Second inauguration of Donald Trump

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Second presidential inauguration of Donald Trump
Donald Trump takes the oath of office (2025) (cropped2).jpg
Donald Trump takes the oath of office as the 47th president of the United States.
DateJanuary 20, 2025;8 days ago (2025-01-20)
Location United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Organized by Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
Participants Donald Trump
47th president of the United States
— Assuming office
John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States
— Administering oath
JD Vance
50th vice president of the United States
— Assuming office
Brett Kavanaugh
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
— Administering oath
Website The 60th Presidential Inauguration
Trump Vance Inaugural Committee
Trump Vance Inaugural seal.png
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The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 47th president of the United States took place on Monday, January 20, 2025. Due to freezing temperatures and high winds, it was held inside the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C. [1] It is the 60th U.S. presidential inauguration and the second inauguration of Trump as U.S. president, marking the commencement of his second and final non-consecutive term as U.S. president, the first term of JD Vance as the vice president, and the second ever non-consecutive re-inauguration for a U.S. president, after the second inauguration of Grover Cleveland in 1893. [2] It is also the first presidential inauguration to take place indoors since Ronald Reagan's inauguration in 1985. Trump's first inauguration was eight years earlier, in January 2017.

Contents

The event included a swearing-in ceremony, a signing ceremony, an inaugural luncheon, a first honors ceremony, and then a procession and parade at Capital One Arena. Inaugural balls were held at various venues before and after the inaugural ceremonies.

Context

The inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Donald Trump that began when he won the U.S. presidential election on November 6, 2024, and became the president-elect. Trump and his running mate, JD Vance, were formally elected by the Electoral College on December 17, 2024. [3] The victory was certified by an electoral vote tally by a joint session of Congress on January 6, 2025. [4]

Planning

Held on the third Monday of January, the inauguration was on the same day as Martin Luther King Jr. Day, which marked the third time an inauguration occurred on the same date as the holiday, following the second inaugurations of Bill Clinton in 1997 and Barack Obama in 2013 (January 21). [5] [6] On Friday, January 17, Trump announced the inauguration ceremony would be moved inside to the Capitol rotunda due to expected cold weather, a first since the public second inauguration of Ronald Reagan on January 21, 1985. [7] [8] [9]

Joint Congressional Committee

In May 2024, both houses of Congress appointed a Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies to oversee the construction of the platform and other temporary structures that were expected to be used for the outdoor ceremonies and celebrations. [10]

Construction of the inaugural platform ceremonially began on September 18, 2024, with the driving of the first nail by United States Senator Amy Klobuchar using a nail made from iron ore mined and processed from the Iron Range in Minnesota. [11]

Security and operations

Soldiers of the Wyoming National Guard undergo civil disturbance training in preparation for deployment to Washington, D.C. WY NG Inauguration.jpg
Soldiers of the Wyoming National Guard undergo civil disturbance training in preparation for deployment to Washington, D.C.

In October 2024, the United States Capitol Police conducted an intelligence assessment that concluded an activist group "with a history of large-scale demonstrations involving illegal activity plans to protest the Inauguration regardless of the outcome" and that other groups protesting the Israel-Hamas war were "nearly certain to target the Inauguration" regardless of the winner in the U.S. presidential election. [12] According to the New York Times, organizers of the 2017 Women's March were committed to recreating it under the refreshed branding "People's March". [13] On January 18, thousands participated in the march, but the turnout fell short of the expected 50,000 attendees. [14]

Security fencing in Washington, D.C., ahead of the inauguration Security fencing ahead of Trump's second inauguration.jpg
Security fencing in Washington, D.C., ahead of the inauguration

Agencies expected to be involved with planning of the ceremony include the U.S. Capitol Police, the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police, and the U.S. Park Police. [15] Twenty-four states offered National Guard support for the electoral vote certification and inaugural ceremonies. [16]

On January 17, approximately 8,000 National Guard soldiers were deputized as Special Deputy United States Marshals, providing them police authority within the National Capital Region. [17]

