Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge

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Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Marsh and grassland, Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge, Texas.jpg
Marshes and grasslands in the refuge
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Location Chambers County, Texas, United States
Nearest city Anahuac, Texas
Coordinates 29°34′0″N94°28′0″W / 29.56667°N 94.46667°W / 29.56667; -94.46667
Area34,000 acres or 140 km2
Governing body United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Website Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge

The Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge, formerly the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, is a wildlife conservation area along the coast of Texas, southeast of Anahuac, Texas. It borders the East Bay, part of the Galveston Bay complex.

Contents

Name

The refuge was originally named after nearby Anahuac, Texas, which is in turn named after the Mexican term Anahuac . Anahuac means "place beside the waters" in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs.

On March 4, 2025, during his second term's first address to a joint session of Congress, President Donald Trump announced he had signed an executive order (14229) to rename the refuge after Jocelyn Nungaray, a 12-year-old girl from nearby Houston who was murdered in June 2024. [1] On July 24, 2025, Trump signed the Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge Act, which officially codified the new name into law.

History

Established in 1963 as the Anahuac NWR, the Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge is located on the upper Texas Coast in Chambers County. [2] The refuge protects approximately 34,000 acres (140 km2) [2] of coastal marsh and prairies. The refuge offers opportunities for fishing, waterfowl hunting, paddling, and wildlife viewing. A large network of volunteers contributes thousands of hours in support of the refuge.

In the winter, the refuge hosts large concentrations of waterfowl, making it a popular site for public hunting. Other signature species are American alligator, bobcat, yellow rail, and purple gallinule. Birdwatchers find the refuge an excellent place to observe neotropical migrants in the spring and fall. Other species sought by birdwatchers include American bittern, seaside sparrow, fulvous whistling-duck and black rail. Volunteers have been working to compile a butterfly list for the refuge. More than 60 species have been identified, including the extremely localized bay skipper ( Euphyes bayensis ).

Recent projects to enhance and restore the habitat at the refuge include control of invasive species like Chinese tallow, prairie restoration, creation of moist soil areas, and a colonial waterbird rookery.

Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge is one of more than 560 refuges that comprise the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System, a national network of lands and waters set aside for the benefit of wildlife. [2] [3] It has been designated as a site of international importance to shorebirds by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. [4] The refuge is designated as part of the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail, a network of trails and wildlife viewing sites established by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

Fauna

Mammals

A coyote at Jocelyn Nungaray NWR Coyote Anahuac NWR High Island TX 2018-03-29 08-13-23 (41173218802) (cropped).jpg
A coyote at Jocelyn Nungaray NWR

Some of the small mammals recorded from Chambers County include the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ), nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ), eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ), and the swamp rabbit ( Sylvilagus aquaticus ), a semi-aquatic species that is in decline in Texas. Several small carnivores inhabit the refuge such as striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ), northern raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), American mink ( Neogale vison ), northern river otter ( Lontra canadensis ) common gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), coyote ( Canis latrans ), and bobcat ( Lynx rufus ). White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) occur throughout the area. [5]

Bats include the Brazilian free-tailed bat ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) and the Seminole bat ( Lasiurus seminolus ). Among the rodents are the northern pygmy mouse ( Baiomys taylori ), Texas marsh rice rat ( Oryzomys texensis ), fulvous harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys fulvescens ), Baird's pocket gopher ( Geomys breviceps ), muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ), and American beaver ( Castor canadensis ). Invasive species include the Nutria ( Myocastor coypus ), and Feral Hog ( Sus scrofa ), the latter is a significant conservation threat throughout Texas. [5]

Red Wolf ( Canis rufus )

The last stronghold of naturally occurring red wolf populations was in the prairies and marshes of the upper Texas coast and adjacent areas of Louisiana. [6] In 1962, the year before Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge was established, a study was published reporting the relatively abrupt and belated realization that red wolves were in critical decline. [6] [7] In 1967 U.S. Fish and Wildlife placed the red wolf on the endangered species list, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) placed them on their red list, and by 1971 red wolves were predicted to be extinct within a decade without urgent action. [8] : 131 p.  [9] The declines resulted from hunting and trapping, loss of habitat, and habitat alterations, which all allowed coyotes ( Canis latrans ) to expand their distribution into the red wolf’s range and initiating a “hybrid swarm” [6] : 14 p.  or “genetic swamping” [10] of the few remaining populations of genetically pure red wolves. [8] : 136 p.  [11]

