintons traveled in a limousine down Pennsylvania Avenue to the cheers of a large crowd lining the street. The Clintons got out of the limousine to walk the final few blocks to the White House, followed by the Gores a few minutes later. [27]

Inaugural balls

Arkansas diamond in 1992 Dunay setting created for Hillary Clinton for the inaugural balls Cynnabar ring for Hillary Clinton 1992 inaugural ball.jpg
Arkansas diamond in 1992 Dunay setting created for Hillary Clinton for the inaugural balls

After the parade, the president, vice president and their families attended the 11 official inaugural balls held in their honor. Sites for these balls included National Air and Space Museum, D.C. Armory, D.C. Convention Center, Kennedy Center, National Building Museum, Old Post Office Pavilion (Youth Ball), Omni Shoreham Hotel, S. Dillon Ripley Center, [29] Sheraton Washington Hotel, Union Station, and the Washington Hilton. [30]


Members of the inauguration committee

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States presidential inauguration</span> Ceremony marking the start of a new presidential term

Between 73 and 79 days after the presidential election, the president-elect of the United States is inaugurated as president by taking the presidential oath of office. The inauguration takes place for each new presidential term, even if the president is continuing in office for a second term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of Barack Obama</span> 56th United States presidential inauguration

The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20, 2009, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The 56th inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in the city, marked the commencement of the first term of Barack Obama as president and Joe Biden as vice president. Based on combined attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic, it was one of the most-observed events ever by the global audience at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second inauguration of George W. Bush</span> 55th United States presidential inauguration

The second inauguration of George W. Bush as the 43rd president of the United States took place on Thursday, January 20, 2005, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 55th inauguration and marked the beginning of the second and final term of George W. Bush as president and Dick Cheney as vice president. The ailing Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the presidential oath of office for the last time before his death on September 3 that year. Attendance at the inauguration has been reported as being around 100,000, 300,000, or 400,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of George W. Bush</span> 54th United States presidential inauguration

The first inauguration of George W. Bush as the 43rd president of the United States took place on Saturday, January 20, 2001, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 54th inauguration and marked the commencement of the first term of George W. Bush as president and Dick Cheney as vice president. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the presidential oath of office at 12:01 p.m., after he administered the vice presidential oath of office as well. An estimated 300,000 people attended the swearing-in ceremony. This was the first presidential inauguration to take place in the 21st century, and the first in the 3rd millennium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second inauguration of Bill Clinton</span> 53rd United States presidential inauguration

The second inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd president of the United States was held on Monday, January 20, 1997, at the West Front of the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. This was the 53rd inauguration and marked the commencement of the second and final term of Bill Clinton as president and Al Gore as vice president. This was the last presidential inauguration to take place in the 20th century, the last in the 2nd millennium, and the first to be streamed live on the internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of George H. W. Bush</span> 51st United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of George H. W. Bush as the 41st president of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1989, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 51st inauguration and marked the commencement of the only term of both George H. W. Bush as president and Dan Quayle as vice president. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administered the presidential oath of office to Bush and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor administered the vice presidential oath of office to Quayle. Bush was the first sitting vice president to be inaugurated as president since Martin Van Buren in 1837 and the last World War II combat veteran. Bush composed his own prayer for the ceremony which he recited at the start of his inaugural address; the last president to do so was Dwight D. Eisenhower at his first inauguration in 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan</span> 50th United States presidential inauguration

The second inauguration of Ronald Reagan as president of the United States was held in a televised ceremony on January 20, 1985, at the White House, and was repeated the following day, January 21, 1985, at the Capitol's rotunda. This was the 50th presidential inauguration and marked the commencement of the second and final four-year term of both Ronald Reagan as president and of George H. W. Bush as vice president. At 73 years, 349 days of age on Inauguration Day, Reagan was the oldest U.S. president to be inaugurated, until Joe Biden's inauguration as president on January 20, 2021, at the age of 78 years, 61 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of Ronald Reagan</span> 49th United States presidential inauguration