Presidential communications

The transfer of power included the transition of official administration Twitter accounts, @POTUS and @VP. Members of the Trump administration also assumed ownership of a number of institutional accounts, including @WhiteHouse, @FLOTUS for First Lady Melania Trump, @SecondLady for Second Lady Usha Vance, @WHCOS for White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles, and @PressSec for White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt. [18] New executive branch websites were initialized; previous administrations' websites reside in the National Archives. [19]

Inaugural Committee

On November 9, 2024, Trump announced the formation of the Trump Vance Inaugural Committee, Inc., a 501(c)(4) organization dedicated to planning inaugural events. The committee co-chairs are Steve Witkoff and former U.S. senator Kelly Loeffler, longtime friends and supporters of the president-elect. [20] [21]

Donations

The leaders of various tech companies pledged donations and services for the inauguration. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said through a spokesperson that he would be making a $1 million personal donation. Mark Zuckerberg, the head of Meta and the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, sent $1 million. [22] [23] It was also reported in The Wall Street Journal that Amazon's CEO, Jeff Bezos, offered[ needs update ] to stream the ceremony on Amazon Prime Video, and this will amount to a $1 million in-kind donation. [24] NPR quoted Margaret O'Mara, a Silicon Valley historian at the University of Washington, as saying these donations were due to some of these tech leaders having been in conflict with Trump in the past, in hopes to reduce regulatory pressure on their companies under the incoming administration. [23]

On December 18, Uber Technologies and its CEO Dara Khosrowshahi each agreed to donate $1 million to the inauguration. This was Khosrowshahi's largest donation to a political candidate. [25]

On December 23, the Ford Motor Company and General Motors announced that they would donate $1 million each and provide a fleet of vehicles for the inauguration. [26]

Invitees

Former president Bill Clinton and former first lady Hillary Clinton Former President Bill Clinton and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton make their way to the Capitol Rotunda to attend the 60th Presidential Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol.jpg
Former president Bill Clinton and former first lady Hillary Clinton
Former president George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush Former president George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush make their way to the Capitol Rotunda to attend the 60th Presidential Inauguration.jpg
Former president George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush
Former president Barack Obama Former President Barack Obama makes his way to the Capitol Rotunda to attend the 60th Presidential Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol.jpg
Former president Barack Obama
Outgoing first lady Jill Biden and outgoing second gentleman Douglas Emhoff First lady Dr. Jill Biden, left, makes her way to the Capitol Rotunda to attend the 60th Presidential Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol.jpg
Outgoing first lady Jill Biden and outgoing second gentleman Douglas Emhoff
President Donald Trump being sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts with Ivanka Trump, Tiffany Trump, and former president Joe Biden observing Trump2025-oath-of-office.png
President Donald Trump being sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts with Ivanka Trump, Tiffany Trump, and former president Joe Biden observing

Trump's inauguration marked the first time in U.S. history that a president-elect formally welcomed foreign leaders to the ceremony. [27]

Outgoing U.S. president Joe Biden (who defeated Trump in 2020 and was inaugurated as the 46th president in 2021), outgoing U.S. vice president Kamala Harris (who had been Trump's main opponent in 2024), former U.S. presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama (whom Trump first succeeded in 2017) attended the inauguration. Former first ladies Hillary Clinton (Trump's former opponent in 2016) and Laura Bush also attended the inauguration, but former first lady Michelle Obama was absent. [28] Former U.S. vice presidents Dan Quayle and Mike Pence (who served under Trump during his first term), and former second lady Marilyn Quayle, were also in attendance. New York Mayor, Eric Adams and media proprietor, Rupert Murdoch also attended the inauguration. [29] [30]

Chinese president Xi Jinping was invited to the ceremony, but sent vice president Han Zheng as his special representative instead. [31] [32] This marked the first time a senior official of China's government was sent to a US presidential inauguration. [33] El Salvador's president Nayib Bukele and Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni were also reportedly invited. [34]

Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu initially planned to attend, [35] but ultimately did not after not receiving a formal invitation. [36] Argentine president Javier Milei, [37] and last democratically elected Georgian president Salome Zourabichvili had been reportedly planning to attend. [38] [39] Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro has indicated that he is an invitee, but he would need his confiscated passport to be returned by the government in order to travel. [40] Russia confirmed that President Vladimir Putin did not receive an invitation. [41] Trump stated that he had not invited President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to his inauguration but expressed willingness to welcome him if he decided to attend. [42] Current UK PM Keir Starmer did not attend the inauguration as is usual for a British PM, [43] while former British prime ministers Boris Johnson and Liz Truss did attend. [44] [45] Ecuadorian president Daniel Noboa, first lady, Lavinia Valbonesi and Paraguayan president Santiago Peña are also planning to attend. [46] Edmundo González, whom the U.S. recognizes as the winner of the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election, will also reportedly attend. [47]

The foreign ministers of QUAD nations including, S. Jaishankar from India, Penny Wong from Australia, and Takeshi Iwaya from Japan, will also attend the inauguration. They are expected to meet with Trump the day after the ceremony for discussions. [48] [49] [50]

A number of right-wing populist politicians attended the inauguration. [51] French Reconquête politicians Éric Zemmour and Sarah Knafo, National Rally politicians Louis Aliot, Julien Sanchez and Alexandre Sabatou, and Identity–Freedoms leader Marion Maréchal, attended the ceremony. [52] [53] [54] Spanish Vox leader Santiago Abascal, Belgian Vlaams Belang leader Tom Van Grieken, Reform UK leader Nigel Farage, Alternative for Germany (AfD) co-leader Tino Chrupalla, Estonian Conservative People's Party leader Martin Helme, Alliance for the Union of Romanians leader George Simion, Portuguese Chega leader Andre Ventura, Hungarian Fidesz vice president Kinga Gál and former Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki were also in attendance. [51] [55] [56] [57] [58] AfD Members of the Bundestag Jan Wenzel Schmidt and Beatrix von Storch alongside her husband Sven von Storch have confirmed their attendance. [59] AfD co-leader Alice Weidel, [59] Freedom Party of Austria leader Herbert Kickl and Bulgarian Revival leader Kostadin Kostadinov, who were invited, did not attend the ceremony. [60] [61] Hristijan Mickoski, Prime Minister of North Macedonia, was invited to the inauguration. [62]

Businesspeople, Bernard Arnault, Delphine Arnault, Sergey Brin, Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and Mark Zuckerberg, among the world's richest people, attended the inauguration. [63] [64] They had a prominent role at the event, seated together on the platform alongside other distinguished guests, including Cabinet nominees and elected officials. [65] TikTok CEO, Shou Zi Chew attended the inauguration. [66] Alphabet's Sundar Pichai, Apple's Tim Cook, OpenAI's Sam Altman, Reliance's Mukesh Ambani, and Uber's Dara Khosrowshahi also attended the event. [63] [67] [68] Las Vegas Sands owner Miriam Adelson also attended the ceremony. [69]

Several celebrities and sports figures including Victor Willis, Carrie Underwood (who sang the song America the Beautiful), Christopher Macchio (who sang the national anthem), Antonio Brown, Mike Tyson, Jorge Masvidal, Evander Kane, Gianni Infantino, Anuel AA, Justin Quiles, Rod Wave, Kodak Black, Lee Greenwood, and Fivio Foreign attended the ceremony. [70] [71] Jake and Logan Paul, Theo Von, Conor McGregor, Danica Patrick, Dana White, Joe Rogan, and Wayne Gretzky also attended the ceremony. [72] [73] Media personalities Charlie Kirk, Laura Ingraham and Tucker Carlson also attended the event.

Order of events

Preliminary events

Trump places a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on January 19, 2025. President-Elect of the United States, Donald Trump places a wreath at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery.jpg
Trump places a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on January 19, 2025.