Southern Chambers County was specifically identified as having the densest population of genetically pure red wolves, with only Moore Ranch in Cameron Parish, Louisiana having comparable numbers. Biologists estimated there was a minimum of one red wolf per 12,300 acres in Chambers County, compared to one wolf per 66,600 acres in neighboring Jefferson County, estimating a total population of 92 wolves in the State of Texas in 1971. [8] : 136 p.  In the late 1970s U.S. Fish and Wildlife trapped over 400 wild canines in the area but only few genetically pure wolves were identified among them. Fourteen were selected for a captive breeding program, from which the current population is descended. [9] : 5 p.  [10] In the final decades of the 20th century, large coyote-red wolf hybrids could be observed at the Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge and other locations in the region. [12] Although it would be expected that wolf genes would diminish with each successive generation, [5] : 149 p.  high levels of wolf genes and characteristics seem to persist in a few populations of coyotes on the upper Texas coast, such as the Galveston Island coyote, of Galveston Island. [13] [14] [15]

Birds

Pied-billed grebe, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR Pied-billed Grebe Anahuac NWR High Island TX 2018-04-06 09-38-44 (40577928445).jpg
Pied-billed grebe, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR

The Jocelyn Nungaray NWR lies in the Central Flyway where many of North America’s migratory birds pass through on their annual migrations. The Houston Audubon’s High Island sanctuaries (located less than 2 miles southeast of the refuge), report nearly 400 species, [16] and similar numbers should be expected on the refuge, possibly more on the refuge’s significantly larger acreage and more divers habitats and ecosystems. The refuge attracts many birdwatchers from around the world and is noted as a location where all nine species of North American rails occur, including the rare and secretive black rail ( Laterallus jamaicensis ). [17] [12]

Some of the year-round residents include the anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga ), reddish egret ( Egretta rufescens ), roseate spoonbill ( Platalea ajaja ), white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ), mottled duck ( Anas fulvigula ), white-tailed kite ( Elanus leucurus ), clapper rail ( Rallus crepitans ), American oystercatcher ( Haematopus palliatus ), royal tern ( Thalasseus maximus ), black skimmer ( Rynchops niger ), inca dove ( Columbina inca ), white-eyed vireo ( Vireo griseus ), fish crow ( Corvus ossifragus ), common yellowthroat ( Geothlypis trichas ), seaside sparrow ( Ammospiza maritima ), and boat-tailed grackle ( Quiscalus major ). [18]

Green winged teal (Anas carolinensis), Jocelyn Nungaray NWR Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge Green Winged Teal (47652235842).jpg
Green winged teal ( Anas carolinensis ), Jocelyn Nungaray NWR

Large flocks of ducks and geese spend the winter months in the marshes and wetlands on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico including the northern pintail ( Anas acuta ), redhead ( Aythya americana ), American wigeon ( Mareca americana ), northern shoveler ( Spatula clypeata ), Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ), cackling goose ( Branta hutchinsii ), and many others. Additional species of wintering birds include the snowy plover ( Anarhynchus nivosus ), long-billed curlew ( Numenius americanus ), Sandwich tern ( Thalasseus sandvicensis ), groove-billed ani ( Crotophaga sulcirostris ), vermilion flycatcher ( Pyrocephalus rubinus ), sedge wren ( Cistothorus stellaris ), Sprague's pipit ( Anthus spragueii ), palm warbler ( Setophaga palmarum ), Henslow's sparrow ( Centronyx henslowii ), and LeConte's sparrow ( Ammospiza leconteii ). [18]