The first inauguration of Ronald Reagan as the 40th president of the United States was held on Tuesday, January 20, 1981, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the first inauguration to be held on the building's west side. This was the 49th inauguration and marked the commencement of Ronald Reagan's and George H. W. Bush's first term as president and vice president. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the presidential oath of office to Reagan, who placed his hand upon a family Bible given to him by his mother, open to 2 Chronicles 7:14. Associate Justice Potter Stewart administered the vice presidential oath to Bush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of Jimmy Carter</span> 48th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of Jimmy Carter as the 39th president of the United States was held on Thursday, January 20, 1977, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington D.C. This was the 48th inauguration and marked the commencement of Jimmy Carter's and Walter Mondale's single term as president and vice president. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the presidential oath of office to Carter, and Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill administered the vice presidential oath of office to Mondale. This was the last inauguration held on the East Portico of the Capitol building as well as the last time the chief justice would stand to the left of the podium, with the audience facing them, while swearing in a president. Exactly forty years later, Carter attended the inauguration of Donald Trump, becoming the first U.S. president to mark the 40th anniversary of his inauguration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of Richard Nixon</span> 46th United States presidential inauguration

The first inauguration of Richard Nixon as the 37th president of the United States was held on Monday, January 20, 1969, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 46th inauguration and marked the commencement of the first and eventually only full term of both Richard Nixon as president and Spiro Agnew as vice president. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the presidential oath of office to Nixon, and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen administered the vice presidential oath to Agnew. Nixon was the first non-incumbent vice president to be inaugurated as president. This was also the last presidential oath administered by Chief Justice Warren.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower</span> 42nd United States presidential inauguration

The first inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th president of the United States was held on Tuesday, January 20, 1953, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 42nd inauguration and marked the commencement of the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president and of Richard Nixon as vice president. Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson administered the presidential oath of office to Eisenhower. The vice presidential oath was administered to Nixon by Senator William Knowland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman</span> 41st United States presidential inauguration

The second inauguration of Harry S. Truman as president of the United States was held on Thursday, January 20, 1949, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 41st inauguration and marked the commencement of the second and only full term of Harry S. Truman as president as well as the only term of Alben W. Barkley as vice president. Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson administered the presidential oath of office while Justice Stanley Forman Reed administered the vice-presidential oath of office.

"Praise Song for the Day" is an occasional poem written by the American poet Elizabeth Alexander and delivered at the 2009 presidential inauguration of President Barack Obama. The poem is the fourth to be delivered at a United States presidential inauguration, following in the tradition of recitals by Robert Frost, Maya Angelou, and Miller Williams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of John F. Kennedy</span> 44th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th president of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was the 44th inauguration, marking the commencement of John F. Kennedy's and Lyndon B. Johnson's only term as president and vice president. Kennedy was assassinated 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">On the Pulse of Morning</span> Poem by Maya Angelou

"On the Pulse of Morning" is a poem by writer and poet Maya Angelou that she read at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton on January 20, 1993. With her public recitation, Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, and the first African American and woman. Angelou's audio recording of the poem won the 1994 Grammy Award in the "Best Spoken Word" category, resulting in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadening her appeal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States presidential inaugural balls</span> Celebration for the president of the United States

United States presidential inaugural balls are large social gatherings, both white tie and black tie, held to celebrate the commencement of a new term of the president of the United States. Planned and sanctioned by the Presidential Inaugural Committee, the official inaugural balls occur throughout the evening of Inauguration Day in the Washington D.C. area and are invitation-only, attended by guests who are issued pre-paid tickets. The president, first lady, vice president, and second lady or gentleman all make personal appearances at each of the inaugural balls held in their honor. Catered food, beverages, and live entertainment performed by national and globally acclaimed musicians are provided at the inaugural balls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second inauguration of Barack Obama</span> 57th United States presidential inauguration

The second inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States was the 57th inauguration, marking the commencement of his second and final term, with Joe Biden as vice president. A private swearing-in ceremony took place on Sunday, January 20, 2013, in the Blue Room of the White House, followed by a public inauguration ceremony on Monday, January 21, 2013, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of Donald Trump</span> 58th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States marked the commencement of Donald Trump's term as president and Mike Pence's term as vice president. An estimated 300,000 to 600,000 people attended the public ceremony held on Friday, January 20, 2017, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 58th presidential inauguration. Held in Washington, D.C., from January 17 to 21, 2017, inaugural events included concerts, the swearing-in ceremony, a congressional luncheon, parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith inaugural prayer service. The inauguration was protested worldwide.