On the morning of January 19, Trump and Vance visited the Arlington National Cemetery where they placed a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. [74] They were joined by family members of some of the victims of the 2021 Kabul airport attack. [74]

That evening, the Trump campaign organized a rally for supporters at Capital One Arena in Washington, D.C. The event featured performances by Kid Rock and Lee Greenwood, as well as speeches by Trump and Megyn Kelly. [75] Trump also performed the Trump Dance to a rendition of "Y.M.C.A." performed by Village People who joined the president elect on stage. [76]

Inauguration Day ceremonies

The Middletown High School marching band performs at the indoor presidential inauguration parade event at Capital One Arena. Middletown High School in Ohio Presidential Inauguration 2025.jpg
The Middletown High School marching band performs at the indoor presidential inauguration parade event at Capital One Arena.

An order of events for the January 20, 2025, inauguration has been published by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the National Park Service, with a detailed schedule to follow closer to the event. [77] [5] [78] [9]

EventTimeLocationDescriptionReferences(s)
USCapitolRotunda.JPG
Swearing-In Ceremony		12:00 p.m. ET United States Capitol, rotundaDuring the swearing-in ceremony, the president-elect and vice president-elect took the oaths of office, and then the new president delivered the inaugural address. [7] [79] [78]

President's Room.jpg
Signing Ceremony

 President's Room Following the swearing-in ceremony, the president is scheduled to withdraw to the President's Room (Room S-216), where he customarily has a photo portrait made and signs transitional documents. [5] [79] [80]
Flickr - USCapitol - National Statuary Hall - U.S. Capitol.jpg
Inaugural Luncheon		 National Statuary Hall The president and vice president attended an inaugural luncheon with Supreme Court Justices, leaders of the Senate and the House of Representatives, as well as family and other invited guests. [5] [79] [78] [81]
Emancipation-Hall 1.jpg
Pass-in-Review		Emancipation Hall at the Capitol Visitor Center After the luncheon, the president and vice president customarily review the military forces that will form the processional escort, including the Commander-in-Chief's Guard, the "President's Own" United States Marine Band, and others. [82]
OldPostOfficePennAve.jpg
Procession		 Pennsylvania Avenue Joined by the military escort, the president is expected to travel in the presidential state car. [5] [79]
Capital One Arena - Washington, D.C.jpg
Parade		3:00 p.m. ET Capital One Arena A parade, consisting of military and civilian marching and performance units from each of the states, traditionally proceeds past the reviewing stand in front of the White House. Due to inclement weather, this was moved indoors and took place at Capital One Arena. [5] [8] [83]

Oaths of office

JD Vance takes the vice presidential oath of office, administered by Supreme Court Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh.
Donald Trump takes the presidential oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John Roberts.

Supreme Court Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh administered the vice presidential oath of office to JD Vance. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the presidential oath of office to Donald Trump. Trump's wife, Melania, held two Bibles for Trump to place his left hand on while reciting the oath, in accordance with custom, but he did not do so. [84] This is merely a tradition; incoming presidents are not required to place their hand on the Bibles. [85]

Inaugural address

Donald Trump's full inauguration speech

In his inaugural address, President Trump stated that a new "golden era" had begun. He decried the attempts of the Justice Department under Merrick Garland to prosecute him over the events of January 6, 2021, arguing that his political enemies had weaponized the agency. He announced executive actions to fight illegal immigration, including implementation of Alien and Sedition Acts, increase energy production by facilitating oil extraction, boost American manufacturing through tariffs on foreign goods, restores to their posts (with full back pay) all soldiers and federal employers who were discharged for not taking the COVID vaccine, recognize the existence of two genders only, establish a Department of Government Efficiency, and rename the Gulf of Mexico as the "Gulf of America". He also showed interest in returning the Panama Canal under U.S. control. Trump also said that cartels will be designated as foreign terrorist organizations. He asserted that he wanted to be known as a peacemaker and that the strength of a nation should be measured by how many wars it puts an end to or prevents altogether rather than by those it wins. He expressed solidarity for the victims of natural disasters which had recently taken place in several states, and praised civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., while criticizing the supposedly excessive focus political progressives put on race and gender issues. He stated that the U.S. would send astronauts to Mars under his presidency. He said nothing is impossible for those who put in the effort, citing his own unexpected political comeback as an example. [86] [87] [88] [89]