Other species nest on the upper Texas coast in the spring and summer months including the tricolored heron ( Egretta tricolor ), fulvous whistling-duck ( Dendrocygna bicolor ), black-bellied whistling-duck ( Dendrocygna autumnalis ), purple gallinule ( Porphyrio martinica ), least tern ( Sternula antillarum ), scissor-tailed flycatcher ( Tyrannus forficatus ), summer tanager ( Piranga rubra ), indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ), and painted bunting ( Passerina ciris ). [18]

Reptiles

American alligators basking in Shoveler Pond, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR American Alligators, Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge, Texas.jpg
American alligators basking in Shoveler Pond, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR

Well over 45 species of reptiles have been recorded in Chambers County. Some of those are restricted to the forest in the north of the county and are not to be expected in the prairies and coastal marshes of the refuge. One of the most conspicuous and abundant is the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) which thrive in the marshlands and prairies of the upper Texas coast. [19]

Pond turtles (Emydidae) include the red-eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ), and less commonly the chicken turtle ( Deirochelys reticularia ), river cooter ( Pseudemys concinna ), [20] and the diamond-backed terrapin ( Malaclemys terrapin ) which is restricted to the brackish and saltwater marshes. Other turtles include the eastern snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ), eastern mud turtle ( Kinosternon subrubrum ), spiny softshell turtle ( Apalone spinifera ), and three-toed box turtle ( Terrapene triunguis ). Although rare, sea turtles such as the loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ), Kemp’s Ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii ), and others occasionally appear on the gulf beaches. Lizards include the green anole ( Anolis carolinensis ), six-lined racerunner ( Aspidoscelis sexlineatus ), slender glass lizard ( Ophisaurus attenuatus ), and the invasive species the Mediterranean gecko ( Hemidactylus turcicus ). [19]

Saltmarsh watersnake, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR Gulf Saltmarsh Watersnake (Nerodia c. clarki) Chambers Co., TX, 20 April 2019.jpg
Saltmarsh watersnake, Jocelyn Nungaray NWR

Among the many species of nonvenomous snakes are the North American racer ( Coluber constrictor ), prairie kingsnake ( Lampropeltis calligaster ), speckled kingsnake ( Lampropeltis holbrooki ), rough greensnake ( Opheodrys aestivus ), western ratsnake ( Pantherophis obsoletus ), and western ribbonsnake ( Thamnophis proximus ). Many of the snakes in the region are aquatic or semi-aquatic species that are well adapted to the marshlands and bayous of the upper Texas coast, such as the red-bellied mudsnake ( Farancia abacura ), glossy swampsnake ( Liodytes rigida ), Graham’s crayfishsnake ( Regina grahamii ), saltmarsh watersnake ( Nerodia clarkii ), Mississippi green watersnake ( Nerodia cyclopion ), plain-bellied watersnake ( Nerodia erythrogaster ), broad banded watersnake ( Nerodia fasciata ), and diamond-backed watersnake ( Nerodia rhombifer ). Venomous snakes in the refuge include the Texas coralsnake ( Micrurus tener ) and northern cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ). [19]

Amphibians

The presence of saline water limits amphibian diversity and yet, as of 2025, at least 18 species of amphibians have been documented in Chambers County. Among those are true frogs such as the southern crawfish frog ( Lithobates areolatus ), bronze frog ( Lithobates clamitans ), and southern leopard frog ( Lithobates sphenocephalus ). Among the Hylid frogs are the green treefrog ( Hyla cinerea ), squirrel treefrog ( Hyla squirella ), and the Cajun chorus frog ( Pseudacris fouquettei ). Other species include the gulf coast toad ( Incilius nebulifer ), Hurter’s spadefoot ( Scaphiopus hurterii ), and the eastern narrow-mouthed toad ( Gastrophryne carolinensis ). The salamanders reported from Chambers County are the small-mouthed salamander ( Ambystoma texanum ), three-toed amphiuma ( Amphiuma tridactylum ), and eastern newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ). [19] [21]

Fish

An angler at Jocelyn Nungara NWR with a red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Red Drum Fish.jpg
An angler at Jocelyn Nungara NWR with a red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