The following is a timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton, from January 1, 2000 to January 20, 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of Joe Biden</span> 59th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States took place on Wednesday, January 20, 2021, marking the start of the four-year term of Joe Biden as president and Kamala Harris as vice president. The 59th presidential inauguration took place on the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Biden took the presidential oath of office, before which Harris took the vice presidential oath of office.

References

  1. ↑ "52ND INAUGURAL CEREMONIES". United States Senate. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  2. ↑ The 1993 Presidential Inaugural. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  3. ↑ "Inaugural Events Sing a Song of Diversity". Los Angeles Times. January 13, 1993. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  4. ↑ "Metrorail sets new Sunday record for highest ridership" . Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  5. ↑ C-Span Video Library. Inaugural Bell Ringing Ceremony. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  6. ↑ Jack Nelson, "Clinton Vows to Lead in Bold Style of FDR", Los Angeles Times, January 20, 1993. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  7. ↑ "Inauguration Events Sing a Song of Diversity". Los Angeles Times. January 13, 1933. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  8. ↑ Asseo, Laurie (January 19, 1993). "Celebs Salute President-Elect at Glittering Inaugural Gala". AP . Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  9. ↑ Andrew Dansby. "Fleetwood Mac Play Surprise Farewell Event for Clinton", Rolling Stones Magazine, January 8, 2001. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  10. ↑ "Life thru a lens". Q . No. 262. May 2008. p. 114.
  11. ↑ "Kermit, Harris on list for kids’ inaugural show." Variety, January 5, 1993. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  12. ↑ The Presidential Inaugural Celebration For Youth 1993. YouTube clip, retrieved May 26, 2016.
  13. ↑ Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, Committee Membership. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  14. ↑ Kathy Gill, Your Guide to the 2009 Inauguration of Barack Obama. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  15. ↑ Kathy Gill, "Oaths of Office for Federal Officials." (accessed May 22, 2012)
  16. ↑ "Clinton Bible Open To Galatians 6:9". Orlando Sentinel. January 21, 1993. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  17. ↑ President William Jefferson Clinton 1993, May 22, 2012
  18. ↑ Karen Linkletter, Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  19. ↑ Pisko-Freund, Lois, "Poetry and Motion: Comparing Angelou' Poetry and Clinton's Inaugural Theme of Change". Florida Communication Journal. March 1, 1994. 22. Print.
  20. ↑ Steven Waldman, Inaugural Prayers Through History. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  21. ↑ Gillan, Josha. "Inaugural crowd sizes ranked". Politifact. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  22. ↑ Layton, Lyndsey (30 April 2000). "Mass Transit Popularity Surges in U.S.". The Washington Post.
  23. ↑ "Immigration Rally sets Second Highest Ridership Day in Metrorail History" . Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  24. ↑ Martin Kelly, Departure of the Outgoing President. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  25. ↑ Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, Inaugural Luncheon. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  26. ↑ Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, Inaugural Parade. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  27. ↑ C-Span Video Library, Clinton Inaugural Parade. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  28. ↑ "NEW FIRST LADY TO WEAR UNCUT DIAMOND AT INAUGURAL BALL". Deseret News. 1993-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  29. ↑ Smithsonian Institution, Presidential Inaugural Balls at the Smithsonian. (accessed May 22, 2012)
  30. ↑ Jacqueline, Trescott (January 11, 1993). "The Chosen Performers". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  31. ↑ CBS News 1993 Presidential Inaugural Handbook: The Inauguration of William Jefferson Clinton and Albert Gore, Jr (PDF). DanRather.com. 6 January 1993. p. 15. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.