The Washington Post described Trump's inaugural address as attempting to emphasize unity, but as his speeches usually do, it veered off course and came off as "dark". [90] Through the course of it, Trump made numerous false and inaccurate claims. [91] [92] He described himself as chosen by God, and that he was "tested and challenged more than any president in our 250-year history," which The Post noted placed himself above every other President in U.S. history such as George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Trump invoked the phrase "Manifest Destiny" as he described an expansionist agenda, and criticized Democrats and other leaders. [90] [93] NPR said the speech gave the American public a better idea of what Trump's policies and directives would be, noted he spoke nothing of the January 6th attack nor his prior promises of political retribution, and pointed out his derision of the outgoing administration right in front of Biden and Harris. [94]

Invocations proceeding the inaugural address were offered by Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, and Rev. Franklin Graham of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Benedictions were offered by Pastor Lorenzo Sewell, Rabbi Ari Berman, and Father Frank Mann, Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. [95] Imam Husham Al-Husainy, a Muslim cleric from Dearbon, Michigan was initially on the program but did not speak or appear at the event. [96]

Inaugural balls

The Trumps (left) and Vances (right) dance during the Liberty Ball at the Washington Convention Center. Trump-Vance-Inaugural-Ball-First-Dance.jpg
The Trumps (left) and Vances (right) dance during the Liberty Ball at the Washington Convention Center.

Customarily, inaugural balls are held at various venues before and after the inaugural ceremonies. [97] Official balls, at which the president and first lady appear, are organized by the inaugural committee, while unofficial balls are not. [97]

Three official inaugural balls occurred, at which performers including Nelly, Rascal Flatts, and Jason Aldean appeared. [98] A larger number of unofficial balls were organized. [98]

Viewership

Approximately 24.6 million total viewers watched the inauguration across 15 networks and peaked at 34.4 million when Trump took the oath of office at 12:15 PM ET. [99] Viewership was lower than that of Biden's 2021 inauguration as well as Trump's first inauguration in 2017. [100] [101] The figures below, Nielsen data sourced from Adweek, do not include streaming figures. [99]

Protests

Boycott

Several members of the Democratic Party in the 119th Congress decided to boycott the inauguration. This boycott is perceived as an initial opposition to the incoming administration. [102]

Multiple reasons were given for the decision to boycott, including the event coinciding with Martin Luther King Jr. Day events and memories from the January 6 United States Capitol attack. [103] As of December 14, below is a list of House Democrats who publicly stated they would not be attending the inauguration: [104] [105] [106]

Demonstrations and rallies

Protest rallies and marches occurred in cities and towns all over the United States the weekend before and on the day of the inauguration. Organizers of the Women's March (which first took place the day after Trump's first inauguration and every year thereafter) rebranded their event the People's March and had events in at least 70 locations. The People's March was co-organized with Abortion Rights Now, Sierra Club, Planned Parenthood, ACLU and National Women's Law Center. [108] Attendance at one of the Washington marches was, according to the Associated Press, "far fewer than the expected 50,000 participants, already just one-tenth the size of the first [2017] march". [109]

"We Fight Back" rallies, organized by the People's Forum, Party for Socialism and Liberation, the ANSWER Coalition, Democratic Socialists of America, Dream Defenders, CODEPINK, labor unions, tenant unions and other groups were held in 90 locations. [110] [111] [112] [113]

Around the world, anti-Trump protests occurred at consulates and elsewhere in Mexico City, London (UK), Brussels, [114] Amsterdam, Berlin, Edinburgh, Lisbon, Prague, Warsaw, [115] Panama City, [116] and Manila. [117]

See also

Further reading

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Lorenzo Sewell is an American non-denominational pastor and former gang leader who serves as the senior pastor at the Detroit-based 180 Church. He spoke on day four of the 2024 Republican National Convention, and gave one of the three benedictions at the Second inauguration of Donald Trump.

References

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