The refuge protects areas of freshwater, brackish, and saltwater, as well as lentic and lotic environments, and a rich diversity of fish can be found there. Alligator gar ( Atractosteus spatula ), spotted gar ( Lepisosteus oculatus ), longnose gar ( Lepisosteus osseus ), bowfin ( Amia calva ), American eel (Anguilla rostrata ), Atlantic stingray ( Dasyatis sabina ), and Atlantic needlefish ( Strongylura marina ) all occur in the waters. Other species include the gizzard shad ( Dorosoma cepedianum ), lake chubsucker ( Erimyzon sucetta ), bantam sunfish ( Lepomis symmetricus ), hogchoker ( Trinectes maculatus ), pigfish ( Orthopristis chrysoptera ), fat sleeper ( Dormitator maculatus ), and pinfish ( Lagodon rhomboides ). [22] [23] [24]

Some of the game fish occurring in the refuge are the smallmouth buffalo ( Ictiobus bubalus ), striped mullet ( Mugil cephalus ), white bass ( Morone chrysops ), yellow bass ( Morone mississippiensis ), warmouth ( Lepomis gulosus ), longear sunfish ( Lepomis megalotis ), largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), and red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ). Catfish include the black bullhead ( Ameiurus melas ), yellow bullhead ( Ameiurus natalis ), channel ( Ictalurus punctatus ), and flathead catfish ( Pylodictis olivaris ). [22] [23] [24]

Just a few species among the great diversity of smaller fishes such as minnows and shiners are the threadfin shad ( Dorosoma petenense ), red shiner ( Cyprinella lutrensis ), emerald shiner ( Notropis atherinoides ), pugnose minnow ( Opsopoeodus emiliae ), bullhead minnow ( Pimephales vigilax ), inland silverside ( Menidia beryllina ), sheephead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus ), golden topminnow ( Fundulus chrysotus ), gulf killifish ( Fundulus grandis ), blackstripe topminnow ( Fundulus notatus ), bayou topminnow ( Fundulus pulvereus ), rainwater killifish ( Lucania parva ), least killifish ( Heterandria formosa ), sailfin molly ( Poecilia latipinna ), slough darter ( Etheostoma gracile ), naked goby ( Gobiosoma bosc ), gulf pipefish ( Syngnathus scovelli ), and bay anchovy ( Anchoa mitchilli ). [22] [23] [24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The White House (March 4–5, 2025) [end of text says "March 4, 2025"; header of webpage says "March 5, 2025"]. "Honoring Jocelyn Nungaray". The White House. Archived from the original on July 15, 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 "Welcome". Southwest Region 2 : Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. FWS.gov. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  3. ↑ Klissas, Dorie (March 13, 2025) [Plymouth, Massachusetts: March 6, 2026[sic]]. "With Renaming Of National Wildlife Refuge, Manomet Conservation Sciences Underscores the Value of Migratory Bird Habitats Across the Americas". Press Releases. Manomet Conservation Sciences. Archived from the original on April 27, 2025. Retrieved July 26, 2025. 'Protecting and managing critical sites like the renamed Jocelyn Nungaray Reserve—part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's network of 570 refuges—is essential to reversing these alarming trends of population decline,' said Shiloh Schulte, Ph.D., Senior Shorebird Scientist and Coordinator for the American Oystercatcher Recovery Program at Manomet.
  4. ↑ "On the Gulf Coast, state-of-the-art GPS trackers take Whimbrel research to new heights". Shorebird Science Blog. Manomet Conservation Sciences. June 3, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2025. Retrieved July 26, 2025. the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, a WHSRN site in east Texas and staging area of global importance
  5. 1 2 3 Schmidly, David J. 1994. The Mammals of Texas, 6th ed. University of Texas Press, Austin. xviii, 501 pp. ISBN   0-292-70241-8
  6. 1 2 3 Paradiso, John L. and Ronald M. Nowak. 1971 [1972]. A Report on the Taxonomic Status and Distribution of the Red Wolf. US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Special Scientific Report—Wildlife No. 145: ii, 36 pp.
  7. ↑ McCarley, Howard. 1962. The Taxonomic Status of Wild Canis (Canidae) in the South Central United States. The Southwestern Naturalist 7 (3-4): 227-235
  8. 1 2 3 Russell, Dennis N., and James H. Shaw, J. H., 1971. Distribution and relative density of the red wolf in Texas. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. Vol. 25, 131-137
  9. 1 2 Hendry, Diane 2007. Red Wolf Restoration: A 20 Year Journey. International Wolf 17(4): 4-7.
  10. 1 2 Nowak, Ronald, M. 1991. Walker’s Mammals of the World, 5th edition, Vol II. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. x, 643-1629 pp. (see pages 1070-1071) ISBN   0-8018-3970-X
  11. ↑ Reid, Fiona A. 2006. A Field Guide to Mammals of North America North of Mexico. 4th edition. Peterson Field Guide. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York. xx, 579 pp. ISBN   978-0-395-93596-5
  12. 1 2 Kutac, Edward A. 1989. Birder’s Guide to Texas. Gulf Publishing Company. Houston, Texas. xxii, 282 pp. (see pages 158-160) ISBN   0-88415-550-1
  13. ↑ Graves, Russell A. 2019. Mystery Canines of Galveston Island: Red wolf/coyote hybrids cause a stir in the wildlife world. Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine. December 2019.(accessed July 31, 2025)
  14. ↑ Roe, Russell. 2012. Legend, Lore & Legacy: Last Stand of the Red Wolf. Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine. December 2012. (accessed July 31, 2025)
  15. ↑ Barnes, Tanner M.; Karlin, Melissa; vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Adams, Jennifer R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Hinton, Joseph W.; Henderson, Josh; Brzeski, Kristin E. (November 14, 2022). "Genetic diversity and family groups detected in a coyote population with red wolf ancestry on Galveston Island, Texas". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 22 (1): 134. doi: 10.1186/s12862-022-02084-9 . ISSN   2730-7182. PMC   9664737 . PMID   36376792.
  16. ↑ Houston Audubon’s High Island, Visitor’s Information (accessed July 26, 2025)
  17. ↑ Wauer, Roland H. and Mark A Elwonger. 1998. Birding Texas, A Falcon Guide. Falcon Publishing, Inc. Helena, Montana. xiii, 525 pp. (see pages 315-318) ISBN   1-56044-617-X
  18. 1 2 3 Mulroy, Kevin (Editor-in-Chief). 2002. Field Guide to the Birds of North America, 4th edition. National Geographic, Washington, D. C. 480 pp. ISBN   0-7922-6877-6
  19. 1 2 3 4 Dixon, James R. 2013. Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas, with Keys, Taxonomic Synopses, bibliography, and Distribution Maps, 3rd, Edition. Texas A&M University Press. College Station. viii, 446 pp. ISBN   978-1-60344-734-8
  20. ↑ Hughes, N. S.; et al. (March 2023). "Aquatic Turtle County Records from Trapping Surveys in East Texas, USA". Herpetological Review. 54 (1): 84–86. ISSN   0018-084X. (See table of contents.)
  21. ↑ Moore, John C.; Bowers, Brandon C.; Crump, Paul S.; Jonathan, Warner (June 2023) [article dated 9 June 2022]. "AMPHIUMA TRIDACTYLUM (Three-toed Amphiuma)" (PDF). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION [NOTES] : CAUDATA — SALAMANDERS. Herpetological Review. 54 (2): 240. ISSN   0018-084X. EBSCOhost   171889816.
  22. 1 2 3 Lee, David S., Carter R. Gilbert, Charles H. Hocutt, Robert E. Jenkins, Dan E. McAllister, and Jay R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina Biological Survey, North Carolina State Museum of Natural History. x, 867 pp. ISBN   0-917134-03-6
  23. 1 2 3 Thomas, Chad, Timothy H. Bonner, and Bobby G. Whiteside. 2007. Freshwater Fishes of Texas. Texas A & M University Press. College Station, Texas. xiv, 202 pp. ISBN   978-1-58544-570-7
  24. 1 2 3 Hassan-Williams, Carla and Timothy H. Bonner. 2013. Texas Freshwater Fishes. Texas State University, San Marcos. (Accessed July 24, 2025)

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